双源CT冠状静脉系统成像在心房颤动射频消融术中的应用价值

目的 探讨双源CT(dual source computed tomography,DSCT)冠状静脉成像对指导心房颤动(简称房颤)射频消融术的应用价值.方法 116例患者(房颤组56例,对照组60例)行双源CT冠状静脉系统成像,比较房颤组及对照组冠状静脉包括心大静脉(GCV)、心中静脉(MCV)及冠状静脉窦(CS)解剖学变异的发生率,并测量各主要属支冠状静脉开口的径线、形态及汇入冠状静脉窦的角度.结果 DSCT冠状静脉系统成像显示冠状静脉解剖变异占总样本数的37.9%(44/116).房颤组及对照组中各主要属支冠状静脉开口的径线、形态及汇入冠状静脉窦的角度差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 DSCT冠状静脉系统成像对介入治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

64层螺旋CT冠状静脉系统心动周期不同时相形态学对比研究

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的同时评价心动周期不同时相冠状静脉系统的可行性.方法 筛选行冠状动脉CTA检查无冠状动脉病变、心电图及超声心动图检查均正常的患者40例,分别于收缩期和舒张期进行二维、三维图像重建,观察冠状窦(CS)及其属支的显示情况,采用3D法测量主要属支汇入处的夹角,运用CORO SINUS血管分析软件测量CS及其属支的形态学参数,并计算变化率.结果 CS及其属支在收缩期和舒张期均获得较高质量图像.收缩期与舒张期相比,各属支与CS-GCV心房侧的夹角大小无明显变化.除CS长度外,CS及其属支各项测量值收缩期均大于舒张期.结论 64层螺旋CT可用于评价心动周期不同时相CS及其属支的变化规律,为临床工作及CS血流动力学的MSCT研究提供有用参考.     

64层螺旋CT门静脉造影在显示肝硬化门静脉高压侧支循环中的价值

目的：评价64层螺旋CT门静脉造影对肝硬化门静脉高压侧支循环显示的价值.材料和方法：肝硬化患者28例,采用64层螺旋CT行动脉期、门脉期及平衡期扫描后,运用容积重建法（VR）、多层面重建法（MPR）和最大密度投影法（MIP）对门静脉及其分支进行重建,观察门静脉高压肝内门静脉、属支及侧支循环的影像学特征.结果：64层螺旋CT门静脉造影能准确显示侧支循环分布范围,初步评估病变程度;门静脉高压时,门静脉属支管径显著扩张（门静脉主干、脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉、胃冠状静脉）.胃冠状静脉曲张24例、食管胃底静脉曲张21例、食管周围静脉曲张17例、胃短静脉曲张10例、脾/胃-肾分流6例、脐静脉和腹壁静脉曲张5例、腹膜后静脉曲张2例和直肠上静脉曲张2例,门静脉海绵状变性1例.结论：64层螺旋CT门静脉造影能够多角度、准确地显示门静脉高压时侧支循环开放的情况,对判断病变程度、预测其并发症、选择治疗方案具有重要意义.     

3.0 T MR对比增强全心冠状血管成像对冠状静脉系统的解剖学研究

目的 探讨3.0 T MR对比增强全心冠状血管成像(CE CMRA)对冠状静脉解剖的研究价值.方法 43例受试者行3.0 T CE CMRA,采用自由呼吸导航门控、心电触发和非选择性反转恢复(IR)准备脉冲的3D扰相位梯度回波(FLASH)序列.采用32通道体部相控阵线圈进行数据获取.冠状静脉的图像质量由4分法进行评价.连续变量表达为(-x)±s,用配对t检验评价CS窦口前后径及上下径的差异.结果 40例受试者成功完成3.0 T CE CMRA检查,其中38例(95.0%)受试者的图像能够进行评价.左心室后静脉(PVLV)及左边缘静脉(LMV)距冠状窦(CS)窦口的距离分别为(3.34±0.90)及(6.12±1.02)cm.CS、后室间静脉(PIV)、PVLV、LMV及前室间静脉(AIV)的平均图像质量得分分别为(4.0±0.0)、(3.4±0.5)、(3.4±0.5)、(3.0±0.8)及(3.3±0.5)分.CS窦口的上下径[(1.10±0.26)cm]大于前后径[(0.83±0.19)cm],差异有统计学意义(t=-4.31,P<0.05).结论 3.0 T MR CE CMRA能够清晰地评价冠状静脉解剖.     

胰源性区域性门静脉高压的多层螺旋CT表现

目的 分析胰源性区域性门静脉高压(pancreatogenic segmental portal hypertension,PSPH)的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)表现和特征.方法 对32例胰源性门静脉高压患者,使用16排多层螺旋CT行上腹部CT平扫、多期相增强扫描,采用多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、容积再现(VR)等图像后处理技术显示异常的脾静脉及侧枝血管情况.结果 脾静脉均有受压、血栓或受侵表现,孤立性脾静脉阻塞中,食管静脉(EV)、胃短静脉(SGV)、胃冠状静脉(CGV)、胃网膜静脉(GEV)、胃结肠干(GCT)曲张分别占9.37%,67.65%,65.63%,96.88%,28.13%;非孤立性脾静脉阻塞伴有肠系膜上静脉SMV阻塞时,其属支结肠右上静脉(RSCV)、胃结肠干(MCV)、胰十二指肠前上静脉(ASPDV)曲张例数分别为15.63%,18.75%,5.88%.同时伴门静脉海绵样变5例.结论 MSCT及图像后处理系统对PRPH诊断具有莺要价值.     

成人肝门静脉多层螺旋CT血管成像正常解剖研究

目的 探讨16层螺旋CT肝门静脉成像对成人门静脉主干及主要分支、属支解剖形态的显示能力,确定不同性别血管最大管径的正常值.方法 选取无影响门静脉系统疾病者227例行门静脉多层螺旋CT血管成像(MSCTA).后处理技术包括最大强度投影(MIP)、曲面重组(CPR)及容积再现(VR).观察MSCTA对门静脉主干及其分支、属支的显示能力.参照Couinaud方法分析门静脉解剖类型.测量门静脉系统主要血管的最大径,比较不同性别、年龄组之间有无差别.结果 MSCTA对门静脉主干及其第1～4级分支、脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉显示率100%,可显示5级分支者208例(91.6%)、6级132例(58.1%)、7级19例(8.4%).门静脉分支正常型约84.1%,Ⅰ型变异8.8%,Ⅱ型变异6.6%,Ⅳ型变异0.4%.肠系膜静脉解剖类型中Ⅰ型52.0%,Ⅱ型32.2%,Ⅲ型15.8%,各解剖类型比例接近文献报道.男性及女性门静脉主干95%参考值范围为10.4～17.0 mm及9.9～15.0 mm.门静脉系统主要血管不同性别血管最大径有显著统计学差异,不同年龄组之间门静脉左支及肠系膜上静脉最大管径无显著统计学差异,其余血管不同年龄组有差别.结论 MSCTA能够很好地显示肝门静脉系统解剖.门静脉分支以常见型最多.男、女性门静脉系统血管径线均有明显差异.提示MSCTA上男、女性门静脉主干最大径不超过17 mm及15 mm.     

下腔静脉畸形的64层螺旋CT表现

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT下腔静脉畸形的影像表现.方法 回顾性分析6986例受检者的腹部64层螺旋CT增强扫描资料,共发现25例下腔静脉先天畸形.分析下腔静脉畸形的影像表现.结果 25例下腔静脉畸形中包括左下腔静脉6例,CT表现为肾下段腹主动脉左侧上行的下腔静脉.双下腔静脉10例,CT表现为肾下段腹主动脉两侧上行的下腔静脉.左肾静脉畸形5例,CT增强扫描横断面显示腹主动脉后和环主动脉走行的左肾静脉.肝下段下腔静脉中断伴奇静脉延续2例,胸腹部CT增强扫描显示肝段至肾上段下腔静脉缺如,肾段下腔静脉由奇静脉延续回流人上腔静脉,而肝静脉直接回流右心房.腔静脉血管造影见对比剂经增粗的奇静脉和半奇静脉通过上腔静脉回流右心房.肝下段下腔静脉中断伴门静脉延续1例,增强CT显示下腔静脉直接与门静脉在肝门部连接,肝门部门静脉呈瘤样扩张.左下腔静脉伴半奇静脉延续1例,增强CT可见左下腔静脉与半奇静脉连接,上行汇入奇静脉.结论 64层螺旋CT可清晰显示下腔静脉及其属支的畸形,可成为下腔静脉畸形的重要诊断方法.     

64层螺旋CT对肾静脉解剖变异的研究

目的 利用64层螺旋CT血管造影探讨肾静脉解剖变异的类型及其临床意义.资料与方法 回顾性分析280例患者的64层螺旋CT肾静脉影像资料,观察肾静脉的解剖变异并进行分型.结果 肾静脉解剖变异的发生率为7.1%(20/280).右肾静脉变异8例,均为副肾静脉.左肾静脉变异13例,包括Ⅰ型(环主动脉左肾静脉)4例,Ⅱ型(主动脉后左肾静脉)1例,Ⅲ型(回流异常)3例,Ⅳ型(左肾静脉汇合过晚)5例(其中1例伴右副肾静脉).11例肾静脉变异患者同时伴有肾动脉变异.结论 64层螺旋CT血管造影可清晰显示肾静脉解剖变异,结合肾动脉解剖变异,可为Ⅰ临床提供可靠的肾血管系统解剖学资料.     

儿童门静脉海绵样变性的多层螺旋CT研究

目的 探讨64排螺旋CT在诊断儿童门静脉海绵样变性(cavernous transformation of the portal vein,CTPV)中的临床价值.资料与方法 22例CTPV患者均先经彩超筛选,再采用64排螺旋CT进行腹部肝动脉期及门静脉期双期增强扫描并进行重组,由两位医师共同观察肝实质及门静脉系统和侧支静脉.结果 14例(64%)门静脉主干或分支扭曲增粗,肝内门静脉系统普遍变窄、纤细和扭曲;4例(18%)门静脉先天缺如,包括3例门静脉主干未见显示,1例门静脉左支缺如;4例(18%)门静脉栓塞,包括1例肿瘤栓子,3例血栓.22例全部显示侧支静脉,包括胆管周围静脉丛22例(100%)、胆囊静脉16例(73%);胃支21例(95%);胰十二指肠后上静脉5例(23%);脐旁静脉1例(5%);其他门一体分流18例(82%).3例肝脏灌注异常.11例(50%)肝叶比例失调,肝大4例,脾大20例.其他CT征象还有:5例(23%)胆囊壁增厚,1例先天性胆管异常,5例胃肠壁增厚、肠系膜和小网膜肿胀,8例有腹腔或胸腔积液.结论 MSCT能显示CTPV及继发形成的侧支循环,为临床选择治疗方案提供明确的信息.     

64层螺旋CT在活体肾移植供体术前评价中的应用

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT(64-SCT)在活体.肾移植供体术前评价中的应用价值.资料与方法 对58例活体肾移植供体应用64-SCT进行肾皮质期、实质期、排泄期扫描.所得数据传至Vitrea 2工作站,采用容积再现(VR)、曲面重组(CPR)、多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)等后处理技术重组肾实质、肾血管、肾盂及输尿管图像,其中35例与取肾手术进行对照.结果 58例中双肾动脉单支型40例(68.97%),双肾动脉双支型6例(10.34%).右肾静脉单支型49例(84.48%),双支型9例(15.52%),左肾静脉单支型57例(98.28%).双肾盂、中上段输尿管均未见明显异常.64-SCT对肾动脉、肾盂及输尿管显示的敏感性和特异性均为100%;对肾静脉显示的准确性为97.14%;对单支肾静脉显示的敏感性为100%,特异性为50%.结论 64-SCT能较全面地显示供体肾实质、肾动静脉、肾盂、中上段输尿管解剖及变异,可为临床选择合适的供肾提供可靠依据.     

Non invasive cardiac vein mapping: Role of multislice CT coronary angiography

Purpose

Coronary venous anatomy is of primary importance when implanting a cardiac resynchronization therapy device, besides, the coronary sinus can be differently enlarged depending on chronic heart failure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of Coronary CTA in describing the coronary venous tree and in particular the coronary sinus and detecting main venous system variants.

Materials and methods

301 consecutive patients (196 ♂, mean age 63.74 years) studied for coronary artery disease with 64 slice Coronary CTA were retrospectively examined. The acquisition protocol was the standard acquisition one used for coronary artery evaluation but the cardiac venous system were visualized. The cardiac venous system was depicted using 3D, MPR, cMPR and MIP post-processing reconstructions on an off-line workstation. For each patient image quality, presence and caliber of the coronary sinus (CS), great cardiac vein (GCV), middle vein (MV), anterior interventricular vein (AIV), lateral cardiac vein (LCV), posterior cardiac vein (PCV), small cardiac vein (SCV) and presence of variant of the normal anatomy were examined and recorded.

Results

CS, GCV, MV and AIV were visualized in 100% of the cases. The LCV was visualized in 255/301 (84%) patients, the PCV in 248/301 (83%) patients and the SCV in 69/301 (23%) patients. Mean diameter of the CS was 8.7 mm in 276/301 (91.7%) patients without chronic heart failure and 9.93 mm in 25/301 (8.3%) patients with chronic heart failure.

Conclusions

Coronary CTA allows non invasive mapping of the cardiac venous system and may represent a useful presurgical tool for biventricular pacemaker devices implantation.     

Whole-heart coronary vein imaging: a comparison between non-contrast-agent- and contrast-agent-enhanced visualization of the coronary venous system.

The feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) whole-heart imaging of the coronary venous (CV) system was investigated. The hypothesis that coronary magnetic resonance venography (CMRV) can be improved by using an intravascular contrast agent (CA) was tested. A simplified model of the contrast in T(2)-prepared steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging was applied to calculate optimal T(2)-preparation durations for the various deoxygenation levels expected in venous blood. Non-contrast-agent (nCA)- and CA-enhanced images were compared for the delineation of the coronary sinus (CS) and its main tributaries. A quantitative analysis of the resulting contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in both approaches was performed. Precontrast visualization of the CV system was limited by the poor CNR between large portions of the venous blood and the surrounding tissue. Postcontrast, a significant increase in CNR between the venous blood and the myocardium (Myo) resulted in a clear delineation of the target vessels. The CNR improvement was 347% (P < 0.05) for the CS, 260% (P < 0.01) for the mid cardiac vein (MCV), and 430% (P < 0.05) for the great cardiac vein (GCV). The improvement in SNR was on average 155%, but was not statistically significant for the CS and the MCV. The signal of the Myo could be significantly reduced to about 25% (P < 0.001).     

Coronary venous anatomy and anomalies

Coronary venous anatomy can be divided into the greater cardiac venous system and the lesser cardiac venous system. With protocol optimization, including appropriate contrast bolus timing, coronary veins can be depicted with excellent detail on CT. Knowledge of variant coronary venous anatomy can sometimes play a role in pre-procedural planning. Analysis of the coronary venous anatomy on CT can detect coronary venous anomalies that cause right to left shunts with risk of stroke, left to right shunts, and arrhythmias.     

肝硬化门脉高压腹膜后静脉曲张CT表现

目的：分析肝硬化门脉高压腹膜后静脉曲张CT表现，探讨其临床应用价值。方法：搜集门脉高压腹膜后静脉曲张患者24例，其中14例行3mm薄层容积扫描，最大强度投影法重建。结果：腹膜后Retzius静脉丛9例，CT增强示胰腺、十二指肠及升、降结肠周围蚯蚓或粗管状增强血管影；脾肾侧支开放14例，表现为脾门及左肾静脉之间柱状或转告愉状强化影，其中5例曲张静脉向肾后区域延伸；椎旁静脉曲张6例，表现为腰静脉、腰升静脉扩大增粗，并与椎管内静脉丛相通。结论：CT增强扫描对腹膜后静脉曲张诊断有鉴别诊断具有重要价值，MIP血管成像立体显示脾肾侧支开放有椎旁静脉曲张，对于肝性脑病预测具有一定临床意义。     

Visualization of the superior ophthalmic vein on carotid angiography

Summary Visualization of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) on carotid angiography was investigated based on a prospective sample of 452 carotid angiograms performed during one year. The SOV with normal blood flow direction, from facial veins into the cavernous sinus (CS), was seen on 26% and with reversed flow direction in 7% of the angiograms. A hypothesis was suggested that the anotomical variations of the middle cerebral (MCV) and uncal veins (UV) affected the visualization. When both the MCV and UV drained into the CS, the SOV was seen in 11% of 179 angiograms. If the MCV and UV bypassed the CS, the SOV was seen on 51% of 118 angiograms. The difference is significant. Intubation of the patient increased the visualization of the SOV with normal flow direction but did not affect the visualization of the SOV with reversed flow. No SOV with normal blood flow direction was seen on selective internal carotid angiography.     

Normal and variant coronary arterial and venous anatomy on high-resolution CT angiography

OBJECTIVE: This article displays the normal and variant anatomy of the coronary arteries and subjacent cardiac veins using a high-resolution 64-MDCT scanner. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the anatomy of the coronary arteries and subjacent cardiac veins as displayed with maximum intensity and volume-rendered projections is important for correct image interpretation of coronary CT angiography examinations.     

Atrial fibrillation: multi-detector row CT of pulmonary vein anatomy prior to radiofrequency catheter ablation--initial experience

PURPOSE: To evaluate multi-detector row computed tomographic (CT) depiction of pulmonary veins to provide a road map for radiofrequency catheter ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For patients, institutional review board (IRB) approval was not required, and consent was obtained for treatment. Control subjects were part of an IRB-approved research protocol at the institution, in which they had consented to participate. Multi-detector row CT was performed in 23 patients (17 men, six women; mean age, 48 years +/- 11 [standard deviation]) with atrial fibrillation who were admitted for isolation of pulmonary veins by means of radiofrequency catheter ablation. Pulmonary vein anatomy was evaluated, and diameters of pulmonary vein ostia were measured. To determine the shape of ostia, a venous ostium index was calculated for all veins by dividing anterior-posterior measurements by superior-inferior measurements. Results were compared with those in a control group of 11 patients (eight men, three women; mean age, 56 years +/- 11) without atrial fibrillation. Images were evaluated by two observers in consensus. RESULTS: Pulmonary veins additional to the four main veins were found in seven (30%) of 23 patients. Common ostia of left and right pulmonary veins were detected in 19 (83%) and nine (39%) patients, respectively. Early branching occurred more often with right than with left veins (19 [83%] vs three [13%] cases, P <.05) in both patients and control subjects. Anterior-posterior diameter of ostia was 12.8 mm +/- 3.3 for left veins, 16.2 mm +/- 3.8 for right veins, and 18.8 mm +/- 7.7 and 28.7 mm +/- 5.1 for left and right common ostia, respectively. Ostia of right pulmonary veins were more round than were ostia of left pulmonary veins (venous ostium index in patients, 0.91 +/- 0.21 vs 0.75 +/- 0.17, P <.05; in control subjects, 0.93 +/- 0.12 vs 0.82 +/- 0.17, P <.05). The CT data were used to determine ablation strategy and guide catheters during radiofrequency ablation. CONCLUSION: Multi-detector row CT provides a valuable road map for pulmonary vein anatomy prior to radiofrequency catheter ablation. Variations in number and insertion of pulmonary veins were observed in a considerable number of patients and control subjects.     

Depicting cerebral veins by three-dimensional CT angiography before surgical clipping of aneurysms

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral veins show wide variation, and unexpected veins occasionally limit surgical procedures for clipping of cerebral aneurysms. This study was undertaken to assess the utility of three-dimensional CT angiography (3D-CTA) in the evaluation of venous anatomy before surgical clipping of cerebral aneurysms. METHODS: 3D-CTA was performed in 19 patients before pterional craniotomy. The venous anatomy visualized by use of 3D-CTA was compared retrospectively with intraoperative findings. RESULTS: 3D-CTA clearly depicted the superficial sylvian veins (SSVs) in 17 of 19 cases. In three of these 17 cases, 3D-CTA failed to reveal the additional connecting veins from SSVs to the midportion of the sphenoid wing. 3D-CTA also depicted bridging veins from: 1) the basal vein of Rosenthal to the sphenoparietal sinus (SPS) (three cases); 2) a junction of the anterior cerebral vein and the deep middle cerebral vein to the SPS (two cases); 3) the anterior cerebral vein into the cavernous sinus (one case); and 4) the deep middle cerebral vein to the cavernous sinus in one case. Surgical findings corresponded well with the angiographic findings. 3D-CTA depicted bridging veins from the frontal base into the SPS in two cases; retraction of the frontal lobe was severely limited in these cases. 3D-CTA also exhibited anatomic variation of deep cerebral veins, which suggests the utility of 3D-CTA in evaluating the risks carried by sacrifice of some bridging veins. In two patients, aneurysmal dissection was restricted because of adhering veins. 3D-CTA depicted these cerebral veins to be lying in contact with the aneurysm. In one case, the contiguous vein was hidden behind a large middle cerebral artery aneurysm; 3D-CTA was helpful for visualization of this vein. CONCLUSION: 3D-CTA can clearly depict the venous anatomy of the brain and is useful for surgical planning of a pterional or temporopolar approach for cerebral aneurysms.