Toxicity of Lithium to Three Freshwater Organisms and the Antagonistic Effect of Sodium

Lithium (Li) is the lightest metal and occurs primarily in stable minerals and salts. Concentrations of Li in surface water are typically <0.04mg l^–1 but can be elevated in contaminated streams. Because of the general lack of information concerning the toxicity of Li to common toxicity test organisms, we evaluated the toxicity of Li to Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and a freshwater snail (Elimia clavaeformis). In the laboratory, the concentration of Li that inhibited P. promelas growth or C. dubia reproduction by 25% (IC25) was dependant upon the dilution water. In laboratory control water containing little sodium (2.8mg l^–1), the IC25s were 0.38 and 0.32mg Li l^–1 and in ambient stream water containing 17mg Na l^–1, the IC25s were 1.99 and 3.33, respectively. A Li concentration of 0.15mgl^–1 inhibited the feeding of E. clavaeformis in laboratory tests. Toxicity tests conducted to evaluate the effect of sodium on the toxicity of Li were conducted with fathead minnows and C. dubia. The presence of sodium greatly affected the toxicity of Li. Fathead minnows and Ceriodaphnia, for example, tolerated concentrations of Li as great as 6mg l^–1 when sufficient Na was present. The interaction of Li and Na on the reproduction of Ceriodaphnia was investigated in depth and can be described using an exponential model. The model predicts that C. dubia reproduction would not be affected when animals are exposed to combinations of lithium and sodium with a log ratio of mmol Na to mmol Li equal to at least 1.63. The results of this study indicate that for most natural waters, the presence of sodium is sufficient to prevent Li toxicity. However, in areas of historical disposal or heavy processing or use, an evaluation of Li from a water quality perspective would be warranted.     

A marine bioassay test set to assess marine water and sediment quality-its need,the approach and first results

There is a need for establishing a marine bioassay test set to assess marine water and sediment samples in Germany. The selected marine bioassay test set, two tests for the water phase (with the luminescence bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin) and a whole sediment test with the marine amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas) is described and first results are shown.     

北青龙衣对大鼠尿液中5种毒性标志物含量的影响

目的 考察北青龙衣鲜品对大鼠尿液中5种毒性代谢物[L-左旋多巴（laevodopa,L-Dopa）、L-酪氨酸（L-tyrosine,L-Tyr）、L-苯丙氨酸（L-phenylalanine,L-Phe）、吲哚乙酸（indoleacetic acid,Int）及尿黑酸（homogentisic acid,HGA）]含量的影响。方法 Wistar大鼠灌胃给予北青龙衣鲜品,周期为1个月,采用MRM方法,建立同时检测5种代谢物的最优方法,并应用Masslynx软件外标法,对各代谢物精准定量。结果 L-Dopa、L-Tyr、L-Phe、Int及HGA的线性范围分别为30~32 000,25~30 000,7.5~8 000,50~10 000,100~10 000 ng·mL^-1,线性良好;与空白组健康大鼠相比,北青龙衣鲜品组尿液中的5种代谢物含量均有所升高。结论 北青龙衣鲜品可影响大鼠体内5种代谢物的正常代谢。     

Comparison of the partitioning of pesticides relative to the survival and behaviour of exposed amphipods

Pesticides sprayed on farmlands can end up in rivers and be transported into estuaries, where they could affect aquatic organisms in freshwater and marine habitats. A series of experiments were conducted using the amphipod Corophium volutator Pallas (Amphipoda, Corophiidae) and single pesticides, namely atrazine (AT), azinphos-methyl (AZ), carbofuran (CA) and endosulfan (EN) that were added to sediments and covered with seawater. Our goal was to compare the concentrations affecting the survival of the animals relative to potential attractant or repellent properties of sediment-spiked pesticides. The avoidance/preference of contaminated/reference sediments by amphipods was examined after 48 and 96 h of exposure using sediments with different organic carbon content. The octanol–water partition coefficients (log K_ow) ranked the pesticides binding to sediments as EN > AZ > AT > CA. LC₅₀ and LC₂₀ covered a wide range of nominal concentrations and ranked toxicity as CA-AZ > EN > AT. Under the experimental set up, only EN initiated an avoidance response and the organic carbon normalised concentration provided consistent results. Using the present data with wide confidence limits, >20% of a population of C. volutator could perish due to the presence of EN before relocation or detecting CA or AZ in sediments by chemical analysis.     

Predicting toxicity in marine sediment in Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea,Southern Italy) using Sediment Quality Guidelines and a battery bioassay

The goal of this study was to assess coastal marine pollution in the Mar Piccolo and Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy) by combining chemical and toxicological data in order to compare and integrate both approaches. Pollutants levels, traditionally, have limited ability to predict adverse effects on living resources. Moreover, in order to provide information on the ecological impact of sediment contamination on aquatic biota Numerical Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) and sediment toxicity bioassays were carefully recommended. In this study ERL (effect range low)/ERM (effect range medium value) and TEL (threshold effect level)/PEL (probable effect level) guidelines have been used. Bioassays were performed with two species of amphipods Gammarus aequicauda and Corophium insidiosum, one species of isopod Idotea baltica and bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae. The TEL/PEL analysis suggested that, especially for stations 1 and 2, sediments in Mar Piccolo should contain acutely toxic concentrations of metals. In particular Hg content, in station 1, was about 17 times PEL value. 96 h LC₅₀ and 48 h EC₅₀ values were estimated for cadmium, copper and mercury in these species using the static acute toxicity test. M. galloprovincialis larvae was more sensitive than other species to all the reference toxicants tested (EC₅₀ determined for cadmium copper and mercury were of 0.59, 0.11 and 0.01 mg/l respectively). Significant differences in sensitivity of species tested to all reference toxicants (ANOVA p < 0.001) were recorded. Bioassays with these species allowed to estimated sediment toxicity from the different studied sites. On the basis of results obtained a good agreement was reported between chemical data and response of the biological endpoints tested.     

A Test Battery Approach for the Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Estuarine Sediments

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall sensitivity and applicability of a number of bioassays representing multiple trophic levels, for the preliminary ecotoxicological screening (Tier I) of estuarine sediments. Chemical analyses were conducted on sediments from all sampling sites to assist in interpreting results. As sediment is an inherently complex, heterogeneous geological matrix, the toxicity associated with different exposure routes (solid, porewater and elutriate phases) was also assessed. A stimulatory response was detected following exposure of some sediment phases to both the Microtox and algal bioassays. Of the bioassays and endpoints employed in this study, the algal test was the most responsive to both elutriates and porewaters. Salinity controls, which corresponded to the salinity of the neat porewater samples, were found to have significant effects on the growth of the algae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the inclusion of a salinity control in algal toxicity tests, the results of which emphasise the importance of incorporating appropriate controls in experimental design. While differential responses were observed, the site characterised as the most polluted on the basis of chemical analysis was consistently ranked the most toxic with all test species and all test phases. In terms of identifying appropriate Tier I screening tests for sediments, this study demonstrated both the Microtox and algal bioassays to be more sensitive than the bacterial enzyme assays and the invertebrate lethality assay employing Artemia salina. The findings of this study highlight that salinity effects and geophysical properties need to be taken into account when interpreting the results of the bioassays.     

Haem Peroxidase Activity in Daphnia magna: A Biomarker for Sub-lethal Toxicity Assessments of Kerosene-contaminated Groundwater

A novel biomarker was developed in Daphnia magna to detect organic pollution in groundwater. The haem peroxidase assay, which is an indirect means of measuring oxidase activity, was particularly sensitive to kerosene contamination. Exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of kerosene-contaminated groundwater resulted in a haem peroxidase activity increase by dose with a two-fold activity peak at 25%. Reproduction in D. magna remained unimpaired when exposed to concentrations below 25% for 21 days, and a decline in fecundity was only observed at concentrations above the peak in enzyme activity. The measurement of haem peroxidase activity in D. magna detected sublethal effects of kerosene in just 24h, whilst offering information on the health status of the organisms. The biomarker may be useful in determining concentrations above which detrimental effects would occur from long-term exposure for fuel hydrocarbons. Moreover, this novel assay detects exposure to chemicals in samples that would normally be classified as non-toxic by acute toxicity tests.     

Toxicity prediction of binary combinations of cadmium, carbendazim and low dissolved oxygen on Daphnia magna

Environmental contamination is often characterised by a combination of stress factors of various sources (biological, physical and chemical). The predictability of their joint effects is an important stage in environmental risk assessment procedures. In this study, the two main conceptual models for mixture evaluation based on the effect of individual compounds, concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) and deviations to synergism/antagonism, "dose ratio" and "dose level" dependency were used. The single and combined effects of cadmium, carbendazim and low dissolved oxygen levels were assayed for life-cycle parameters (survival and feeding) of the water flea Daphnia magna Straus. The results of single exposures revealed an increase of acute and chronic toxicity as concentrations of cadmium and carbendazim increases. At low dissolved oxygen levels both survival and feeding parameters were significantly affected (P< or =0.05). In the acute mixture exposure of cadmium and carbendazim a "dose ratio" dependency was observed with a higher toxicity when cadmium was dominant whereas at high concentrations of carbendazim a lower effect on survival was observed. At chronic exposures an antagonistic deviation from IA model was observed for this mixture. The IA model showed to be adequate for toxicity prediction on acute exposure combinations with low DO levels where a synergistic behaviour was observed. However, at sublethal exposures IA and CA models failed by underestimation. Validation from toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic modelling studies should be made in the future as a way to understand toxicological pathways involved in complex mixture/combination exposures.     

苦豆子总碱温度敏感型凝胶剂的皮肤刺激性及毒理学评价

目的 考查苦豆子总碱温度敏感型凝胶的皮肤刺激性、急性毒性以及长期毒性。方法 ①每日给药1次,连续7 d,涂抹凝胶剂于家兔完整皮肤和破损皮肤,观察红斑和水肿程度;②单次给予大鼠最大剂量凝胶后观察急性毒性反应;③大鼠分为正常对照组、空白基质组和低、中、高剂量组,每日给药2次,连续30 d,观察一般情况及体质量,测定血液学指标、生化指标、脏器指数及脏器病变情况,停药2周后再行上述检查。结果 ①家兔正常皮肤及破损皮肤均完整且未出现红肿及水肿;②急性毒性实验组大鼠未见明显异常;③给药30 d后各组大鼠体质量及脏器指数未发生明显变化;与正常对照组相比,高剂量组的部分血液学及生化指标发生变化,毛囊和皮脂腺出现代偿性增生,停药2周后均恢复正常。结论 苦豆子总碱温度敏感型凝胶剂对皮肤无刺激性,毒性低且安全。     

Toxicity Profile of Benzo[a]pyrene in the MaleLacZTransgenic Mouse (MutaMouse) Following Oral Administration for 5 Consecutive Days

The toxicity profile of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was examined in the MutaMouse. The transgenic mouse integrated with λgt10lacZvectors is used worldwide as an experimental animal inin vivomutagenesis testing systems. There are few toxicity studies including carcinogenicity in the MutaMouse, and so far only a few carcinogenicity studies of BP accompanied with hematological and plasma biochemical examinations have been conducted even in generic mice. Accordingly, male mice were orally administered BP at doses of 75 and 125 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days, and complete autopsy was conducted together with pathological, hematological, and plasma biochemical examinations and measurement of organ weights 41 weeks after the last treatment. Squamous cell papilloma and hyperplasia in the forestomach were induced at incidences of 25 and 50%, respectively and were induced 26 weeks after the final treatment without any significant alterations in the hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in mice of the 125 mg/kg/day BP-treated satellite group. Fourty-one weeks after the final treatments, 75 and 125 mg/kg/day BP induced squamous cell carcinoma, papiloma, and hyperplasia in the forestomach at incidences of 18 and 18%, 36 and 45%, and 91 and 91%, respectively, and anemia possibly due to continuous hemorrhage from tumors in the forestomach. BP (125 mg/kg/day) also produced malignant lymphoma with an incidence of 18%, accompanied by a marked increase in leukocyte count and decrease in erythrocyte count and by a remarkable decrease in body weights 26 and 39 weeks after the last treatment. Moreover, administration of 75 and 125 mg/kg/day BP induced bronchiolar–alveolar hyperplasia in the lung at incidences of 18 and 9%, respectively. Slight increases were also observed in the weight of the liver and in the levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, and potassium ion in the plasma biochemical examinations, although no significant pathological alterations were found in the liver and kidney. This study provides new information about BP toxicity including carcinogenicity in the MutaMouse developed forin vivomutational analysis.     

Toxicity of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) administered during pregnancy and lactation in rats

The popularity of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) for the treatment of depression is increasing and, in recent years, concerns about its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding have emerged. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in Wistar rats, the effects of a treatment with hypericum administered prenatally and during breastfeeding (from 2 weeks before mating to 21 days after delivery). Two doses of the extract were chosen, 100 mg/kg per day, which, based on surface area, is comparable to the dose administered to humans, and 1000 mg/kg per day. A microscopical analysis of livers, kidneys, hearts, lungs, brains, and small bowels was performed. A severe damage was observed in the livers and kidneys of animals euthanized postnatally on days 0 and 21. The lesions were more severe with the higher dose and in animals that were breastfed for 21 days; however, an important renal and hepatic damage was evident also with the dose of 100 mg/kg per day. In addition, similar serious hepatic and renal lesions were evident also in animals that were exposed to hypericum only during breastfeeding. In particular, a focal hepatic damage, with vacuolization, lobular fibrosis, and disorganization of hepatic arrays was evident; in the kidney, a reduction in glomerular size, disappearance of Bowman's space, and hyaline tubular degeneration were found. The results obtained in this study indicate that further, appropriate histological studies should be performed in other animal species to better evaluate the safety of hypericum extracts taken during pregnancy and breastfeeding.     

体外全胚胎培养技术及其在药物生殖发育毒性评价中的应用

体外全胚胎培养（whole embryo culture，WEC）技术是一项在受控的体外环境中培养动物胚胎的技术，是研究药物及化学物质在胚胎发育过程中的药理毒理及作用机制的重要方法之一。本文从大鼠和兔的WEC技术发展概况、培养条件、胚胎发育终点的评分系统和拓展的胚胎发育评价终点、药物生殖发育毒理学应用等方面，对WEC技术及近年来研究进展进行介绍。WEC技术是药物生殖发育毒性研究中重要的替代学研究方法之一。其中，对大鼠与兔组合的WEC研究更具有重要价值，可为胚胎发育毒性研究提供更全面的信息。     

Toxicity of seven phthalate esters to embryonic development of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta

The toxicity of seven phthalate esters (PAEs), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) to embryogenesis and larval development of the marine univalve Haliotis diversicolor supertexta was examined by means of two-stage embryo toxicity test. At the blastula stage, the normal embryonic development of H. diversicolor supertexta showed a good dose-response decrease when exposed to DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, and DnHP. 9-h EC₅₀ values of DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, and DnHP were 55.71, 39.13, 8.37, 2.65, and 3.32 mg/l, respectively. 9-h EC₅₀ values of DEHP and DOP were not available due to their low solubility. The toxicity order of seven tested PAEs was BBP>DnHP>DBP>DEP>DMP>DOP>DEHP. With the completion of metamorphosis as an experimental endpoint, the 96-h no-observed effect concentration values of DBP, DEHP and the other five tested PAEs were 0.022, 0.021, and 0.020 mg/l, respectively. Due to simple obtainment, convenient stimulation to spawn in the lab, greater sensitivity than mature species, and short culture time, the embryos of H. diversicolor supertexta have the potential to be utilized in acute toxicity test for at least PAEs.     

90-Day repeated-dose toxicity study of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) in rats

Licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) is a new functional food ingredient consisting of licorice hydrophobic polyphenols in medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). As part of a safety evaluation, a 90-day oral toxicity study in rats was conducted using an LFO concentrate solution (2.90% glabridin). Male and female animals were assigned to one of 12 groups (10 males or females per group) and received corn oil (negative control), MCT (vehicle control), or 400, 600, 800 or 1600 mg/kg of the LFO concentrate solution. In conclusion, LFO concentrate solution induced an anticoagulation effect in both sexes, although there was a clear sex difference. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for the LFO concentrate solution is estimated to be 800 mg/kg/day for female rats, and approximately 400 mg/kg/day for male rats.     

Ecotoxicological assessment of effluents in the Basque country (Northern Spain) by acute and chronic toxicity tests using Daphnia magna straus

Acute pass/fail, multi-concentration tests, and 3-brood chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) were used to characterise industrial and municipal effluents from various sources. The effluents that “passed” the pass/fail tests had 48-h EC₅₀ values >100% and reproduction No Observed Effect Concentration (NOECs) ≥100%, except for one effluent that had a reproduction NOEC of 31.6%. The acute multi-concentration toxicity tests allowed a rapid classification of effluents from Very Toxic (48-h EC₅₀<25%), to Non-Toxic (48-h EC₅₀ >100%). The acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR: 48-h EC₅₀ divided by the NOEC for reproduction) in the studied effluents ranged from 5 to about 100. From these results, we propose a step-wise protocol for assessing effluent toxicity. First, effluent is evaluated by means of simple and rapid pass/fail acute toxicity tests, to discriminate Non-Toxic from potentially Toxic effluents, thus facilitating the establishment of priority actions. Second, 48-h EC _x is estimated to classify effluents on a toxicity scale from Non-Toxic to Very Toxic. Third, chronic multi-concentration tests are used to calculate reproduction NOECs. These parameters combined with data on effluent chemical composition, chemical and hydrological characteristics of receiving waters, and biological quality criteria can be jointly used for more rational regulatory practices and risk assessment of effluents.     

Change in life cycle parameters and feeding rate of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceriodaphnia silvestrii</Emphasis> Daday (Crustacea,Cladocera) exposure to dietary copper

Changes in life cycle parameters (survival, growth, reproduction) and feeding rate of the tropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii as affected by Cu contaminated algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata were investigated. The dietary copper exposure ranged from 3 × 10⁻¹⁵ to 68 × 10⁻¹⁵ g Cu algal cell⁻¹. Low waterborne copper exposure (around 10⁻¹⁰ mol l⁻¹ free Cu²⁺ ions) was kept in the experiments. The results show an increasing toxic effect on C. silvestrii with copper increase in algal cells; at the highest copper exposure, all life cycle parameters were significantly affected. A concentration of 38 × 10⁻¹⁵ g Cu algal cell⁻¹ reduced egg hatching percentile and the number of neonates produced per female, but did not cause any statistically significant effect on animals survival nor to the number of eggs produced per female. The following sequence of events was observed from the lowest to the highest copper contamination: reproduction, feeding rate, body length and, at last, survival was affected. We conclude that algal cells are an important route of copper exposure and toxicity to cladocerans.     

Developmental Toxicity Studies of Methyl Ethyl Ketoxime (MEKO) in Rats and Rabbits

Abstract

The developmental toxicity of methyl ethyl ketoxime (MEKO), an industrial antioxidant used primarily as an antiskinning agent in alkyd paint, was investigated in rats and rabbits. Following preliminary dose range finding studies, groups of 25 pregnant rats or 18 pregnant rabbits were dosed by gavage with aqueous solutions of MEKO at 0, 60, 200, or 600 mg/kg (rats) or 0, 8, 14, 24, or 40 mg/kg (rabbits) on gestation days 6–15 or 6–18, respectively. In rats, dose-dependent clinical signs of maternal toxicity including reduced body weight gains were noted at 200 and 600 mg/kg. At 60 mg/kg and above enlarged spleens were observed at necropsy. The preliminary study found methemoglobin formation and reticulocytosis indicative of anemia at these dose levels. No treatment-related gestational effects, malformations or developmental variations were observed in the rats. In rabbits, 3 females aborted and 8 females were found dead at 40 mg/kg between gestation days 11 and 24. Clinical signs of maternal toxicity were present in surviving doses at this dose level. Body weight gains were reduced at 24 and 40 mg/kg. The preliminary study indicated maternal hematological effects in the rabbits similar to the rats at dose levels as low as 10 mg/kg. MEKO was not considered to have produced any treatment-related gestational effects, malformations or developmental variations in the rabbit at dose levels at or below 24 mg/kg. Because of excessive maternal mortality and abortions at the 40 mg/kg dose level, only 6 rabbits produced litters. The severe maternal toxicity and limited number of litters precluded a full assessment of developmental toxicity at 40 mg/kg. Nonetheless, MEKO did not appear to be teratogenic to the rabbit at this dose level.     

炮制对天山假狼毒毒性及化学成分的影响

目的 研究天山假狼毒炮制前后的急性毒性变化及其体内外组分的改变。方法 将小鼠分为生药组1（60.6 g·kg^-1）、生药组2（75.75 g·kg^-1）、生药组3（90.9 g·kg^-1）、生药组4（106.05 g·kg^-1）、生药组5（121.1 g·kg^-1）、炮制组1（58.6 g·kg^-1）、炮制组2（73.25 g·kg^-1）、炮制组3（87.9 g·kg^-1）、炮制组4（102.55 g·kg^-1）、炮制组5（117.2 g·kg^-1）（均按生药计）,分别灌服不同浓度的天山假狼毒生药及炮制品提取物1次,连续观察14 d,记录小鼠急性毒性反应及动物死亡情况,计算LD₅₀。利用UPLC-Q/TOF-MS测定天山假狼毒生药、炮制品及其含药血清总离子流图,分析各部组分的化学成分变化。结果 天山假狼毒生药提取物LD₅₀=91.465 g·kg^-1,95%置信区间为83.929~98.680 g·kg^-1。天山假狼毒炮制品提取物LD₅₀=104.900 g·kg^-1,95%置信区间为95.584~122.774 g·kg^-1（均按生药计）。死亡动物解剖仅见肝脏颜色变深,其他脏器肉眼未见明显改变。生药经炮制后7个成分峰面积减小,3个成分未出现。相较于炮制品,生药含药血清中的代谢成分或移行成分明显更多,且炮制品入血成分色谱峰明显小于生药。结论 炮制可明显降低天山假狼毒急性毒性,这种减毒作用与天山假狼毒部分成分含量的降低或消除有关。     

Reassessment of ecotoxicities of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane in Japanese quail under the OECD draft new avian one-generation reproduction test guideline

Ecotoxicological hazards of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT) were investigated by a one-generation reproduction study using Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) under an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) draft new test guideline 206 following acute and subchronic toxicity studies. In the subchronic feeding toxicity study, tremors, convulsions, and deaths were observed with a clear sex difference, males being more susceptible than females. The estimated total number of sperm tended to decrease in a dose-dependent manner at the end of 6-week treatment. In the one-generation reproduction study conducted at dose levels of 0, 6, 30, and 150 ppm, the estimated total number of sperm tended to decrease in a dose-dependent manner with a significant difference at 150 ppm. Tremors were observed in the majority of hatchlings in the 150 ppm group and at lower incidences in the 30 ppm group. Significantly high mortality rate in chicks persisted from treatment week 3-6 in the 150 ppm group and at treatment weeks 4 and 5 in the 30 ppm group. Despite of these severe adverse effects of p,p'-DDT on hatchlings and chicks, fertilization, egg laying, eggshell thickness or embryonic development was hardly impaired by p,p'-DDT or its metabolites. From these results, it appears that the OECD draft new avian one-generation reproduction test guideline is effective for ecological hazard assessment of chemicals.