保留部分前列腺的全膀胱切除术治疗浸润性膀胱癌

背景与目的：经典的根治性膀胱切除术将膀胱和前列腺全部切除,术后阳痿和尿失禁发生率高。在肿瘤没有累及前列腺的情况下,根治术中保留部分前列腺可改善术后性功能和控尿功能,但对预后是否有影响尚不清楚。本文报告10例保留部分前列腺的改良全膀胱切除术的经验,阐述改良术式对术后性功能、控尿功能和肿瘤控制的影响。方法：对10例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者,先经尿道电切除部分前列腺,全膀胱切除时保留部分前列腺包囊。下尿路重建采用肠道新膀胱术,新膀胱与残留的前列腺包囊吻合。术后随访评价肿瘤控制、尿液控制和性功能情况。结果：术后病理分期均为T2NOM0。随访3～12个月(平均9个月),9例无瘤生存,l例低分化移行细胞癌患者术后2个月出现全身骨骼及淋巴转移;全部患者自主排尿,完全控尿9例,部分控尿l例;术前有性功能的8例中,术后6例保持阴茎勃起功能。结论：保留部分前列腺的改良全膀胱切除术可以较好保留下尿路控尿功能和阴茎勃起功能,但对肿瘤控制的远期影响有待进一步观察。     

回肠原位新膀胱术在70岁以上男性肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者中的应用

背景与目的:原位新膀胱术是肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者行根治性膀胱切除术后生活质量较好的尿路重建术式.但是新膀胱术式较复杂、手术时间较长,70岁以上男性患者的手术承受力和控尿能力的恢复程度值得研究.本研究旨在探讨70岁以上男性肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者应用回肠原位新膀胱术的安全性和控尿能力的有效性.方法:自2006年1月1日-2010年2月20日间,本研究对23例70岁以上男性肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者实施根治性膀胱切除术,术中采取了保护神经血管束、不剪开盆底筋膜、不切断耻骨前列腺韧带、不缝扎阴茎背深静脉丛的方法,以Hautmann技术建立回肠原位新膀胱.结果:23例患者均安全度过手术期,其中3例患者术后出现暂时认知功能障碍,1例患者于术后24 d出现胃肠功能紊乱.23例患者术后16～21 d白天完全自主控尿;术后30、60、90、180和360 d睡眠后完全控尿例数分别为0、4、5、11及16例;均无排尿困难,23例患者均对控尿程度满意.结论:70岁以上男性肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者应用回肠原位新膀胱术安全,控尿效果满意,可作为根治性膀胱切除术后首选的尿路重建术式.     

Studer回肠新膀胱的手术改良探讨

目的:对Studer回肠新膀胱术进行技术改良并评价其临床效果.方法:采用根治性膀胱全切、改良Studer回肠新膀胱术治疗5例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者.结果:5例患者手术顺利.拔除尿管后4例患者恢复生理性排尿,1例不能自主排尿.随访6～12个月,4例患者昼夜控尿良好.5例患者静脉肾盂造影未见输尿管新膀胱吻合口狭窄及上尿路积水.结论:改良Studer回肠新膀胱术操作相对简单,手术并发症低,可以取得满意的临床效果.     

保留前列腺远端包膜及精囊对改善原位新膀胱功能及勃起功能的作用

背景与目的:膀胱全切是浸润性膀胱癌的主要治疗手段,膀胱全切后尿流改道方法很多,其中原位新膀胱下尿路重建在近年得到广泛应用.本研究旨在探讨改良根治性全膀胱切除术中保留前列腺远端包膜及精囊对改善原位新膀胱功能及勃起功能的作用.方法:选择2000年1月至2006年12月应用改良根治性膀胱全切及新回肠膀胱术治疗膀胱癌患者27例,同期应用经典术式治疗9例.观察两组患者术后并发症、新膀胱(术后6个月)的储尿、排尿、控尿功能及患者的勃起功能并进行比较.结果:术后随访3～84个月.术后6个月改良和经典组新膀胱容量[(385±68)mL vs.(388±71)mL]、最大充盈压[(24±16)cmH2O vs.(25±15)cmH2O],两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).但在最大尿流率[(18±5)mL/s vs.(14±7)mL/s]、剩余尿[(35±16)mL vs.(97±35)mL]、完全控尿率[(24/27)vs.(3/9)]、夜间尿失禁[(3/27)vs.(6/9)]、新膀胱-尿道吻合口狭窄[(4/27)vs.(3/9)],以及患者正常勃起功能术后得以保留[(19/23)vs.(3/7)]方面,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:在改良根治性膀胱全切术中保留远端的前列腺包膜及精囊,可明显改善患者术后的储尿、排尿、控尿功能,保护阴茎的勃起功能,同时可有效防止新膀胱-尿道吻合口狭窄的发生.     

根治性膀胱全切术后正位可控膀胱术研究进展.

 正位膀胱替代术经过近20 年的临床实践，被越来越多的医学中心所采用。通过总结重要的文献阐述了正位可控膀胱术中患者的选择、输尿管抗反流、上尿路安全性、尿控的恢复、肿瘤治疗的安全性、特殊的并发症和患者生存生活质量等方面的最新进展和新观点。与其他方式的尿流改道相比，正位可控膀胱有可能成为根治性膀胱全切术后新的治疗标准     

改良全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术重建下尿路功能

背景与目的:全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌最有效的手段.但由于手术繁杂、时间长、出血和并发症较多,以及相当一部分患者控尿不佳等缺点,我们对全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术进行了反复改良,获得了比较满意的效果,本文报告我们的经验.方法:采用改良的全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术治疗119例临床诊断为浸润性膀胱癌的患者.男性109例,女性10例.年龄33～78岁,平均55岁.统计手术时间、术中出血和输血量,对新膀胱功能、并发症、肿瘤控制和生存情况进行随访分析.结果:对全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术一共进行了八处改良.从2000年1月至2007年2月用改良术治疗119例,无围手术期死亡.手术时间150～330 min,平均245 min.输血39例(32.8%).术后病理分期浅表性膀胱癌(T1N0M0) 9例,浸润性110例(其中T2N0M0 102例、T3aN0M0 3例、T3aN1M0 2例、T3bN1M0 2例,、T4N1M0 1 例).随访6～72个月,平均45个月,108例生存,10例因肿瘤死亡,1例非肿瘤原因死亡.术后白天控尿良好113例(95%),夜间控尿良好97例(81.5%).主要并发症有切口裂开5例,二次缝合后治愈;输尿管新膀胱吻合口漏1例,经再次手术作输尿管再植治愈;肠梗阻3例需住院处理.输尿管末端粘连引起肾积水8例,经内镜下切断粘连后积水消退.无肠瘘和新膀胱尿道吻合口瘘或狭窄,无膀胱输尿管返流.结论:全膀胱切除后采用改良原位新膀胱术重建下尿路功能,手术时间短、出血少和并发症少,新膀胱控尿和排尿满意,是目前全膀胱切除后最理想的下尿路重建方式.     

原位回盲肠新膀胱术的初步研究

目的:探讨逆行全膀胱切除术后原位回盲肠新膀胱术的手术方式、近期疗效和尿流动力学特点。方法:回顾性分析2018年11月至2019年8月我科收治并行原位回盲肠新膀胱术膀胱癌患者4例,所有患者先行腹膜外逆行根治性全膀胱切除,截取回盲肠构建新膀胱,再将新膀胱与尿道吻合重建尿流通道。术后定期复查尿动力、肾功能、彩超等检查。结果:本组患者随访6~16个月,术后初期患者均有不同程度溢尿现象,3个月后逐步恢复并能良好控尿。1例术后出现尿道吻合口轻度狭窄并输尿管返流。新膀胱最大储尿容量(401.7±53.0)ml,储尿期膀胱内压(19.0±5.7)cmH2O,尿道闭合压(53.6±9.4)cmH2O,储尿期膀胱内压明显小于尿道闭合压,最大尿流率(18.7±1.5)ml/s,平均残余尿量(21.3±4.4)ml。结论:全膀胱切除术后原位回盲肠新膀胱术具有储尿囊容量大、压力低、可控性好、操作简单的优点,是一种较理想的尿流改道方式。     

乙状结肠直肠膀胱术18例

 【摘要】　目的　评价乙状结肠直肠膀胱术可控性尿流改道的临床效果。方法　对18例膀胱肿瘤患者行全膀胱切除后乙状结肠直肠膀胱术。以乙状结肠直肠交界为中点,将肠管纵行剖开20～24 cm,做乙状结肠直肠侧侧吻合,形成低压贮尿囊,顶端固定于骶骨岬处,两输尿管由贮尿囊上方引入,采用改良黏膜沟法做抗反流吻合,利用肛门括约肌控制排尿。结果　全膀胱切除后的乙状结肠直肠膀胱术平均手术时间为80 min。拔除肛管及输尿管支架管1周～2个月后可获得满意的尿便分流,2个月后排尿次数稳定,白天4～5次,夜间1～3次。术后并发夜间遗尿2例,2个月后自行消失;并发粘连性肠梗阻1例,高氯性酸中毒、低钾血症2例,尿道残端癌1例。无吻合口梗阻、肾功能损害及严重上尿路感染等并发症。结论　该术式操作简便,术后尿控满意,接近正常人的生活,易于被患者接受,是一种比较好的可控性尿流改道方式。     

膀胱癌根治性全膀胱切除术后行不同尿流改道术对患者生活质量的影响

目的:分析膀胱癌根治性全膀胱切除术后行不同尿流改道术对患者生活质量的影响。方法:选取我院2014年7月至2015年12月期间收治的142例行根治性膀胱全切除及尿道改造术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。按照不同改道术将患者分成A组（原位新膀胱术组）（71例,其中原位乙状结肠新膀胱术16例,原位回肠新膀胱术55例）与B组（非原位尿流改道术组）（71例,其中输尿管皮肤造口术10例,回肠通道术61例）,治疗结束后记录并比较2组患者近期临床疗效和生活质量。结果:A组手术时间、住院时间均较B组延长（P＜0.05）。B组患者并发症发生率较A组低,但两组患者并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.370）。两组患者术后生活质量比较均存在差异（P＜0.05）,其中在生理机能、生理职能、社会功能、精神健康及情感职能5个方面两组患者比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且均以A组患者得分较高,而在躯体疼痛、一般健康状况、精力的比较上两组患者差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论:在根治性膀胱全切除术中采用不同尿流改道术对治疗膀胱癌均具有一定的临床疗效和安全性,但采用原位新膀胱尿流改道的方式更利于提高患者术后生活质量,值得临床上推广使用。     

全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术治疗女性浸润性胱膀癌患者(附8例报告)

背景与目的全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱广泛用于治疗男性浸润性膀胱癌,效果良好,但用于女性浸润性膀胱癌的经验很少。本研究的目的是探讨女性全膀胱切除和乙状结肠原位新膀胱的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2003年10月中山大学肿瘤防治中心应用全膀胱切除和乙状结肠原位新膀胱术治疗的8例女性浸润性膀胱癌的临床资料。结果手术均获成功。随访6～24个月(平均18个月),6例无瘤生存,2例分别于术后6个月和12个月出现盆腔复发。全部患者均能自主排尿。4例昼夜完全控尿,另4例白天完全控尿,夜间有少许漏尿。1例术后3个月发现肾输尿管轻度积水,观察3个月后自然消退。血电解质和肾功能均正常。结论女性膀胱癌患者行全膀胱切除和乙状结肠原位新膀胱术后,肿瘤控制及新膀胱功能良好,但夜间控尿能力较差。     

Eight year experience with Studer ileal neobladder

BACKGROUND: We reviewed our experience with orthotopic continent urinary reconstruction after radical cystectomy to assess the feasibility of Studer ileal neobladder for patients who are relatively advanced in age. METHODS: Between June 1997 and January 2005, 31 consecutive male patients (mean age: 64 years) underwent lower urinary tract reconstruction after radical cystoprostatectomy. Perioperative and late complications, functional outcome of the neobladder, urinary continence, upper urinary tract status and renal function with the metabolic balance were evaluated in all patients. RESULTS: There was no perioperative death, and perioperative and late complication rates were 22.8% and 3.3%, respectively. All 31 patients were able to void urine. Although the mean maximal functional capacity of the neobladder was 122 ml at 1 month after surgery, the mean capacities were increased to 247 ml at 6 months and 321 ml at 1 year after the operation. Urodynamic results at 3 years showed unchanged characteristics as to micturition pattern and volume of residual urine and neobladder pressure remained low. Of 31 patients, 29 (93.5%) showed excellent or good continent status during the daytime and 9 (29%) were completely dry at night in 6 months after surgery. Even at 3 years after the operation, only 1 patient out of 21 evaluated required single pad during nighttime. In a subgroup of five patients (24%) older than 70 years, the status of continence was satisfactory at 3 years after the reconstruction, and only one patient required a pad during the night at that point. Renal function levels and metabolic status were comparable before surgery and 3 years after surgery. Moreover, pyelography revealed normal condition of the upper urinary tract 1 month postoperatively in almost all cases. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence that Studer ileal neobladder is a satisfactory surgical technique for selected patients at our institute. Even for patients older than 70 years, this urinary diversion procedure is safe in terms of morbidity and efficacious as indicated by functional outcome.     

Current indications and results of orthotopic ileal neobladder for bladder cancer

During the past three decades, the reconstructive aspects of urologic surgery emerged and became a major component of our surgical specialty, and the most relevant developments have been observed in the field of urinary diversions. Health-related quality of life and self esteem have been improved following orthotopic bladder substitutions, which are actually the preferred method for continent urinary diversion. Patients with neobladders have enhanced cosmesis and the potential for normal voiding function with no abdominal stoma. Patient’s selection for orthotopic neobladder formation is mandatory as most of the surgical complications or consequences associated with a neobladder are correlated not only with surgical technique or management after surgery, but also with wrong patient’s selection. The principles of intestinal detubularization and reconfiguration to obtain spherical reservoir are the basis of continent urinary diversions and ileum seems to be preferable over any other segment. Nowadays, ileal neobladder is a widely adopted solution after cystectomy with a neobladder rate of 9–19% for population-based data with an increase to 39.1–74% for high-volume centers. However, controversies still exist in this urological field about the best candidates for neobladder construction, the best type of neobladder to offer, whether or not an antireflux uretero intestinal anastomosis should be used, the future of minimally invasive approaches, that is, robotic assisted cystectomy plus extracorporeal or intracorporeal neobladder, and last but very important, the functional results and the level of symptoms-induced distress and quality of life in the long term in patients with bladder cancer receiving an orthotopic bladder substitution. All these issues are discussed on the basis of the most recent published data.     

An ileal neobladder for a female patient after a radical cystectomy to ensure voiding from the urethra: a case report.

An ileal neobladder construction realizing normal micturition was successfully performed after a total cystectomy, with preservation of the urethra, for a 69-year-old female patient with invasive bladder cancer. Approximately 60 cm of terminal ileum was selected, detubularized and re-sutured to create an oval-shaped intestinal pouch to which the bilateral ureters were anastomosed. The bottom of the pouch was anastomosed to the urethral remnant. Three months after surgery, the patient achieved daytime continence, and now enjoys almost the same lifestyle as before. This is the first case of successful neobladder construction to be precisely reported for a female patient. For normal micturition, the ileal neobladder will be one of the possible choices for urinary diversion in not only selected male, but also female, patients.     

Voiding Symptoms and Urodynamic Findings in Patients with Modified Ileal Neobladde

The aim of our study was to find the cause of urinary incontinence and voiding dysfunction in patients undergoing radical cystectomy and orthotopic bladder replacement with modified ileal neobladder (Reddy). Twenty-eight incontinent patients (operated on between 1988 and 2004) were involved in our examination. Based on the complaints of the patients, continence status was evaluated and divided into two groups: group I: partially incontinent (only night-time incontinence) n = 11 (39.3%) and group II: totally incontinent (night-time and daytime incontinence) n = 17 (60.7%). Detailed urodynamic examination (enterocystometry and urethral pressure profile) in addition to involuntary neobladder contractions and capacity detection were carried out on all patients. Furthermore resting pressure and maximal voluntary contraction ability of the sphincter were determined and statistically analyzed in both groups. Significant difference was noticed in resting pressure and maximal voluntary contraction ability of the sphincter among the partially incontinent and totally incontinent patients. Frequency, intensity and duration of involuntary neobladder contractions also showed significant differences between the two groups. Incontinence of neobladder depends not only on the destruction of resting and contraction capability of the urethral sphincter, but also on the presence or absence of involuntary contractions in the wall of the neobladder and decreased capacity of the neobladder.