按摩灌肠治疗早产儿黄疸的疗效

目的 探讨按摩灌肠治疗早产儿黄疸的临床效果.方法 将75例早产儿随机分为按摩灌肠组(A组)、腹部按摩组(B组)及双面光疗组(C组),均给予相同的配方乳喂养和静脉营养方案以及药物方案治疗黄疸.A组予开塞露加9 g/L温盐水灌肠,同时进行顺时针方向腹部按摩早产儿60次,1次/d,共2周;B组患儿则仅予腹部按摩而无灌肠,2次/d,共2周;C组患儿不予灌肠和按摩,当血清胆红素(TB)196.58umol/L时,则进行双面光疗24 h.采用日本产MINOLTA JM-102型经皮黄疸测定仪于每日上午检测3组早产儿血清TB.当TB196.58 umol/L时,A、B组予单面光疗24 h.观察记录3组早产儿每日TB值、黄疸持续天数和光疗天数、胎粪排尽时间、每日大便次数、便秘发生率及喂养耐受情况.结果 与B、C组相比,A组早产儿黄疸持续天数、光疗天数明显缩短;C组早产儿第9天TB明显低于B组,A、C组早产儿第12、14天时TB明显低于B组,均有显著性差异(Pa<0.05);A组早产儿胎粪排尽时间较B、C组明显缩短(Pa<0.05),第1-5天、第1-7天总便次明显多于B、C组,便秘发生率明显低于B、C组,有显著性差异(Pa<0.01).结论 按摩灌肠对早产儿黄疸有治疗作用,能促进早产儿胎粪较早较多排出,降低便秘发生率,减少肝内循环及胆红素重吸收,缩短光疗时间和黄疸持续的天数.     

肠道水疗对早产儿黄疸的影响

目的研究肠道水疗对早产儿黄疸的影响。方法在静脉输注茵栀黄、清蛋白、酶诱导剂等基础上,40例单纯早产儿治疗组予温生理盐水10 mL/kg洗肠,1次/8 h,共7 d,与对照组分别于生后24、72、120、168、216 h检测血胆红素值,记录胎粪排清天数。结果治疗组各时间点的血胆红素浓度均低于对照组,高胆红素血症发生率显著低于对照组(χ2=4.073 P<0.05),无1例发生核黄疸。治疗组胎粪排清时间显著短于对照组(u=7.38 P<0.05)。结论肠道水疗可简便、安全、有效地降低早产儿血胆红素浓度,减少早产儿高胆红素血症的发生。     

LED蓝光对早产儿早期黄疸干预的疗效观察

目的 比较LED蓝光与普通蓝光灯照射治疗早产儿黄疸的疗效.方法 以新生儿科收治的胎龄在35～37周的早产儿180例为研究对象,入院后从出生后8h起每2小是时监测早产儿黄疸变化情况,当血清总胆红素≥P95后予以光疗.根据患儿人院顺序分成两组：观察组予以LED蓝光照射,当光疗间隙期血清总胆红素≤P40后停止光疗;对照组予以普通单面荧光蓝光灯管照射,当光疗间隙期血清胆红素≤P40时停止光疗.观察患儿黄疸消退的时间,以及腹泻、皮疹、发热等不良反应情况.结果 观察组黄疸消退时间明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;观察组皮疹、腹泻及母乳减少等发生率较对照组减少（P＜0.05）.结论 LED蓝光照射治疗早产儿黄疸疗效高于普通荧光蓝光灯,且发热、皮疹、腹泻等不良反应减少.     

早产儿口服布拉氏酵母菌的临床观察

目的探讨布拉氏酵母菌对早产儿胃肠道功能的影响。方法选择2010年1～12月在我院住院、胎龄28～32周的病情稳定、无消化道疾病的早产儿,随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组予以早产儿配方奶加布拉氏酵母菌100mg/(kg·d)口服,对照组予以单纯早产儿配方奶喂养,连续治疗2～4周至校正胎龄34周。观察并比较两组早产儿体重变化、肠道喂养、黄疸、医院内感染、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)及住院时间等情况。结果观察组入选47例早产儿,对布拉氏酵母菌耐受性良好,均未发生真菌血症。与对照组(43例)比较,观察组生理性体重下降至最低值的日龄小[(4.9±1.7)天比(5.7±1.4)天],恢复出生体重快[(11.6±3.8)天比(13.3±3.9)天],接受光疗时间短[(6.1±1.9)天比(7.2±2.9)天],较早达全胃肠道喂养[(18.3±9.2)天比(23.0±12.4)天],住院时间短[(34.2±16.7)天比(42.2±18.8)天],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组生理性体重下降比率、黄疸高峰时间和黄疸最高值、开奶时间以及NEC和败血症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论早产儿对布拉氏酵母菌耐受性好,布拉氏酵母菌能缩短早产儿达全量胃肠道喂养时间、住院天数和黄疸光疗时间。     

不同方法对重症新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效观察

探讨不同治疗方法对重症新生儿高胆红素血症的治疗效果 ,将 43例重症新生儿高胆红素血症患儿 (达换血标准 )按治疗方法分为 3组。光疗组 1 5例 ,予以药物治疗及光疗直至退黄 ;丙球组 1 6例 ,药物及光疗同前组 ,另加静脉输注丙种球蛋白(简称丙球 )× 3d ;换血组 1 2例 ,予以换血 ,换血前后药物治疗及光疗同前二组。所有三组患儿分别于治疗前 ,治疗后第 1d、4d、7d测血胆红素。结果 :( 1 )血清胆红素值 :治疗第 1d换血组明显低于丙球组及光疗组 (P均 <0 0 1 ) ,但光疗组与丙球组之间无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5) ;治疗第 4d、7d三组间比较均有显著性差异 (P均 <0 0 1 ) ;( 2 )所需光疗时间及黄疸消退时间 :换血组明显低于丙球组及光疗组 (P均 <0 0 1 ) ,但光疗组与丙球组之间无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5) ;( 3)临床情况 :43例患儿黄疸均消退 ,换血组 1 2例无胆红素脑病、贫血发生 ;丙球组胆红素脑病 2例 ,明显贫血 5例 ;光疗组胆红素脑病 3例 ,明显贫血 5例 ,亦因拒绝输血而未予纠正。结论 :换血疗法仍然是治疗重症新生儿黄疸的最佳选择     

新生儿ABO溶血病早期诊断和治疗的意义

目的 探讨新生儿ABO溶血病早期诊断和治疗的效果.方法 选择2001-2010年本院分娩新生儿中的ABO溶血病,密切监测患儿血清胆红素变化,在接近光疗标准时,及早给予光疗为主的综合治疗,监测和记录光疗过程中血清胆红素的动态变化、不良反应及预后.结果 共纳入新生儿ABO溶血病512例(含早产儿78例),开始光疗时血清胆红素(176.1±42.2)μmol/L,患儿光疗后胆红素一般先上升,平均峰值(261.1±37.4) μmol/L,随之逐渐下降,全组按总疗程平均每日胆红素下降(22.1±12.2) μmol/L,平均光疗疗程(3.5±1.1)天.所有患儿全部治愈,无需要换血或发生核黄疸或死亡的病例.结论 新生儿ABO溶血病通过早期诊断和早期光疗可以减少换血并防止核黄疸的发生.     

腺苷蛋氨酸治疗新生儿黄疸202例

目的观察腺苷蛋氨酸(SAMe)治疗新生儿黄疸的疗效,探讨其作用机制。方法新生儿黄疸患儿278例,随机分为两组。对照组76例予以肝酶诱导剂、光疗等综合治疗;治疗组202例在综合治疗基础上加用SAMe 30~60 mg/(kg.d),静脉注射。动态检测血清总胆红素(T-BILI)、直接胆红素(D-BILI)、间接胆红素(I-BILI)。结果治疗组用药6 d后血清T-BILI、D-BILII、-BILI明显下降。治疗组较对照组治愈率明显高,与对照比较应用血液制品、清蛋白(Alb)次数及应用血液制品、Alb血浆的比例明显减少。治疗组以葡萄糖注射液溶解药物者2.68%发生浅表血管静脉炎。结论SAMe能有效地加快新生儿黄疸的消退,减少血液制品应用,是新生儿黄疸可靠、安全的治疗药物。     

金双歧辅治早产儿高胆红素血症76例

目的探讨金双歧辅治早产儿高胆红素血症的效果。方法将76例高胆红素血症早产儿随机分为治疗组及对照组。治疗组用金双歧0.25g/次,2次/d;苯巴比妥钠片5mg/(kg.d),3次/d,经胃管注入,连用5d;对照组仅用苯巴比妥钠片治疗。结果治疗和对照组血清胆红素下降分别为(62.26±10.17)、(45.21±12.23)μmol/(L.d),二组比较有极显著差异(P<0.01);治疗、对照组d5胆红素分别为(111.52±24.31)、(176.21±28.44)μmol/L,二组比较有极显著差异(P<0.01);黄疸治愈时间分别为(4.65±1.32)、(5.37±1.45)d,二组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论金双歧可有效降低早产儿血清胆红素水平。     

新生儿母乳性黄疸的临床研究

目的　了解母乳性黄疸 (BMJ)患儿胆红素均值及峰值水平 ,探讨BMJ患儿胆红素增高对肝脏及心肌酶的影响 ,寻求最佳干预方案。方法　以 160例确诊为BMJ患儿为研究对象 ,观察黄疸出现及消退时间 ,并行经皮胆红素、血清胆红素测定及心肌酶谱、肝功能等检查 ,并将胆红素 >2 91μmol/L 80例患儿随机分成 4组治疗 ,并评价其疗效。结果　 1.BMJ胆红素高峰期在生后 2～ 4周 ,血清胆红素峰值和均值分别为 3 16μmol/L和 2 3 1μmol/L。黄疸消退时间为 6～ 12周 ;2 .经皮测胆红素与血清总胆红素呈正相关　r =0 .92 ;3 .BMJ患儿心肌酶、肝功能、总蛋白、清蛋白、球蛋白、碱性磷酸酶均在正常范围 ;4.继续母乳组、停止母乳组、光疗暂停母乳组、光疗继续母乳组患儿黄疸消退时间以光疗暂停母乳组与光疗继续母乳组患儿黄疸消退时间快 ,但两组间无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5)。结论　 1.经皮测胆仪不仅可作为筛查、随访工具 ,且其结果可代替血清总胆红素作为指导治疗的依据 ;2 .BMJ患儿胆红素对肝功能、心肌酶无影响 ;3 .各组中以光疗不停母乳组黄疸消退时间最快 ,疗效最显著 ,故光疗时不必停母乳     

新生儿黄疸的评估与干预

新生儿黄疸是新生儿时期常见症状 ,多数为血清未结合胆红素增高所致。多数新生儿黄疸是一种早期新生儿的暂时性现象。对新生儿黄疸进行诊断和治疗时首先要确定是否为病理性黄疸 ,若是病理性黄疸则要找出病因并决定是否治疗。近年来 ,国外对新生儿黄疸进行光疗与换血的血清总胆红素值标准较过去提高 ,对早产儿黄疸实施早期治疗 ,应用换血疗法较过去减少。这些治疗措施的变化都与对新生儿黄疸认识的变化有关。近年 ,我国对新生儿黄疸的诊断和治疗标准进行了多次研讨 ,对某些问题取得共识。一、新生儿高胆红素血症的诊断学概念作为临床判断是否…     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.