40例胸腺肿瘤合并重症肌无力的手术治疗

报告４０例胸腺肿瘤合并重症肌无力（ＭＧ）的手术治疗效果。本组包括完全切除肿瘤和胸腺２６例，次全切除肿瘤１０例，组织活检４例。结果手术死亡１例（２．５％），术后１年内死亡８例（２０．５％）。３１例术后随访３～１２年，５年生存率为６１．３％，１０年生存率２７．７％；其中非浸润型胸腺瘤分别为７６．９％和３０．０％，浸润型胸腺瘤则为５０．０％和２５．０％。ＭＧ术后缓解改善率为８０．６％，术后肌无力危象发生率为４０．０％，抢救成功率为９３．８％，结论显示手术治疗胸腺肿瘤合并ＭＧ，如严格掌握手术指征，可获得较好的疗效和预后。     

重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤的外科治疗(附31例报告)

报告１９８０年至１９９６年１０月手术治疗３１例重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤的结果。３１例占同期手术治疗１２０例重症肌无力之２５．８％。按Ｍａｓａｏｋａ分期属Ｉ期７例，Ｉ期８例，ＩＩ期１５例，ＩＶ期１例，术后１５例发生危象，均采用气管切开及辅助呼吸，１例死于危象。随访半年至８年，平均３７个月，５年内死亡６例，其中ＩＩ期４例，Ｉ期２例。结论：重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤术后危象的发生率远较未合并胸腺瘤者高，及时气管切开行辅助呼吸是处理的关键；胸腺瘤的Ｍａｓａｏｋａ病理分期与预后明显相关，肌无力的严重程度对预后亦有重要影响     

胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力

电视胸腔镜手术（ＶＡＴＳ）为胸腺切除术提供了一个新的手术方法。自１９９３年６月至１９９５年５月，作者采用此方法成功施行了１０例胸腺切除术，以治疗重症肌无力。其中３例伴有胸腺瘤。通过手术中对胸腺床以及切除的胸腺标本检查，证实所有病例均达到完全切除胸腺的目的。本组无术中并发症及手术死亡。术后平均住院时间为４．１天（术后有一例需行辅助通气而无计算在内）。经过平均１０个月的随访观察（２～２０个月），显示所有病例的临床症状均有所改善。与另一组采用胸骨切开胸腺切除术的病例相对照，显示ＶＡＴＳ组在术后镇痛药用量及住院时间方面均有显著减少及缩短（Ｐ＜０．０５）。作者认为，采用ＶＡＴＳ技术进行完全的胸腺切除是可行的。与胸骨切开胸腺切除术相比，具有创伤小，术后恢复快的优点。但胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力的远期疗效仍有待进一步观察，以便确定此技术在胸外科中的地位及作用。     

胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力34例体会

自１９８０年４月至１９９５年９月，采用胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力３４例，年龄５～６２岁，术后早期死亡１例，死亡率２．９４％，３３例随访３个月至１２年，１年内缓解和改善率为８７．９％（２９／３３），１～３年缓解和改善率为８８．５％（２３／２６），３年以上缓解和改善率为８０．０％（４／５）。随访结果表明胸腺切除治疗重症无 力效果满意，延迟拔除气管插管或早期行气管切开术，是防治术后重症肌无力危象的有效措施。     

单纯眼肌型重症肌无力胸腺切除的适应证探讨

目的许多学者对单纯眼肌型重症肌无力（ＰＯＭＧ）不主张手术治疗，为此，探讨ＰＯＭＧ胸腺切除的适应证。方法回顾性分析了１９８０～１９９６年１０月期间所行胸腺切除治疗ＰＯＭＧ２３例。结果２３例ＰＯＭＧ占所有重症肌无力１１７例的１７．９％，术后１例病理证实为胸腺瘤；随访１年有效率为９５．７％，１～３年８８．２％，３～５年９０．９％，超过５年为８７．５％。单纯眼肌型重症肌无力多见于儿童，合并胸腺瘤甚为罕见。结论单纯眼肌型病例行胸腺切除应严格控制，特别是儿童，只有症状严重而长时间对抗胆碱酯酶药物反应不佳或疑有胸腺瘤时才施行手术。     

38例胸腺瘤的外科治疗

１９８０～１９９３年，我院手术治疗胸腺瘤３８例，１６例良性胸腺瘤手术后１３例症状消失，无复发，恶性胸腺瘤１３例，其中手术切除３例，死亡２例，部分切除２例，术后加放疗，随访２及４年未见复发，不能切除８例，胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力共１１例（良性９例，恶性２例），行肿瘤及胸腺广泛切除后，２例症状消失，３例症状减轻，６例并发重症肌无力危象，本文讨论了短期应用较大剂量糖皮质激素在预防和治疗重症肌无力危象中的重要     

重症肌无力症行胸腺切除术后危象的防治（附23例临床资料分析）

本文报告了重症肌无力症行胸腺切除术后危象２３例，占我科手术治疗１０７例重症肌无力病例的２１．５％，因危象死亡１例（４．３％）。通过对临床资料进行分析，作者认为，重症肌无力症行胸腺切除术后危象多数可以预测，发生危象与病人重症肌无力临床类型，术前服用抗胆碱酯酶药物剂量，是否合并胸腺瘤，术前曾发生危象以及肺通气功能障碍等因素有关。对于术前预测术后可能发生危象者，可于术毕行预防性气管切开，合理调整抗胆碱酯酶药物用药剂量，加强控制肺部感染等综合性防治措施。     

经左胸电视胸腔镜下全胸腺切除40例临床分析

目的探讨经左胸电视胸腔镜下全胸腺切除术的可行性和有效性。方法回顾性分析苏州大学附属第一医院2008年5月至2011年5月期间收治40例胸腺疾病和重症肌无力手术患者的临床资料,男13例,女27例;平均年龄44(12～72)岁。均于胸腔镜下经左胸行全胸腺切除术,其中重症肌无力患者行全胸腺及前纵隔脂肪和心包脂肪垫切除术。结果术后病理诊断为胸腺增生18例、胸腺瘤15例、胸腺囊肿3例,4例胸腺组织未见明显异常。无围手术期并发症及死亡发生。根据美国重症肌无力协会(MGFA)疗效判断标准,21例重症肌无力患者术后完全缓解率38.09%(8/21),药物缓解率42.86%(9/21),无明显缓解率19.05%(4/21);术后随访1～24个月,所有患者术后行胸部CT、磁共振成像(MRI)等检查,未见肿瘤复发。结论经左胸电视胸腔镜下全胸腺切除术安全可行,具有创伤小、并发症少、切除彻底等优点,可作为治疗部分胸腺疾病和重症肌无力的手术方法之一。     

胸腺瘤手术治疗的临床分析

１９９１年３月至１９９７年３月的６年中收治各种原发性纵隔肿瘤共８２例，其中胸腺瘤４２例（占５１．２％），现报道如下：临床资料本组４２例胸腺瘤病人中男２６例、女１６例。年龄１４～６９岁。病程３天～９年。３１例伴有重症肌无力（ＭＧ），７例有胸部压束感或刺...     

胸腺切除术治疗儿童单纯眼肌型重症肌无力的临床分析

目的 探讨儿童单纯眼肌型重症肌无力胸腺切除术的手术指征、手术时机及影响预后的因素.方法 分析1998年7月至2007年9月手术治疗儿童单纯性眼肌型重症肌无力31例的随访情况.结果 胸腺病理检查:正常胸腺4例,胸腺增生20例,胸腺瘤7例.全组无手术死亡及术后肌无力危象,总有效率77.4%.结论 胸腺切除术是治疗儿童单纯眼肌型重症肌无力的有效方法,及早进行手术将取得较好的疗效.     

胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力(附27例报告)

目的探讨胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力的可行性和疗效。方法2005年8月~2007年6月,对27例重症肌无力行电视胸腔镜下经右胸前侧径路胸腺扩大切除(VATS组),切除范围包括全胸腺组织到前纵隔和上纵隔所有脂肪组织。并与2004年5月~2005年7月27例胸骨劈开胸腺切除(胸骨劈开组)相对比。结果VATS组26例顺利完成手术;1例因电凝钩伤及头臂静脉干中转开胸止血。与胸骨劈开组比较,VATS组术中出血少[(46.0±5.7)mlvs(120.0±18.8)ml,t=-19.231,P=0.000],术后需镇痛例数少(3vs12,χ2=7.068,P=0.008),术后住院时间短[(7.0±1.2)dvs(11.0±2.5)d,t=-7.379,P=0.000]。2组手术时间、重症肌无力危象、疗效均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论经右胸前侧径路胸腔镜下行胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力在技术上可行,具有创伤小、疼痛轻、并发症少、住院时间短、恢复快等优点,但对MG的远期疗效尚需进一步观察。     

扩大胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力的结果分析

目的：总结1990年2月至1999年10月手术治疗重症肌无力的随访结果，并分析其预后因素。方法：54例病人均行扩大胸腺切除术，按改良Osserman标准分为I型15例，Ⅱa型14例，Ⅱb型16例，Ⅲ型9例，随访结果按完全缓解，改善，无效，差进行评价。结果：手术后完全缓解29．6％，改善48．1％，无效13．0％，差9．3％，手术疗效与术前病程长短及Osserman分型有关，与性别，年龄，胸腺病理类型无关，结论：扩大胸腺切除术是治疗重症肌无力的有效方法，对重症肌无力病人应及早手术治疗。     

胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力527例

目的总结胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的外科治疗经验,探讨MG外科治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1996年6月至2017年10月期间527例行胸腺扩大切除术的MG患者临床病例资料,其中男242例,女285例;年龄5~77岁,平均(52.6±13.7)岁。病程12天~18年。合并甲状腺功能亢进症22例,纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血7例,甲状腺机能减退症、肠激惹症、风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎和血小板减少综合征各1例。改良OssermanⅠ型272例,Ⅱa型72例,Ⅱb型78例,Ⅲ型81例,Ⅳ型24例。所有患者肌疲劳试验、新斯的明试验阳性,胸部CT检查明确诊断。总结围手术期相关资料及术后随访情况。结果围手术期死亡3例,均为胸腺瘤合并MG,其中OssermanⅢ型MG 2例、Ⅳ型MG 1例。术后肌无力危象15例,其中OssermanⅡb型2例、Ⅲ型11例、Ⅳ型2例,气管切开7例。血浆置换70例,并发低渗综合征、下肢静脉血栓各2例。术后病理诊断胸腺增生293例(55.60%)、胸腺瘤207例(39.28%)、胸腺囊肿24例(4.55%)和胸腺萎缩3例(0.57%)。随访378例,平均随访(85.9±58.5)月;MG完全缓解、部分缓解、无变化和恶化患者分别为135例(35.71%)、192例(50.79%)、41例(10.85%)和10例(2.65%)。完全缓解率OssermanⅠ>Ⅱa>Ⅳ>Ⅱb>Ⅲ型,恶化率OssermanⅢ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ型。OssermanⅠ型外科治疗无效18例,术前病程>5~10年;恶化1例,为应用电视胸腔镜胸腺切除的眼肌型MG患者,遗留胸腺左叶未切除,6年后发展为重度全身型,再次手术切除遗留的左叶胸腺,证实左叶胸腺代偿性肥大增生。恶化患者中死亡6例,均为胸腺瘤合并MG,其中OssermanⅢ型5例、Ⅳ型1例;死亡原因为肌无力危象3例,快速停服溴吡斯的明3个月后突发呼吸骤停猝死2例,胆碱能危象1例。结论规范的胸腺扩大切除是治疗MG的有效方法,眼肌型MG尽早手术可有效降低其全身性转化风险。OssermanⅡb型以上MG易发生肌无力危象,围手术期采取综合处理措施有助于降低MG相关风险。重症术后远期可反复发生肌无力危象,须规律用药,并采取MG综合治疗措施。     

胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力527例

目的总结胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的外科治疗经验,探讨MG外科治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1996年6月至2017年10月期间527例行胸腺扩大切除术的MG患者临床病例资料,其中男242例,女285例;年龄5~77岁,平均(52.6±13.7)岁。病程12天~18年。合并甲状腺功能亢进症22例,纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血7例,甲状腺机能减退症、肠激惹症、风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎和血小板减少综合征各1例。改良OssermanⅠ型272例,Ⅱa型72例,Ⅱb型78例,Ⅲ型81例,Ⅳ型24例。所有患者肌疲劳试验、新斯的明试验阳性,胸部CT检查明确诊断。总结围手术期相关资料及术后随访情况。结果围手术期死亡3例,均为胸腺瘤合并MG,其中OssermanⅢ型MG 2例、Ⅳ型MG 1例。术后肌无力危象15例,其中OssermanⅡb型2例、Ⅲ型11例、Ⅳ型2例,气管切开7例。血浆置换70例,并发低渗综合征、下肢静脉血栓各2例。术后病理诊断胸腺增生293例(55.60%)、胸腺瘤207例(39.28%)、胸腺囊肿24例(4.55%)和胸腺萎缩3例(0.57%)。随访378例,平均随访(85.9±58.5)月;MG完全缓解、部分缓解、无变化和恶化患者分别为135例(35.71%)、192例(50.79%)、41例(10.85%)和10例(2.65%)。完全缓解率OssermanⅠ>Ⅱa>Ⅳ>Ⅱb>Ⅲ型,恶化率OssermanⅢ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ型。OssermanⅠ型外科治疗无效18例,术前病程>5~10年;恶化1例,为应用电视胸腔镜胸腺切除的眼肌型MG患者,遗留胸腺左叶未切除,6年后发展为重度全身型,再次手术切除遗留的左叶胸腺,证实左叶胸腺代偿性肥大增生。恶化患者中死亡6例,均为胸腺瘤合并MG,其中OssermanⅢ型5例、Ⅳ型1例;死亡原因为肌无力危象3例,快速停服溴吡斯的明3个月后突发呼吸骤停猝死2例,胆碱能危象1例。结论规范的胸腺扩大切除是治疗MG的有效方法,眼肌型MG尽早手术可有效降低其全身性转化风险。OssermanⅡb型以上MG易发生肌无力危象,围手术期采取综合处理措施有助于降低MG相关风险。重症术后远期可反复发生肌无力危象,须规律用药,并采取MG综合治疗措施。     

Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: 14-year experience.

Forty-eight consecutive patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) attended by generalized weakness were treated by complete thymectomy, performed transsternally in 46 patients and through a left thoracotomy in two with thymomas. There were no operative deaths. A 12-year-old child with fulminating MG died of acute pneumonia shortly after hospital discharge. Of the remaining 47 evaluable patients, thymectomy resulted in complete remission in six, marked improvement with a reduced need for medication in 20, and mild improvement on the same dosage of medication in 18. Neither the age of the patient, nor the histopathology of the excised thymus, nor the postoperative change in acetylcholine receptor antibody titer were found to have a significant influence on the response to thymectomy. If the ten patients who were 20 years of age or younger were excluded, the patients with a shorter duration of MG achieved a better response to operation. The authors conclude that thymectomy is effective treatment for MG, regardless of the age of the patient or the type of thymic pathology.     

Efficacy and safety of extended thymectomy for elderly patients with myasthenia gravis

Background. The number of elderly patients who are diagnosed as myasthenia gravis (MG) is increasing in Japan. Although several factors affecting thymectomy have been well documented, few studies have focused on the efficacy and safety of thymectomy for elderly patients older than 60 years.

Methods. We evaluated 94 patients with MG who underwent extended thymectomy, and divided them into two groups: patients younger than 59 years and patients older than 60 years. Preoperative patient data, pathology of the thymus, complications, and clinical outcome were evaluated.

Results. In 69 young patients and 25 elderly patients, we observed no significant differences between the two groups with regard to preoperative data. Thymic hyperplasia was present in 45% of the young group and 16% of the elderly group. Remission and improvement rate were 40% and 57% in the young group and 8% and 75% in the elderly group, respectively. There were no serious complications, except one early death due to gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly group.

Conclusions. We conclude that thymectomy is a safe and effective alternative for elderly patients with MG.     

Experience in the treatment of acute fulminating myasthenia gravis]

During past 15 years, 188 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients underwent thymomectomy or thymectomy with extended resection of the adipose tissue around the thymus in our institution. Four of 188 patients (2%) had to be given respiratory support within 2 months after the onset of MG. We defined this MG as the acute fulminating type. There were 2 male and 2 female patients, ranging in age from 22 to 44 years (average, 32.5 years). Three of these patients had thymoma. One of these patients was post-thymomectomy myasthenia gravis and another patient was d-penicillamine induced myasthenia gravis. Two patients admitted on respirator for respiratory crisis. All patients underwent operation within 2 weeks after admission. The duration of respiratory support ranged from 10 to 120 days (mean 44) after operation. The period of the hospital stay ranged from 8 months to 2 years 1 month (mean 1 year 5 months). During acute stage after operation, the patients needed ACTH, steroid, immunosuppressants (azathioprine, Bredinin) and plasma pheresis depending on their severity of myasthenic symptoms. In 2 patients dose of steroid could be reduced without deterioration of the symptoms. They are doing well with small dose of steroid. In one patient plasma pheresis was performed 6 years after thymectomy. Various symptoms due to myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis has recurred 10 years after thymectomy. The titer of acetylcholine receptor antibody of this patient has been continuing in high level.     

电视胸腔镜治疗胸腺瘤和重症肌无力

目的　探讨电视胸腔镜治疗胸腺肿瘤和重症肌无力 (MG)的手术方法和可行性。方法　1996年 3月至 2 0 0 2年 12月 ,2 2例病人行胸腺瘤和 (或 )重症肌无力胸腔镜手术治疗。其中男 16例 ,女 6例 ;年龄 14～ 77岁 ,平均 44 1岁。行胸腺全切 12例 ,合并MG者行胸腺扩大切除 10例。结果　所有手术均在胸腔镜下完成 ,无中转开胸者。 3例MG病例术后需短暂呼吸机辅助通气 ( <2 4h) ,二次气管插管1例 ,余无严重并发症 ,无手术死亡。平均手术时间 10 8min ,平均胸腔引流 2d ,平均术后住院 4 5d。结论　胸腔镜治疗Ⅰ期胸腺瘤较开胸手术具有创伤小、恢复快等显著优势 ,且符合该类肿瘤的外科治疗原则 ;胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力在技术上是可行的。     

The role of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis: A programmatic approach to thymectomy and perioperative management of myasthenia gravis

BackgroundMyasthenia gravis is a rare autoimmune disease caused by antibodies that probably originate from the thymus glands. This study examined the epidemiology of patients with MG, who underwent thymectomy over the last three decades.MethodsThe objectives of this observational study were to investigate the clinicopathological features, treatment modalities, and prognostic factors for patients with thymic masses, over three decades at the Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.ResultsThere were 100 patients who underwent thymectomy with a mean (SD) age of 32.0 (8.6) years, of which 20% were men and 80% were women. Their follow up period, cardiac and neurology clinics, ranged from 1.5 to 12.0 years with a mean (SD) of 6.0 (3.0) years. Small percentage of MG patients had diabetes and hypertension and 10% of patients have positive family history of MG.Symptoms at the onset of the disease were ophthalmoplegia in 75%, limb weakness in 39%, bulbar symptoms in 57% and respiratory symptoms in 39% of patients. The Osserman grading was Grade I – 5%, Grade IIA – 39%, Grade IIB – 34%, and Grade III – 22%.Post thymectomy, 21% of patients had complete clinical remission, 76% of patients had significant clinical improvement and 3% had no apparent improvement in their clinical status. Histologically, hyperplasia was found in 57% and involuted thymus in 18% of patients.ConclusionThymectomy can reduce patient’s need for medication and reduce the severity of MG regardless of age, sex, severity, or length of sickness, or thymic masses. The early-onset, sever M.G, female, thymic hyperplasia benefit the most. Patients classified as Osserman Class IIA and IIB benefit most from this procedure.     

VATS胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力临床分析

目的评价电视胸腔镜(video-assistant thorascope,VATS)下胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的手术方法和效果。方法回顾性分析36例MG患者的临床资料,其中合并胸腺增生26例,胸腺瘤10例,均行VATS胸腺瘤、胸腺扩大切除术。根据临床Osserman分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱa型22例,Ⅱb型8例,Ⅲ型3例。结果本组手术全部经胸腔镜完成,无中转开胸者。全组手术时间平均80(50~120)min,术中出血量平均80(10~150)ml,留置胸腔引流管1~3 d,引流量平均150(100~500)ml,6例未留置胸管者术后3 d经CT扫描估计胸液量均<200 ml。住院时间3~6 d,术后未出现进行性血胸,无肺及膈神经损伤,无肌无力危象、胆碱能危象发生,无围手术期死亡病例。术后病理:胸腺增生26例,A型胸腺瘤6例,B1型2例,B3型2例(WHO分型)。所有患者随访3~12个月,完全缓解6例(Ⅰ型2例、Ⅱa型4例),占16.7%;部分缓解28例(Ⅰ型1例、Ⅱa型18例、Ⅱb型7例、Ⅲ型2例),占77.8%;稳定2例(Ⅱb型1例、Ⅲ型1例),占5.6%。结论 MG患者行VATS胸腺瘤、胸腺扩大切除术安全、可行,效果理想。