广东省不同人群SARS病毒抗体水平调查

目的对不同人群进行SARS-IgG抗体水平检测，分析SARS流行规模和特征，评价暴露的危险性，了解人数中是否存在SARS病毒隐性感染，为寻找SARS病毒传染源提供线索。方法抽取7708份不同人群标本，按临床症状和暴露因素分为临床确诊SARS病人、病人或污染物的接触者、普通健康人群和动物销售人员4类，采用酶联免疫方法(ELISA)进行SARS-IgG抗体检测，用免疫荧光法(IFA)复核，并结合流行病学资料进行分析。结果127例临床确诊SARS病人抗体阳性率为66．9％；密切接触者中女性发病率高于男性；SARS病人或其污染物的密切接触者抗体阳性率为0．88％；动物销售人员为13．4％；野生哺乳动物销售者的抗体阳性率显著高于其他动物销售者，普通健康人群未检出抗体阳性。低年龄健康人群ELISA检测阳性率为2．06％，高于总体水平。结论人群总体抗体水平很低，普通健康人群无SARS冠状病毒抗体，但可能存在某种可与SARS冠状病毒起交叉反应的抗体；有无接触史是影响抗体阳性率的重要因素；密切接触者可能存在隐性感染；野生动物可能是本次SARS的传染源。     

天津铁路疾控中心辖区内戊型肝炎病毒感染状况

目的调查天津铁路疾病预防控制(疾控)所辖区内从业人员戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)感染情况,探讨戊型肝炎感染与人群年龄、性别、地区及职业分工、水源环境之间的关系。方法选取2012—2013年在北京铁路局天津铁路疾控中心进行预防性健康检查的从业人员共计9 897人,按照年龄、性别、地区、职业分工、水源环境不同分组,检测血清中抗HEV-Ig M和抗HEV-Ig G,以及丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和总胆红素(TBil),并对血清中抗HEV-Ig M阳性者血清和粪便标本进行HEV RNA的提取。结果辖区内从业人群抗HEV-Ig M阳性率为0.283%,性别、年龄组地区间差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。抗HEV-Ig G的阳性率为36.05%,男性HEV感染率明显高于女性(P0.05),随着年龄增加阳性率也增长(P0.05)。而抗HEV-Ig G阳性率在地区间差异有统计学意义。ALT和TBil 2项生化指标,抗HEV-Ig M阳性组比阴性组显著降低(P0.05),而抗HEV—Ig G阳性组与阴性组无显著差异(P0.05)。从事食品工作组抗HEV-Ig M阳性率最高,而供水组抗HEV-Ig G阳性率最高,各组有显著差异(P0.05)。集中式供水组和分散式供水组之间抗HEV-Ig M阳性率无明显差异,但抗HEV-Ig G阳性率差异有统计学意义。28例抗HEV-Ig M阳性血清标本中有1份血清标本HEV RNA阳性,有4例粪便标本HEV RNA阳性。结论该辖区内HEV的新近感染率在性别、年龄间无显著差异,但既往感染率男性高于女性,并随年龄增长而增高。辖区内从业人群感染HEV均为隐性感染。HEV新近感染可能主要通过食物传播,而既往感染可能以水源传播为主。HEV的主要传播方式为粪—口途径,但血液传播的可能并不能排除。     

戊肝患者及其密切接触者血清标志物检测结果分析

[目的]探讨戊肝患者及其密切接触者血清抗体的携带现状以及HEV与HBV重叠感染状况.[方法]用酶联免疫吸附试验(EUSA)法对94例戊肝患者及其密切接触者人群血清标本开展抗HAV-IgM、HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc、抗-HCV、抗HEV-IgM、抗HEV-IgG检测,对两组研究对象实验室检测结果用X2检验进行统计分析.[结果]病例组抗HEV-IgM和抗HEV-IgG阳性率分别为27.66%和89.36%,密切接触者组抗HEV-IgM和抗HEV-IgG阳性率分别为4.94%和64.20%,两组人群抗HEV-IgM和抗HEV-IgG阳性率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).病例组与密切接触者组伴HBV感染率分别为34.04%和30.86%,差异无统计学意义(X2=0.20,P=0.65). [结论]戊肝密切接触者有较高的抗HEV-IgM和抗HEV-IgG阳性率,戌肝患者与密切接触者人群相比耒显示出较高的HBV感染率.     

北京市郊区八种动物戊型肝炎病毒抗体流行率调查及病毒基因型研究

目的 调查北京地区与人密切接触的猪、牛、羊、马、驴、犬、鸡、鸭8种动物血清中戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)抗体流行率及该地区猪HEV基因型和亚型.方法 收集8种动物的血清标本及幼猪粪便标本,用双抗原夹心ELISA法检测血清中抗-HEV;用巢式反转录聚合酶链反应法(RT-nPCR)检测HEV RNA;对部分PCR产物进行克隆和测序,并对测序结果进行基因分型.结果 在8种动物中抗-HEV阳性率分别为猪80.43%(481/598),其中成猪(>6月龄)为87.86%(369/420),幼猪(2～3月龄)为62.92%(112/178);牛15.02%(52/346);马14.29%(40/280);驴0(0/26);羊9.88%(33/334);犬0(0/21);鸭3.03%(7/231);鸡2.53%(8/316).RT-nPCR检测3月龄以下猪粪便标本HEVRNA阳性率为66.67%(74/111).HEV RNA阳性的标本测序后可归为6株(分别命名为bjsw1、bjsw2、bjsw3、bjsw4、bjsw5和bjsw6),6株HEV开放读码框2(ORF2)部分核苷酸序列的相似性为94.5%～99.6%,与1、2、3、4型HEV的相似性分别为75.6%～78.6%、75.6%～76.2%、77.1%～80.7%和83.7%～94.5%.6株HEV与人HEV 4d亚型的同源性最高,为90.0%～94.5%.结论 北京市郊区猪、牛、马、羊、鸭、鸡中均存在HEV感染,其中猪抗-HEV流行率最高,驴、犬抗-HEV的流行率最低;6株猪HEV属于基因4型、4d亚型.     

湖北地区出口猪及不同人群中戊型肝炎病毒感染调查研究

〔目的〕调查湖北地区出口猪以及不同人群中戊型肝炎病毒的流行情况,为制定预防措施提供依据。〔方法〕从湖北地区8个出口猪场中共采集3个月龄以下猪的血清203份,3个月以上猪的血清637份。从不同人群(包括猪场和屠宰厂从业人员、农村居民以及献血员中共采集1585份血清样品。用酶联免疫方法分别检测戊型肝炎病毒抗体以及抗原,对部分样品采用实时荧光聚合酶链反应检测戊型肝炎病毒核酸。〔结果〕3个月龄以下和3个月龄以上猪血清中戊型肝炎病毒抗体的阳性率分别为56.65%和87.13%,2者间差异具有显著性(t=7.79,p<0.01);戊型肝炎病毒抗原的阳性率分别为9.35%和10.36%,2者间差异无显著性。在328份猪血清中,抗原和核酸的符合率为78.80%。猪场和屠宰厂从业人员、农村居民以及献血员中戊型肝炎病毒IgG抗体的阳性率分别为55.72%(263/472)、31.63%(99/313)、27.00%(81/300)和33.40%(167/500)。猪场从业人员戊型肝炎病毒IgG抗体阳性率与其他3类人群的相比,具有非常显著性差异(t=8.88,p<0.01)。〔结论〕猪群中戊型肝炎感染率较高,与猪密切接触人群的感染率高于其他人群。因此,应加强出口猪场的管理,减少戊型肝炎病毒在人畜之间的传播。     

手足口病患儿密切接触者肠道病毒携带情况调查

目的了解手足口病密切接触者肠道病毒携带情况,探讨手足口病密切接触者在手足口病传播中的作用。方法 2016年3月~2016年10月采集手足口病密切接触人群咽拭子标本200份。咽拭子提取核酸后应用实时荧光RT-PCR技术检测人肠道病毒(HEV)、肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A16型(CA16),按照医务人员与家属进行病毒检测情况分析。结果 200份标本中,HEV通用引物阳性104份(52.0%),其中EV71、CA16和其他肠道病毒阳性标本分别为43份(21.5%)、46份(23.0%)和15份(7.5%)。家属肠道病毒携带率高于医务人员,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论手足口病患儿密切接触者肠道病毒携毒率较高,其在手足口病的传播中意义更大。     

宁夏猪暴露人群感染猪流感病毒现况调查

目的 通过调查宁夏猪暴露人群和猪群感染猪流感病毒的感染现况,为人感染猪流感病毒的防控提供科学依据。方法 采用现况调查,利用多阶段抽样方法,收集屠宰场、规模养殖厂和散养户猪暴露人群的血清标本和猪鼻拭子标本;采用血凝抑制试验(HI),检测猪暴露人群感染猪流感病毒的抗体水平;利用real-time PCR的方法,对猪鼻拭子标本进行核酸检测。结果 调查了猪暴露人群392名,血清标本未检出H1、H3亚型猪流感病毒抗体阳性标本;检测了408份猪鼻拭子标本,甲型通用猪流感核酸阳性感染率为15.69%(64/408),其中H1亚型阳性感染率为7.35%(30/408),H3、H4和H9亚型阳性检出率均为0。结论 该区猪群中H1亚型猪流感病毒感染率相对较高,猪暴露人群中未发现人感染猪流感病毒的病例。     

既往有偿献血人群戊型肝炎流行因素及HEV基因型特征分析

目的:了解既往有偿献血人群戊型肝炎的流行特征,为采取有效防控措施提供依据。方法:采用流行病学问卷调查方式收集研究人群的一般资料,利用ELISA和RT-PCR检测血清抗HEV-IgG抗体、抗HEV-IgM抗体和HEVRNA,并分析HEV基因型特征。结果:调查的人群戊型肝炎感染率为22.7%,男性高于女性。抗HEV-IgM阳性率为1.8%。献血次数超过20次以上HEV-IgG抗体阳性率高于献血次数10次(P0.01)。戊型肝炎感染率有随年龄增长而上升的趋势,其中60岁组感染率高达30.6%。随着献血次数的增加,戊型肝炎的感染率呈上升趋势。10例抗HEV-IgM阳性者的血清进行检测显示本地区HEV均为Ⅳ型。结论:既往有偿献血人群中存在较高水平的HEV感染率,男性、年龄大、有偿献血次数多为危险因素,流行毒株均为Ⅳ型HEV且存在较大变异度。     

南通市2000～2006年人群戊型肝炎病毒感染的血清流行病学调查

[目的]了解2000～2006年南通市人群戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)感染状况.[方法]对来自南通市的12 537例受检者血清样本采用ELISA法检测抗HEV IgG和抗HEV IgM,分析该人群中血清HEV抗体阳性率的变化趋势.[结果]2000～2003年南通市人群HEV感染率从20.03%逐步下降到4.85%,2003～2006年HEV感染率维持在4.40%左右的较低水平;不同年龄组人群中,15岁以下未成年人HEV感染率仅为1.39%,显著低于25～64岁成年人(平均为8.17%,P≤0.005);男女两性感染率差异无统计学意义.[结论]2000～2006年南通市HEV感染率逐渐下降并维持于较低水平,HEV感染率存在年龄差异,男女感染率基本相同.     

西安市家畜戊型肝炎病毒携带情况调查

目的 探讨西安市家畜戊型肝炎(戊肝)病毒(HEV)携带情况.方法 收集猪、犬等常见家畜的胆汁标本,采用逆转录巢式聚合酶链反应(RT-nPCR)技术扩增HEV基因组开放读码2(ORF2)区域内150 nt片段;阳性标本PCR产物直接测序,并与GenBank数据库进行比对,构建进化树分析遗传特征.结果 共收集猪胆汁标本194份,犬胆汁标本178份,牛胆汁标本79份,羊胆汁标本191份.RT-nPCR检测结果表明,四种家畜胆汁标本HEV RNA阳性率分别为4.10%、0%、0%、0%;遗传距离分析发现本次得到的HEV与Ⅳ型HEV距离最近,其次为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型;氨基酸水平也显示了同样的规律.结论 猪是HEV家畜宿主,Ⅳ型是主要流行型.     

Seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis E virus in the northeast of china

The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of infection and genotype of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in people and animals in the northeast of China (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces). This seroepidemiological study was conducted using enzyme immunoassays and human sera positive for HEV antigen or anti-HEV IgM, and animal sera positive for HEV antigen or with an S/CO ≤10 for anti-HEV were tested for HEV RNA using real-time RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR. In humans, the overall prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 31.6% (311/985), 28.6% (147/514) and 21.1% (841/3994) in individuals frequent, infrequent, and very rare contact with swine, respectively. The overall prevalence of anti-HEV was 81.6% (1737/2127) in pigs above 3 months of age, 66.4% (1644/2473) in pigs below 3 months of age, 18.7% (301/1612) in cattle and 12.4% (162/1302) in sheep. 1211 samples were tested for HEV RNA using real-time RT-PCR and 71 were positive. 30 of the 71 samples also were positive for HEV RNA using nested RT-PCR. These 30 isolates shared 81.2–100% sequence identity with each other at the nucleotide level and belonged to HEV genotype 4, regardless whether from human or animals. The results indicate that HEV infection is widely spread in the northeast of China. The prevalence of anti-HEV in individuals with frequent contact with pigs was significantly higher than those without and the HEV sequences isolated from such individuals were related more closely to isolates from pigs. These support strongly the hypothesis of a zoonotic origin of hepatitis E.     

Seroprevalence and distribution of hepatitis E virus in various ethnic groups in Gansu province,China

Gansu province is located in northwestern China and is home to 45 ethnic groups including Han, Hui, Zang and others. Different ethnic groups have varying involvement with livestock and meat consumption, especially pork. To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and the distribution of HEV genotypes among the major ethnic groups in Gansu province, 2090 serum samples were collected from individuals from four regions and three ethnic groups, the Han, Hui and Zang. All serum samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies, as well as HEV antigen, and selected samples were then tested for HEV RNA. The data showed that the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the Hui, Han and Zang ethnic groups from the four regions was 8.9%, 18.7% and 32.9%, respectively, and these differed significantly (P < 0.05). The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibody for each ethnic group varied among the different regions. In general, within the same region, the three ethnic groups also show differences. Genomic analysis indicated that HEV isolated from humans belonged to genotype 4, and resembled closely swine HEV isolates from Gansu province. The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was in accordance with the amount of contact with pigs in the different regions. Pigs are the primary host for HEV, so people in frequent contact with pigs may be at risk of zoonotic infection. However, populations that have rare contact with pigs are more likely to be susceptible to HEV when exposed, suggesting that should be the target of vaccination.     

烟台市812名食品从业人员戊型肝炎病毒感染状况调查

目的调查烟台市食品从业人员（包括食品生产加工、餐饮服务及公共场所）戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）感染情况,为从业人员健康检查标准制定和从业人员戊肝（HE）的预防和控制提供依据。方法对2010年6—7月份进行预防性健康检查的食品生产加工、餐饮服务及公共场所从业人员调查既往戊肝患病史,采集5 m l静脉血,分离血清,检测丙氨酸转氨酶、抗HEV-IgG、抗HEV-IgM。结果调查812人,HEV感染率为24.01%,丙氨酸转氨酶均在正常范围内,抗HEV-IgG阳性率为22.78%,女性高于男性,40岁~年龄组高于其他年龄组。食品生产加工从业人员高于餐饮服务人员和公共场所服务人员。抗HEV-IgM阳性率1.23%。结论提示烟台市食品从业人员存在HEV排毒,可能威胁公共健康安全,建议应对从业人员健康检查的标准进行修订。     

Infection dynamics of hepatitis E virus in naturally infected pigs in a Chinese farrow-to-finish farm

To analyze the changes that occur in pigs during hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, 256 serial serum samples were obtained from 32 pigs from one pig farm at ages 0 (cord blood), 15, 30, 60, 75, 90, 120, and 150 days. All HEV markers were assayed in these samples and showed that total anti-HEV antibodies and IgG formed two peaks. The first peak occurred at 0–60 days and the second after 75 days. No markers of infection, such as HEV RNA, antigen and anti-HEV IgM, were detectable during the first peak. Most newborn piglets (<24 h of age) were negative for total anti-HEV and IgG. However, colostrum from all of the sows had evidence of these antibodies. Thus, the anti-HEV in the first peak was assumed to be acquired from maternal milk. Some infectious markers were positive at the beginning of second peak. PCR products were cloned and sequenced and the results indicated those sequences belonged to HEV genotype 4. The antibody present during the second peak may be induced by natural infection with HEV. In conclusion, pigs are susceptible to HEV infection and may remain infectious after the first peak of anti-HEV antibody.     

戊型肝炎病毒感染动物模型应用于抗-HEV试剂评价的初步研究

目的应用实验室戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）感染恒河猴动物模型对抗-HEV诊断试剂进行初步的评价。方法用1和4基因型的HEV静脉注射分别感染4只恒河猴，检测实验猴的丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）水平，逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测粪便标本中HEVRNA，抗-HEVIgG试剂（GL-IgG，wT-IgG）分别检测实验猴系列血清抗体水平。结果HEV感染的8只实验猴均出现粪便排毒，1和4基因型HEV感染的实验猴分别有1只和2只出现ALT升高，GL-IgG试剂检测1型HEV实验感染猴有2只抗体阳转，4型HEV实验感染猴有1只抗体阳转；而wT-IgG试剂检测1、4型HEV实验感染猴的抗体均阳转。两种试剂检测感染猴窗口期抗体阳转时间相近，GL-IgG试剂抗体阳性持续到12周，wrT-IgG试剂在16周观察期内均阳性。结论两种试剂均可检测出感染实验猴的抗体，但wT-IgG试剂具有检测灵敏度较高的特点。     

广西地区猪、鼠、狗戊型肝炎病毒感染血清学分析

目的了解广西地区猪、鼠和狗血清中抗．戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）IgG抗体流行情况。方法应用HEV基因1型开放读码框（ORF）2和ORF3多肽包被酶标板，辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）标记的羊抗猪、羊抗鼠和羊抗狗建立的酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测猪、鼠和狗血清中抗．HEV IgG。结果总抗．HEV IgG阳性率为31．84％（170／534），其中猪血清抗．HEV IgG阳性率为26．40％（66／250），鼠血清抗．HEV IgG阳性率为43．02％（77／179），狗血清抗．HEV IgG阳性率为25．71％（27／105）。结论猪、鼠和狗血清中存在HEV感染，鼠抗．HEV IgG阳性率最高。     

武汉市普通人群戊型肝炎血清学及影响因素分析

目的 评估武汉市普通人群戊型病毒性肝炎病毒（戊型肝炎病毒,hepatitis E virus,HEV）感染状况及影响因素。方法 采用多阶段随机抽样方法,对抽取的3 890名0~59岁普通人群开展调查与血样采集,应用酶联免疫吸附法（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）检测抗-HEV IgG,采用χ2检验、精确二项式公式法与非条件Logistic回归等方法进行统计学分析。结果 武汉市0~59岁普通人群抗-HEV IgG标化阳性率为35.01%,男性标化阳性率与女性的差异无统计学意义（χ2=3.18,P=0.075）,随着年龄增长阳性率升高（χ2=542.32,P<0.001）,城区人群标化阳性率高于郊区（χ2=11.32,P=0.001）;18岁以上人群抗-HEV IgG多因素分析显示,男性、年龄较大者（30~59岁）、居住于城区、喜食鱼类的人群感染HEV的风险更高（均有P<0.05）。结论 武汉市普通人群HEV感染率较高,男性、年龄较大者（30~59岁）、居住于城区、喜食鱼类的居民是高危人群。     

Assessment of the cross-protective capability of recombinant capsid proteins derived from pig, rat, and avian hepatitis E viruses (HEV) against challenge with a genotype 3 HEV in pigs

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route through contaminated water supplies, although many sporadic cases of hepatitis E are transmitted zoonotically via direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated animal meats. Genotypes 3 and 4 HEV are zoonotic and infect humans and other animal species, whereas genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans. There exists a single serotype of HEV, although the cross-protective ability among the animal HEV strains is unknown. Thus, in this study we expressed and characterized N-terminal truncated ORF2 capsid antigens derived from swine, rat, and avian HEV strains and evaluated their cross-protective ability in a pig challenge model. Thirty, specific-pathogen-free, pigs were divided into 5 groups of 6 pigs each, and each group of pigs were vaccinated with 200μg of swine HEV, rat HEV, or avian HEV ORF2 antigen or PBS buffer (2 groups) as positive and negative control groups. After a booster dose immunization at 2 weeks post-vaccination, the vaccinated animals all seroconverted to IgG anti-HEV. At 4 weeks post-vaccination, the animals were intravenously challenged with a genotype 3 mammalian HEV, and necropsied at 4 weeks post-challenge. Viremia, fecal virus shedding, and liver histological lesions were compared to assess the protective and cross-protective abilities of these antigens against HEV challenge in pigs. The results indicated that pigs vaccinated with truncated recombinant capsid antigens derived from three animal strains of HEV induced a strong IgG anti-HEV response in vaccinated pigs, but these antigens confer only partial cross-protection against a genotype 3 mammalian HEV. The results have important implications for the efficacy of current vaccines and for future vaccine development, especially against the novel zoonotic animal strains of HEV.     

Anti-HEV seroprevalence in the area of Lecce

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of an enterically transmitted viral hepatitis associated with inadequate hygienic conditions. Hepatitis E is endemic in developing countries where it occurs both in sporadic and epidemic form. Outbreaks have been reported in different areas of the world. The aim of the present work was to assess the seroprevalence of HEV infection in the general population and in different risk groups in the area of Lecce. The presence of anti-HEV antibodies was ascertained by qualitative ELISA (Abbott HEV EIA) and Western Blot (Recomblot HEV IgG/IgM, Mikrogen). The prevalence of anti-HEV in the general population was 2.9% while in intravenous drug users, hemodialized patients and immigrants the seroprevalence rates were 0.7%, 4.3% and 15.3% respectively. Our data show a circulation of HEV at low level in the area of Lecce which is endemic for hepatitis A. Higher seroprevalence rates were found in hemodialized patients and remarkably in immigrants coming from endemic areas like Turkey.