HPLC测定藏药五味麝香片中没食子酸的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定藏药五味麝香片中没食子酸的含量。方法:色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250mm×4.60mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(8∶92∶0.01),流速:1mL/min;进样量:20μL;检测波长为273nm,AUFS:0.01;柱温:30℃。结果:没食子酸的线性范围为0.48~2.4μg,加样回收率为99.8%,RSD为2.57%。结论:该方法简便、快捷、准确,适合于测定藏药五味麝香片中没食子酸的含量。     

RP-HPLC法测定消炎抗菌片中黄芩苷含量

目的:建立消炎抗茵片中黄芩苷反相高效液相(RP-HPLC)含量测定方法.方法:采用Aglient ZORBAXSB-C18(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-0.2 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(45:55)检测波长为278 nm.柱温:26℃,流速:1.0ml·min-1.结果:线性范围0.112～0.560μg,r=0.999 3,平均回收率为103.0%,RSD为1.5%(n=5).结论:测定方法简便快捷、精密度高,可作为消炎抗茵片中黄芩苷的含量控制方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定大黄不同炮制品中没食子酸的含量

目的建立大黄炮制品中没食子酸含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相法,色谱柱:Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.01%磷酸(10∶90);流速:1 mL.min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长:273nm。结果没食子酸在0.021 3~0.426μg内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.90%。结论该方法简便可行、重复性好,可作为大黄炮制品质量评价的依据。     

高效毛细管电泳法测定消炎抗菌片中没食子酸含量

目的:建立高效毛细管电泳法测定中成药消炎抗菌片中没食子酸的含量。方法:采用正交设计法优选了毛细管电泳的最佳参数,并根据选出的最佳条件的结果测定了消炎抗菌片中没食子酸的含量。定量采用内标法,选取苯甲酸钠为内标。所用毛细管规格为60cm(有效长度为45cm)×75μm,检测波长为215nm。结果:电压为21kV,电解缓冲液为10mmol·L-1硼砂且pH为9.0,没食子酸在27.2~408.0mg·L-1范围内线形关系良好(r=0.9999),加样回收率为99.03%,RSD为2.05%。结论:高效毛细管电泳法用于测定消炎抗菌片中没食子酸的含量是可行的,本方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好。     

高效毛细管电泳法同时测定消炎抗菌片中黄芩苷和没食子酸的含量

目的:建立高效毛细管电泳法同时测定消炎抗菌片中黄芩苷和没食子酸的含量。方法:定量采用内标法,选取苯甲酸钠为内标物。所用毛细管规格为60 cm×75μm(有效长度为45 cm),检测波长为215 nm,电压为21 kV,运行缓冲液:10 mmol·L~(-1)硼砂缓冲液(pH为9.0),柱温为20℃,压力进样(8s)。结果:黄芩苷的线性范围为48～576μg·ml~(-1)(r= 0.9997),加样回收率为98.3%,RSD为3.0%;没食子酸的线性范围为34～204μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.9992),加样回收率为99.0%,RSD为3.1%。结论:高效毛细管电泳法同时测定消炎抗菌片中黄芩苷和没食子酸的含量是可行的。本方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好。     

HPLC法测定黎药山苦茶中没食子酸的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定黎药山苦茶中没食子酸含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸(5:95),检测波长为272nm,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0mL.min-1;以外标法计算样品含量。结果:没食子酸检测浓度在5～60μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9992);平均回收率为99.07%,RSD=2.80%(n=9)。结论:本方法简便、快捷,可用于山苦茶中没食子酸的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定痔速宁片中芦丁与没食子酸的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定痔速宁片中芦丁与没食子酸含量的方法。方法采用Thermo Acclaim TM 120C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.4mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0mL·min~(-1);检测波长为257和273nm;进样量5μL;柱温35℃。结果芦丁与没食子酸的线性范围分别为10.54~105.4μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 9,n=6)和51.075~510.75μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 9,n=6);提取回收率分别为99.2%(RSD=0.7%,n=6)和99.4%(RSD=0.9%,n=6)。结论该方法简便、可靠、准确,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定六味安消片中大黄素、大黄酚及没食子酸的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定六味安消片中大黄素、大黄酚及没食子酸的含量.方法:该分析方法采用ACE Excel 5 C18-AR色谱柱(250 mm×4.60 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈为A项,0.1％磷酸溶液为B项,梯度洗脱;流速设为1.0 mL/min;检测器为PDA,检测波长设定为254 nm.结...     

RP-HPLC法测定金果饮咽喉片中没食子酸的含量

目的建立金果饮咽喉片中没食子酸的含量测定方法。方法采用RP-HPLC测定,色谱柱为Sino Chrom ODS-APC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(6∶94∶0.2),流速1.0mL·min-1,检测波长266nm。结果没食子酸在6~36μg·mL-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9996),平均回收率为99.35%,RSD=0.85%。结论本方法准确、简便、重现性好,可作为金果饮咽喉片中没食子酸的含量测定方法。     

RP-HPLC法测定蒙药森登-4汤中栀子苷、槲皮素和没食子酸的含量

目的建立测定蒙药森登-4汤中栀子苷、槲皮素和没食子酸的高效液相色谱方法。方法栀子苷的测定条件为:Hypersil C18 ODS(250.0 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水(体积比为13.5∶86.5),流速为0.8 mL.min-1,检测波长为238 nm。槲皮素的测定条件为:Century SIL C18 BDS(250.0 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(体积比为60.00∶40.00∶0.02),流速为0.8 mL.min-1,检测波长为360 nm;没食子酸的测定条件为:Century SIL C18 BDS(250.0 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水-磷酸(体积比为5.00∶95.00∶0.02),流速为0.80 mL.min-1,检测波长为272 nm。结果在各自的色谱条件下,栀子苷、槲皮素和没食子酸质量浓度与峰面积具有良好的线性关系。平均回收质量分数分别为:栀子苷96.9%(RSD=1.9%,n=6);槲皮素97.1%(RSD=2.3%,n=6);没食子酸98.7%(RSD=1.7%,n=6)。结论该方法可作为该制剂的含量测定方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.