Glycemic control and outcome of diabetic patients after successful percutaneous coronary revascularization

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to examine whether the outcome of diabetic patients after successful percutaneous coronary revascularization (PCR) is influenced by the degree of control of hyperglycemia at the time of revascularization. BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients have a worse outcome after PCR. METHODS: We examined whether the degree of glycemic control (HbA(1c) levels) affected the occurrence of all-cause death and death/myocardial infarction among diabetic patients after successful PCR from October 1979 through December 1998. HbA(1c) was analyzed both as a continuous and a categorical variable (good [HbA(1c) <8.0%, n = 700], moderate [8.0% < or = HbA(1c) < or =10%, n = 442], or poor [HbA(1c) >10%, n = 231] control). RESULTS: HbA(1c) levels were determined at a median (25th, 75th interquartiles) of 3 (1, 10) days after the index procedure for patients with good control, 2 (1, 7) days for moderate control, and 2 (1, 6) days for poor control. Median follow-up after successful PCR was 3.2 (1.2, 6.1) years, 3.9 (1.7,6.3) years, and 4.7 (2.1, 7.1) years, respectively. HbA(1c) as a continuous variable did not have an impact on either death (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.04 [0.98-1.10]) or death/myocardial infarction (1.02 [0.98-1.07]). As a categorical variable, patients with moderate and poor control had a similar hazard of death (0.99 [0.78-1.26] and 1. 14 [0.86-1.52], respectively) and death/myocardial infarction (1.01 [0.82-1.24] and 1.12 [0.87-1.45], respectively) relative to those with good control. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of glycemic control among diabetic patients at the time of their index intervention did not have an impact on long-term outcomes after successful PCR.     

西洛他唑改善冠心病患者支架置入术后长期预后的研究

目的探讨西洛他唑对冠心病患者支架置入术后5年临床预后的影响。方法选择择期行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的冠心病患者200例,随机分为西洛他唑组(100例)和对照组(100例),西洛他唑组在常规抗血小板药物的同时加服西洛他唑200 mg/d。对照组常规服用抗血小板药物,2组持续用药6个月。随访5年,比较主要不良心脑血管事件发生率和其他不良反应发生率。结果西洛他唑组患者主要不良心脑血管事件发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(17% vs 42%,P0.01)。西洛他唑组患者心悸发生率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(13% vs 3%,P0.05)。西洛他唑组患者1年无事件生存率明显高于对照组(P0.05),5年时差异更明显(P0.01)。结论支架置入术后应用西洛他唑,可以减少冠心病患者主要不良心脏事件的发生率,而不增加出血并发症,临床应用安全有效。     

Serum hepatocyte growth factor levels predict long-term clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary revascularization.

AIMS: To evaluate, in patients referred for elective percutaneous coronary revascularization (PCR) without heparin pre-treatment, the relationship between baseline serum levels of the angiogenic growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 488 consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary angioplasty, hsC-reactive protein, HGF, and VEGF levels were measured before heparin administration. The primary endpoint, a composite of death and myocardial infarction, occurred in 44 patients at a median follow-up of 14.9 months. At baseline, VEGF levels were related to C-reactive protein levels and inversely related to age; HGF levels were related to C-reactive protein levels, diabetes, and recent clinical instability. In the univariate analysis, HGF had a significant positive relationship (P=0.003) with the primary endpoint. A similar trend was observed for VEGF (P=0.11). The only three variables significantly associated with the primary endpoint in the multivariable Cox model were HGF (P=0.004), C-reactive protein (P=0.007), and diabetes (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that in patients, without heparin pre-treatment, referred for PCR, a high serum level of HGF is an independent predictor of clinical events during follow-up and is correlated with other surrogate measures of the activity of atherosclerosis.     

Influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary revascularization

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus modifies the natural history of patients with coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcome of diabetic patients with successful coronary angioplasty in our environment and to identify the factors predictive of complications during follow-up. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made of a series of 198 diabetics and who underwent angioplasty from September 1996 to January 2000 in our hospital. A group of 198 nondiabetic patients who subsequently underwent the same procedure was used as the control group. Death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina resulting in hospitalization and coronary revascularization were considered adverse events during a 1 year follow-up period. RESULTS: The overall frequency of coronary adverse events in a 1-year follow-up was higher in diabetics (37%) than in non-diabetics (24%; p = 0.03). Diabetics had a less favorable clinical and angiographic profile and more frequent incomplete revascularization (43 vs 30%). Diabetics with incomplete revascularization were older (66.5 vs 53.2 years), had previous angioplasty more often, anatomically more unfavorable lesions (70 vs 51% type B2-C), and a smaller ejection fraction (54.7 vs 59.4%). Diabetics had more complications at 1 year of follow-up (37 vs 24%; p = 0.03), mainly due to increased cardiovascular mortality in diabetics with incomplete revascularization (12 vs 2%). Multivariate analysis identified incomplete revascularization as the only correlate of clinical outcome. Diabetes per se was not predictive of complications during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetics who undergo successful coronary revascularization have a less favorable clinical outcome than non-diabetic patients undergoing the same procedure at 1 year of follow up. Incomplete revascularization is associated with a less favorable outcome.     

西洛他唑对冠状动脉支架置入术后长期临床疗效的影响

目的探讨西洛他唑对冠状动脉(冠脉)支架置入术后长期临床疗效的影响。方法100例接受冠脉支架术的患者随机分两组,每组50例,分别内服西洛他唑(200 mg/d)6个月和噻氯匹啶(500 mg/d)1个月,两组均长期伍用阿司匹林(100 mg/d)。结果西洛他唑组和噻氯匹啶组6个月造影随访支架内再狭窄率分别为14.7%和27.0%(P=0.204)。3年随访结束时西洛他唑组主要不良心脑血管事件发生率显著低于噻氯匹啶组(16%比36%,P=0.023)。西洛他唑组与噻氯匹啶组相比心绞痛复发率(38%和54%)及西雅图心绞痛问卷(SAQ)运动受限积分变化值(21.8±12.3比16.8±15.9)均有轻度改善,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。西洛他唑组SAQ心绞痛频率积分的改善显著优于噻氯匹啶组(22.6±12.7比16.1±13.3,P=0.015),因心、脑血管事件再住院率亦显著低于噻氯匹啶组(分别为和20%比40%,P=0.029)。结论西洛他唑可显著降低冠脉支架置入术后冠心病患者3年的不良心脑血管事件发生率,明显提高其生活质量。     

Impact of incomplete revascularization on long-term mortality after coronary stenting

Background The impact of incomplete revascularization (IR) on adverse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention remains inconclusive, and few studies have examined mortality during follow-ups longer than 5 years. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that IR is associated with higher risk of long-term (8-year) mortality after stenting for multivessel coronary disease. Methods and Results A total of 13 016 patients with multivessel disease who had undergone stenting pro- cedures with bare metal stents in 1999 to 2000 were identified in the New York State’s Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Reporting System. A logistic regression model was fit to predict the probability of achieving complete revascularization (CR) in these patients using baseline risk factors; then, the CR patients were matched to the IR patients with similar likelihoods of achieving CR. Each patient’s vital status was followed through 2007 using the National Death Index, and the difference in long-term mortality between IR and CR was compared. It was found that CR was achieved in 29.2% (3803) of the patients. For the 3803 pair-matched patients, the respective 8-year survival rates were 80.8% and 78.5% for CR and IR (P = 0.04), respectively. The risk of death was marginally significantly higher for IR (hazard ratio = 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.26, P = 0.04). The 95% bootstrap confidence interval for the hazard ratio was 0.98 to 1.32. Conclusions IR may be associated with higher risk of long-term mortality after stenting with BMS in patients with multivessel disease. More prospective studies are needed to further test this association.     

Thiazolidinediones do not reduce target vessel revascularization in diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND: Animal studies have suggested that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have antirestenotic properties. However, human data are lacking. The goal of this single-center study was to assess the target vessel revascularization (TVR) rate following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among diabetic patients according to TZD use. METHODS: A total of 325 consecutive diabetic patients who underwent PCI between January 2000 and December 2001 were included in the analysis. Among them, 82 patients were on TZD and 243 patients were on other hypoglycemic regimens. All patients were treated with stents and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors at the time of intervention. TVR and death/myocardial infarction/TVR were assessed at 1 year. RESULTS: TZD patients were more likely to be younger, male and have hyperlipidemia. TVR occurred in 36.6% of TZD patients compared with 23.9% of non-TZD patients (p=0.04). One-year death, myocardial infarction and TVR occurred in 41.1% of TZD patients compared with 30.8% of non-TZD patients (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective analysis, TZD therapy did not decrease the need for repeat revascularization following PCI. Prospective randomized studies are warranted.     

老年冠心病患者冠状动脉内支架术的疗效研究

目的：探讨老年冠心病患冠状动脉内支架术的近期疗效和对远期预后的影响。方法：2000年6月-2002年6月连续240例冠心病患行选择性冠状动脉内支架术，其中86例年龄＞65岁(A组)，154例＜65岁(B组)，比较两组支架术成功率及远期随访结果。结果：A组中84例支架术成功(97．7％)，并发症率9．30％。B组中150例支架术成功(97．4％)，并发症率4．55％，两组差异均无显性(P＞0．05)。随访12．5土6．5个月，随访率95．7％。A、B两组的心功能改善(54．7％和51．9％)、心绞痛复发(30．2％和36．4％)、再入院(18．6％和20．1％)、总心脏事件发生率(18．6％和22．7％)及无心脏事件存活率(86．0％和85．1％)均无显性差异(P＞0．05)。结论：老年患冠状动脉内支架术安全、成功率高，且远期预后良好。     

Iron status and clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease after coronary stenting

BACKGROUND AND AIM: So far, no studies have assessed whether there is an association between iron status and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events or restenosis after coronary stenting. We conducted this study to investigate whether there is an association between body iron status and clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease after coronary stenting. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study included 664 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent coronary stent implantation. The soluble transferring receptor/ferritin ratio (sTfR/ferritin ratio) was used as an index of iron status. Patients were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of sTfR/ferritin ratio: lower tertile (<11.9; n = 221), middle tertile (11.9-27.8; n = 221) and upper tertile (>27.8; n = 222). The combined incidence of major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization) was the primary end point of the study. Patients in the lower tertile of the sTfR/ferritin ratio presented more often with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction and had longer lesions and higher grade of stenosis than the patients in the middle or upper tertile of the sTfR/ferritin ratio. Angiographic restenosis at 6-month angiography was also evaluated. The cumulative event rate of composite end point of death, myocardial infarction or target vessel revascularization was 27.6% in patients in the lower tertile, 24.4% in patients in the middle tertile and 28.4% in patients in the upper tertile of the sTfR/ferritin ratio (p = 0.68). Restenosis was found in 27.8% (n = 45) in the lower tertile, 25.8% (n = 42) in the middle tertile and 27.5% (n = 38) in the upper tertile of the sTfR/ferritin ratio (p = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed no association between iron status and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events or angiographic coronary restenosis in patients with coronary artery disease after coronary stenting.     

介入治疗联合应用腺苷对不稳定型心绞痛患者冠状动脉血流和临床预后的影响

目的评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)联合静脉应用腺苷对不稳定型心绞痛(UA)患者冠状动脉血流和近期临床预后的影响。方法 2009年3～12月,60例准备行PCI的UA患者按随机数字表法分配到腺苷组(PCI术前10 min应用腺苷,30例)和对照组(PCI术前10 min应用生理盐水,30例)。观察两组在常规使用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷的基础上,PCI术前和术后即刻靶血管TIMI血流分级和校正的TIMI帧数(CTFC)。随访PCI术后3个月内两组患者主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的发生率。记录使用腺苷治疗期间不良反应的发生情况。结果两组PCI术前即刻靶血管TIMI血流2～3级发生率和CTFC差异无统计学意义(76.2%比72.5%,41.60±13.76比42.13±14.30,均为P>0.05)。两组PCI术后即刻靶血管TIMI血流3级发生率差异无统计学意义(97.6%比92.9%,P>0.05);腺苷组靶血管CTFC则显著优于对照组(23.03±8.38比28.50±10.24,P<0.05)。结论在阿司匹林、氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗的基础上,PCI联合静脉应用腺苷能改善UA患者术后靶血管冠状动脉血流。     

Comparison of long-term (seven year) outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization with versus without stenting

Coronary stents have markedly improved the short- and intermediate-term safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention by improving acute gains in luminal dimensions, decreasing abrupt vessel occlusion, and decreasing restenosis, yet the long-term benefit of coronary stenting remains uncertain. We examined long-term clinical outcomes of death, myocardial infarction, and repeat target vessel revascularization (TVR) among patients enrolled in the Duke Database for Cardiovascular Disease who underwent revascularization with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty alone or stent placement from 1990 to 2002. Among 6,956 patients who underwent percutaneous revascularization, propensity modeling was applied to identify 1,288 matched patients with a similar likelihood to receive coronary stents according to clinical, angiographic, and demographic characteristics. Significant (p <0.05) predictors of stent placement included multivessel disease, diabetes, hypertension, recent myocardial infarction, decreased ejection fraction, and year of study entry. At a median follow-up of 7 years, although treatment with coronary stenting was associated with a significant and sustained decrease in repeat TVR (18.0% vs 28.1%, p = 0.0002) and the occurrence of death, myocardial infarction or TVR (39.2% vs 45.8%, p = 0.004), long-term survival did not significantly differ between treatment groups (19.9% vs 20.5%, p = 0.72). Outcomes of death and myocardial infarction did not significantly differ between patients who did and did not undergo repeat TVR. In conclusion, compared with angioplasty alone, revascularization with coronary stents provides a significant early and sustained decrease in the need for repeat revascularization, but stents do not influence long-term survival.     

Impact of restenosis and disease progression on clinical outcome after multivessel stenting in diabetic patients.

Clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is significantly worse in diabetic patients in comparison to nondiabetic patients. The subset of diabetic patients in the ARTS trial treated with multivessel stenting had the lowest 1-year event-free survival. We examined our experience of multivessel PCI in diabetics to assess clinical outcome outside clinical trials and to determine if repeat revascularizations are the result of restenosis or the progression of nontreated disease. Between January 2000 and December 2001, we performed multivessel PCI in 99 diabetic patients. Our group was well matched with those in the ARTS trial, with mean age of 69 +/- 8 years, male sex 70%, hypertension 68%, hypercholesterolemia 51%, and mean LV ejection fraction 60%. The mean number of diseased segments treated was 2.8 +/- 0.9 and 56% of the patients had three-vessel disease. There were 2.3 +/- 0.6 stents implanted per patient. Target vessels included the LAD in 90%, LCx in 77%, and the RCA in 87% of cases. The in-hospital MACE rate was 8%, which included eight nonfatal MI but no deaths or repeat revascularizations. After a mean follow-up of 14 +/- 8 months, there were 4 deaths (4%), no further MIs, and 21 (21%) repeat revascularizations (2 CABG; 19 PCI), giving a 1-year event-free survival of 67%. There were 18 repeat revascularizations (2 CABG; 16 PCI) for restenosis, but in 9 of the 18 (50%) patients treatment was also required for progression of disease. Three further patients had PCI for symptomatic disease progression without restenosis. Thus, disease progression contributed to 57% of repeat revascularization procedures. The medium- and longer-term success of multivessel PCI in diabetic patients is limited principally by the need for repeat revascularization. However, it is important to realize that these revascularizations are performed not only for restenosis but also for disease progression in more than 50% of patients. Consequently, even if drug-eluting stent technology can eliminate restenosis, disease progression will continue to impact the clinical outcome of diabetic patients after PCI.     

Short- and long-term results after multivessel stenting in diabetic patients

OBJECTIVES: The present study evaluated clinical outcomes in diabetic patients after multivessel stenting. BACKGROUND: Multivessel angioplasty studies have reported decreased survival in diabetic patients undergoing conventional balloon angioplasty compared with coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). However, several studies have demonstrated excellent procedural success and acceptable clinical outcomes after multivessel stenting. METHODS: Multivessel stenting was performed in 689 patients with 1,639 native coronary lesions. Patients were classified into three groups according to diabetes mellitus (DM) status: 1) no DM (501 patients/1,200 lesions); 2) DM treated with oral agents (102 patients/235 lesions); and 3) DM treated with insulin (86 patients/204 lesions). RESULTS: Procedural success was high overall. In-hospital CABG was higher in diabetics treated with insulin compared with the other two groups (3.5% vs. 0.4% vs. 1.0%, p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in the incidence of in-hospital cardiac death and myocardial infarction. Diabetic patients treated with oral agents or insulin had higher one-year target lesion revascularization rates than non-diabetic patients (25% vs. 35% vs. 16%, p < 0.001). Lower one-year survival was observed in diabetic patients treated with either oral agents or insulin, compared with non-diabetic patients (85% vs. 86% vs. 95%, p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, DM was an independent predictor of one-year mortality, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization after multivessel stenting. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a high technical success rate of multivessel stenting, diabetic patients, especially those treated with insulin, have higher in-hospital CABG, higher subsequent revascularization rates, and lower one-year survival than non-diabetic patients.     

Effect of fluvastatin on long-term outcome after coronary revascularization with stent implantation

We assessed the impact of long-term fluvastatin treatment on adverse atherosclerotic cardiac events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and revascularization excluding repeat interventions due to restenosis in the first 6 months) in 847 patients (fluvastatin [n = 417] or placebo [n = 430]) with average cholesterol levels treated with stents in the Lescol Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS). During the 4-year follow-up period, fluvastatin significantly decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and decreased the risk of first adverse atherosclerotic cardiac events by 30% compared with placebo (95% confidence interval -49 to -3.4, p = 0.03).     

Initial results and long-term clinical and angiographic outcome of coronary stenting in women

To assess whether gender influences the results of coronary stenting, 158 consecutive women undergoing coronary stenting were compared with 823 consecutive men. Women had more adverse baseline characteristics, a higher hospital mortality, and were independently associated with procedural failure/complications (relative risk 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 4.8); however, the long-term event-free survival and the restenosis rate were not influenced by gender.     

Implications of small reference vessel diameter in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether small reference diameter of the culprit coronary artery influences the outcome of an attempted percutaneous revascularization procedure in the current era of interventional cardiology. BACKGROUND: Although the interventional strategy is largely determined by the size of the culprit coronary artery, earlier quantitative studies have not shown a worse acute outcome for small reference vessel diameter (< or =2.5 mm). METHODS: A total of 2,306 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization was divided in groups with reference diameters < or =2.5 mm (n = 813) or >2.5 mm (n = 1,493). Success and in-hospital major adverse cardiac event (death, Q-wave myocardial infarction and emergency coronary artery bypass graft) rates between both groups were compared. RESULTS: Patients with lesions in small vessels were older and presented more frequently with female gender, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, peripheral vascular, multivessel coronary disease and American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) lesion type C (p < or = 0.01, each). Further, utilization of interventional devices differed markedly. In contrast to stents (18.5% vs. 41.9%) and directional atherectomy (3.7% vs. 13.5%), conventional balloon angioplasty (73% vs. 50%) and rotational atherectomy (16.1% vs. 8.3%) were used more often in smaller vessels (p < or = 0.0001, each). Success rate was lower in the small vessel group (92% vs. 95%; p = 0.006). Major adverse cardiac events occurred more frequently in small than large vessels (univariate 3.4% vs. 2.0%, p = 0.03; multivariate odds ratio 2.1, p = 0.02), particularly when proximal coronary segments were compared. CONCLUSIONS: Lesions in vessels with small reference diameter represent a distinct group with respect to clinical and morphologic characteristics as well as device utilization. These lesions have lower chances of successful percutaneous intervention and carry relatively higher risks, specifically when located in proximal coronary segments.     

Effect of direct stenting on clinical outcome in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention on saphenous vein graft

Background

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of saphenous vein graft (SVG) is associated with frequent postprocedural enzyme elevation and late cardiac events. New strategies are proposed to minimize distal embolization and to improve the outcome of patients treated with stenting for SVG lesions. The objectives of the current study were to examine direct stenting (DS) strategy of PCI in SVG lesions and its effects on creatine-kinase (CK) release, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), and late outcome when compared to conventional stenting (CS).

Methods

A consecutive series of 527 patients treated with stent implantation for SVG stenosis was analyzed. In this cohort, 170 patients with 229 lesions were treated with DS and 357 patients with 443 lesions were treated with CS. The inhospital and 12-month follow-up events were recorded and reported.

Results

Baseline clinical and postprocedural angiographic characteristics were similar between the 2 groups except for higher preprocedural prevalence of thrombus-containing lesions in the DS group. Patients in the DS group had less CK-MB release (P < .001), and less non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (P = .024). Multivariate analysis detected unstable angina (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, P = .03) as a correlate for non-Q-wave MI; DS was inversely associated with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (OR = 0.65, P = .04). At 1 year, the target lesion revascularization-MACE was significantly lower in the DS group (P = .021). Multivariate analysis showed that DS (OR = 0.47, P = .007) was associated with reduction of the target lesion revascularization-MACE.

Conclusions

When feasible, DS may be the best approach for treating SVG stenosis.