应用游离腓骨组织瓣修复口腔肿瘤切除后下颌骨缺损

目的探讨应用游离腓骨组织瓣修复口腔肿瘤切除后下颌骨缺损的临床疗效。方法回顾分析接受游离腓骨组织瓣修复口腔肿瘤切除后下颌骨缺损的临床资料15例。其中下颌骨造釉细胞瘤5例，下颌骨纤维肉瘤2例。颌下腺腺样囊性癌3例，颌下腺粘液表皮样癌2例，口底黏膜高分化鳞癌3例。单纯腓骨骨瓣修复10例，腓骨骨皮瓣修复5例。结果14例腓骨瓣成活，生长良好，1例腓骨骨皮瓣因术后发生血循环危象，经抢救无效而坏死。结论游离腓骨组织瓣修复口腔肿瘤切除后下颌骨缺损可较好地恢复容貌和口腔功能，提高了患者的生存质量。     

吻合血管的腓骨瓣移植一期重建双侧下颌骨

目的探讨下颌骨巨大肿瘤截骨切除后应用游离腓骨复合组织瓣一期重建双侧下颌骨方法和疗效。方法2000年7月至2002年10月,分别对波及双侧下颌骨的4例巨大成釉细胞瘤、2例牙龈癌施行截骨切除,手术造成跨中线的双侧下颌骨巨大缺损。根据下颌骨缺损的特点,以腓动静脉为血管蒂切取腓骨肌(皮)瓣,经截骨塑形后,用微形钛板将移植骨与双侧下颌骨残端坚固内固定,腓动、静脉与颈部小血管吻合,形成血管化腓骨复合组织瓣一期重建双侧下颌骨。结果6例移植腓骨复合组织瓣全部成活。随访6个月-2年,面下部外形恢复良好,移植腓骨与上颌骨相对位置正常,接受活动义齿修复后咬合关系和咀嚼功能均较满意。结论腓骨复合组织瓣节段性的骨膜供血和骨髓滋养动脉的双重供血特点十分适合塑造成下颌骨的弓状形态,是修复下颌骨巨大肿瘤导致的跨中线双侧下颌骨巨大缺损的理想材料。     

血管化游离腓骨肌皮瓣重建下颌骨缺损

目的：总结游离腓骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨缺损的经验。方法：对25例应用游离腓骨肌皮瓣行下颌骨缺损修复的病例进行临床分析,探讨不同类型下颌骨缺损,所采用腓骨肌皮瓣的设计,复合组织瓣的成活情况及术后并发症的发生情况。结果：本组25例患者游离腓骨肌皮瓣成活率100%,最长的腓骨为16cm,分为三段者3例,两段者20例。结论：血管化的游离腓骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨缺损血供丰富、抗感染力强、骨愈合快、塑形好、成活率高。     

The free iliac crest and fibula flaps in vascularized oromandibular reconstruction: comparison and long-term evaluation.

BACKGROUND: A variety of free flaps have been successfully used for mandible reconstruction. This study compared the short- and long-term results of using the free iliac crest and fibula flaps. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 117 patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction, 59 patients with iliac crest and 58 with free fibula. Accurate long-term functional assessment was possible in 31 cases in the iliac crest group and in 48 patients with fibular reconstruction. Anterior or combined anterolateral defects formed 72% and 64% in the iliac crest and fibula groups, respectively. The remainder were pure lateral defects. In both series, a skin paddle was included to provide either lining, skin cover, or both in 77% of the cases, whereas in 23% bone only was used. RESULTS: Complications included two perioperative deaths and three flap losses in the iliac crest group and five flap losses in the fibula group. Long-term functional and cosmetic assessment showed no statistically significant differences in oral continence (p > 0.9), speech (p = 0.57), and contour results (p = 0.80) between the two groups. However, oral deglutition was statistically significantly better in the fibula free flap group (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Although the fibula free flap is the flap of choice, the iliac crest is an excellent and reliable complementary flap for mandibular reconstruction.     

Donor side selection in mandibular reconstruction using a free fibular osteocutaneous flap

While the free fibular osteocutaneous flap is indispensable for mandibular reconstruction, reliable setting is often difficult because relative positions of the bone, skin island, and vascular pedicle are critical. We have an algorithm for donor-side selection of free fibular osteocutaneous flap.From July 2002 to March 2004, we performed 15 mandibular reconstructions using free fibular osteocutaneous flaps. We retrospectively classified these procedures as follows. In type I (flap harvested ipsilaterally to defect, n = 5), the skin island was fixed to the oral cavity, and the vascular pedicle emerged from the anterior aspect of the fibula. In type II (flap contralateral to defect, n = 5), the skin island was fixed to the oral cavity, and the vascular pedicle arose from the posterior aspect. In type III (flap contralateral to defect, n = 4), the skin island was fixed to the facial skin and the vascular pedicle arose from the anterior aspect. In type IV (flap ipsilateral to defect, n = 1), the skin island was fixed to the facial skin and the vascular pedicle arose from the posterior aspect. Flaps took completely except in 1 group II case with partial necrosis. Close attention to geometric characteristics of a free fibular osteocutaneous flap facilitates reconstruction of mandibular defects and selection of donor side.     

Angle-to-angle mandibular reconstruction with two free fibular flaps in a patient with two consecutive gingival cancers.

Two consecutive mandibular reconstructions with free vascularised fibular grafts in a patient with gingival cancers are presented. After resection of a gingival cancer on the left side, reconstruction was performed with a free vascularised fibular graft from the left leg. Two-and-a-half years later, a second free vascularised osteoseptocutaneous fibular graft from the right leg was used to reconstruct the right mandible and floor of the mouth after resection of a new gingival cancer. The two flaps have reconstructed the mandible from angle-to-angle. During the second reconstruction, a deviation of the left neomandible to the right side was corrected. Both postoperative courses were uneventful. Donor site morbidity was negligible, and the osteosyntheses healed well. This result further emphasises the value of the free fibular flap and the importance of adequate contouring of the fibular graft with osteotomies.     

Traumatic medial malleolar fracture of a fibula flap donor leg.

A 50-year-old male presented with a T4 N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth and alveolus. Treatment included a partial mandibulectomy with a free osteocutaneous fibula flap reconstruction. He made a good postoperative recovery and was given adjuvant radiotherapy. No problems were reported with the donor site or ankle. Five months after harvesting the flap the patient sustained a fracture of the medial malleolus having jumped over a ditch playing golf. This was treated successfully with a below knee plaster of Paris cast. The interosseous membrane was not ruptured in the accident indicating that the distal fibula left in situ was adequate to maintain the integrity of the mortice. A degree of ankle instability may be present after fibula flap harvest which is only revealed by athletic activity.     

Single stage aesthetic and functional reconstruction of composite facial gunshot wound with a chimeric functioning muscle and fibular osseous flap. Case report and review of the literature

The current concepts in the aesthetic and functional reconstruction of complex oromandibular defects are presented with a case of a patient with self‐inflicted gunshot wound to the face. The patient presented with a 6 cm composite mandibular defect; the buccomandibular and suborbital aesthetic zones of the cheek along with the mucosa lining, and the ipsilateral facial musculature were missing. A rapid prototyping model of the facial skeleton was used to assist in preoperative planning. A single stage reconstruction with two free flaps was planned; a free fibula osseous flap to reconstruct the mandibular defect, and a free chimeric ALT/functioning vastus lateralis muscle. The one skin paddle of the chimeric flap reconstructed the buccomandibular/suborbital zones of the cheek, and the other the lining of the mouth. The functional muscle provided reanimation of the corner of the mouth by coapting the muscle's motor nerve to the ipsilateral marginal mandibular nerve. A good facial contour and reanimation of the mouth with oral continence was achieved, and the patient presented with good social and emotional smile. This first report of combined use of a fibula osseous flap with a chimeric functional ALT/Vastus Lateralis flap suggests that the chimeric flap principle may be used in complex aesthetic and functional challenges of severe facial trauma.     

Mandibular ramus and condyle reconstruction with vascularized proximal fibular epiphyseal transfer in the pediatric patient: A case report

Mandibular reconstruction in skeletally immature patients is challenging for the Plastic Surgeon. Indeed, it requires replacement of the bony defect with restoration of the growth capability and joint function, when condyle is involved. Vascularized transfer of the proximal epiphysis of the fibula meets all these reconstructive requirements providing an adequate bone stock which also contains a growth plate and an articular surface. The purpose of this article is to report a case of mandibular reconstruction in a 13-year-old boy who underwent resection of a high-grade osteosarcoma involving mandibular angle, ramus, and condyle. A fibular free flap including proximal epiphysis, with its growth plate and the articular surface, was harvested based on the anterior tibial vessels. The fibular head articular surface was placed facing the articular fossa of the temporal bone. A reverse-flow end-to-end anastomosis was performed with the facial vessels. Postoperatively, no infection nor anastomosis complications occurred. Surgical sites healed uneventfully. At latest follow-up, 1 year after surgery, no signs of recurrence were observed. The transferred bone survived and the growth plate was clearly open. Both functional and aesthetic outcomes were rated as good, with maximal mouth opening of more than 4 cm, neither impairment to mastication, deglutition nor phonation was observed. This technique may be a good option for pediatric reconstruction of large bony and articular mandibular defects, where functional restoration of temporomandibular joint and the growing capacity of the bone should be contemporary.     

3D 打印数字化导板技术在腓骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨缺损及功能重建中的应用

目的 分析3D打印数字化导板技术在腓骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨缺损及功能重建中的应用效果。 方法 选取本院2020年1月-2022年3月予以腓骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨缺损及功能重建的50例患者作为研究对 象,按照治疗方法不同分为对照组（行传统手术治疗）和观察组（采用3D打印数字化导板技术辅助下腓骨 肌皮瓣修复手术治疗）,各25例,比较两组手术指标、住院情况及术后恢复情况、修复精准度、修复满意 度、生活质量（UW-QOL评分）。结果 观察组手术时间、住院时间均短于对照组,术中出血量少于对照 组,术后3个月张口度评分高于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组髁突平均位移、下颌角平均位移、颏部平均位 移均小于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组美观满意度、咀嚼满意度、发音满意度、咬合关系满意度评分均高于 对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组UW-QOL评分高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 3D打印数字化导板技术的应用 为腓骨肌皮瓣修复手术提供了良好的技术支撑,用于下颌骨各种良性肿瘤切除后下颌骨缺损及功能重建中 可达到理想的治疗效果,优化手术指标,提高下颌骨修复精准性,恢复面部美观,改善咀嚼与发音功能, 提高患者生活质量,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Simultaneous reconstruction of large maxillary and mandibular defects with a fibular osteocutaneous flap combined with an anterolateral thigh flap

This article reports the simultaneous reconstruction of maxillary and mandibular defects caused by a close-range gunshot blast to the face with one fibular osteocutaneous flap combined with an anteroateral fasciocutaneous flap. A fibular osteocutaneous flap was used for both mandibular and maxillary defects, using multiple osteotomies and discarding a central bony segment and an oral floor defect. An anterolateral thigh flap was used to cover a three-dimensional defect of both the intraoral mucosal region, as well as external skin and soft tissue defects, including some on the upper and lower lips. The results demonstrated that the method was a good choice in the reconstruction of large composite facial defects, both aesthetically and functionally.     

Flow-through anterolateral thigh flap for a free osteocutaneous fibula flap in secondary composite mandible reconstruction.

Head and neck reconstruction after tumour ablation and radiotherapy often requires complex surgery. The need for free composite tissue transfer and the poor quality of the recipient site increase the level of difficulty substantially. We report a case in which the mandible, floor of the mouth and skin of the neck needed to be reconstructed in a heavily irradiated field. A single osteocutaneous fibula flap was insufficient to reconstruct the defect, and a free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap was also used for external neck skin resurfacing. As the recipient vessels in the ipsilateral neck had been heavily irradiated the free ALT flap was used as an interposition conduit for the free osteocutaneous fibula flap enabling it to reach the healthy recipient vessels in the contralateral neck without needing vein grafts.     

Simultaneous vascularized bony reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible using a single fibula: A case report

Simultaneous maxillary and mandibular reconstruction is exceedingly rare. These are complicated cases, requiring consideration of multiple variables: defect components, donor site morbidity, recipient vessels, and so forth. We describe a unique case of secondary maxillary/mandibular reconstruction in a 59‐year‐old male. The original defect was created after removal of a buccal squamous cell carcinoma, involving the external cheek skin, buccal mucosa, right mandibular body, and right inferior maxilla; a free vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap was used for the initial reconstruction. At the time of presentation to our clinic, the patient was tube‐feed‐dependent, unable to speak, and distressed regarding his appearance. We revised his reconstruction, rebuilding his maxilla and hemimandible using two free fibula flaps from a single fibula. The fibulae were vascularized via vein grafts and an ALT flap was used for external cheek resurfacing. All flaps survived and there were no complications at seven months since his surgery (when this report was written). The patient had intelligible speech and maintained adequate nutrition with a soft diet. Simultaneous vascularized bony reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible using a single fibula flap may be performed safely and with good outcomes.     

Synchronous reconstruction of the floor of mouth and chin with a single skin island fibular free flap

Objectives: The goal this presentation is to: 1) Review the reconstructive options for anterior mandible through‐and‐through composite defects and 2) Instruct the audience in the application of the double‐skin paddle fibular flap in selected patients. Methods: Case presentation with review of the literature. Results: A 70‐year old male with an anterior floor of mouth squamous cell carcinoma underwent composite resection that included resection of a 5‐cm ovoid component of overlying chin skin. The defect was reconstructed with a fibular osteocutaneous flap with a double skin paddle technique. Conclusions: Several reconstructive options have been described in the literature for extended oral cavity defects including the use of multiple free flaps, combinations of regional and distant flaps, and sequential reconstruction. This case report reviews the use of a single flap reconstruction of these defects for selected patients. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.     

Free fibula flap elbow-joint hemiarthroplasty reconstruction for chronic osteomyelitis of the distal humerus

The vascularized fibula flap has become a major tool in upper limb reconstruction. Free fibula flap reconstructions of the humeral part of the shoulder and the radial part of the wrist joints are well-documented, but reports of elbow joint reconstruction are rare. The authors report a 53-year-old patient with chronic osteomyelitis of the distal humerus that was unsuccessfully treated by many local surgical debridements and long-term systemic antibiotics. The patient underwent a wide debridement of the distal two-thirds of the humerus, and a spacer was inserted to fill the bony humeral gap. At a second stage, the distal humerus was reconstructed with a free fibula flap that included the proximal fibular head. The fibular shaft was used to bridge the bony gap and the fibular head created an elbow joint with the olecranon process. At an 18-month follow-up after surgery, the patient has stable and sufficient function of his elbow joint with no signs of infection. The free fibula flap has an important role for distal humerus reconstruction, both for bridging the bony gap with a vascularized bone, and for restoring elbow joint function.     

Double free-flap reconstruction of massive defects involving the lip,chin, and mandible

Two patients with massive, composite defects of the total lower lip, chin, and anterior mandible underwent double free-flap reconstruction. A fibular osteoseptocutaneous flap was used to reconstruct the mandible and floor of the mouth and a radial forearm fasciocutaneous composite flap, including the palmaris longus tendon, was used for total lower lip and chin reconstruction. Postoperatively, both patients had acceptable cosmesis, were orally competent, and recovered adequate mandibular function. Double free-flap reconstruction is indicated only in those circumstances in which composite tissue requirements or massive tissue defects preclude reconstruction with a single free-tissue transfer. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 18:372–378, 1998     

The use of massive allograft with intramedullary fibular graft for intercalary reconstruction after resection of tibial malignancy

Reconstruction after intercalary excision of tibia malignancy is challenging. The combined use of a vascularized fibular flap and allograft can provide a reliable reconstructive option. Eight patients underwent reconstruction with an allograft and vascularized fibula following tibia malignancy resection. Patients were examined clinically and radiographically. The average age of patients was 16.5 years. The mean follow-up time was 38.4 months. Contralateral free fibula flap was used in three patients and ipsilateral pedicle fibula in five. The average length of defect was 11.8 cm and of fibula flap was 15.9 cm. Primary union was achieved in seven patients. The average time for bone union was 5.8 months at fibula-tibia junction and 14.1 months at allograft-tibia junction. Five patients had 10 complications. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society average score was 90.8% at final follow-up. Intramedullary fibular flap in combination with massive allografts provide an excellent option for reconstruction of large bony defects after tibial malignancy extirpation. Ipsilateral pedicle fibula transportation had the advantages of short operation time and avoidance of donor site complications compared with the contralateral free fibula transfer.     

Squamous cell carcinoma in a tube pedicle forty years after jaw reconstruction.

Forty years following extensive jaw resection for adenocarcinoma in a young man, and innovative mandibular reconstruction, a squamous cell carcinoma developed in the tubed pedicle flap used to provide lining for the floor of the mouth. The case is described and a brief history of the early methods of mandibular reconstruction is presented.     

Reconstruction of bony mandibular and maxillary defects with one single transfer of a free fibula osteocutaneous flap.

One-stage bone reconstruction of both the maxilla and the mandible with a single bone transfer is unusual in microsurgery. The authors report and describe the surgical technique of an original one-stage bone reconstruction of the maxilla and the mandible in a defect caused by a gunshot injury. The reconstruction was performed with a free fibular osteocutaneous flap. A concomitant maxillo-mandibular defect is uncommon. Gunshot injuries and tumours are the two main causes of this defect. The reconstruction of maxillary and mandibular defects can be a surgical challenge. The reconstruction was performed in one stage with the free transfer of a fibular osteocutaneous flap.     

Real-time intraoperative computed tomography can accurize virtual surgical planning on the double-barrel fibular flap for mandibular reconstruction

Real-time intraoperative computed tomography created the accuracy of less than 1 mm deviation in virtual surgical planning double barrel fibular flap for mandibular reconstruction-the symbiosis of intelligent technology in a digital OR.BackgroundWith the intelligent technology of virtual surgical planning, CAD/CAM, and intraoperative CT(iCT) in a digital OR, the secondary mandibular defect or primary amelobalstoma mandibulectomy can be restored using double barrel fibula and be achieved precision medicine purpose.Material and MethodA series of 7 patients underwent free flap for oral cancers who sustained 5 osteoradionecrosis, 2 segmental mandibular defect, and 2 ameloblastoma. They received 9 double barrel fibula flap and 2 free skin flaptransfers. The fibula flap were reconstructed using a virtual surgical planning including CAD/CAM for simulation 3D model, cutting guides for recipient sites and fibulas osteotomy, and iCT for image fusion in a digital OR.ResultThe mandibular defect was 5–16 cm (average: 9.56 cm), and 2–5 fibular struts for double barrel fibula (average: 3.67 struts) image fusion. One vein graft for artery was required and all 11 flaps were transferred successfully without reexploration. Six patients had intraoperative revision of the fibula and plate to improve the onlay image fusion volume from 74.71 to 82.57%. The postoperative inter-incisor midline deviation was less than 2 mm in 5 patients, and well reduction image in 4 edentulous patients. Five landmarks including bilateral condyles, bilateral gonions, and gnathion demonstrated deviation less than 1 mm in average.ConclusionCAD/CAM can allow a practical virtual surgery to restore mandibular defect reconstruction using a double barrel fibula. The symbiosis of intelligent technology in a digital OR, the iCT can promote the accuracy of mandibular spatialframework and occlusion plain.