HPLC法同时测定追风舒经活血片中4种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定追风舒经活血片中羌活醇、异欧前胡素、蛇床子素和二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Hypersil C18(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05%冰醋酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为0.8 ml/min,检测波长为310 nm(羌活醇和异欧前胡素)、330 nm(蛇床子素和二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯)。结果:羌活醇、异欧前胡素、蛇床子素和二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯的线性范围分别为0.027 8⁰.556 0μg(r=0.999 5)、0.018 40.556 0μg(r=0.999 5)、0.018 4⁰.368 0μg(r=0.999 4)、0.059 20.368 0μg(r=0.999 4)、0.059 2¹.184 0μg(r=0.999 8)、0.012 61.184 0μg(r=0.999 8)、0.012 6⁰.252 0μg(r=0.999 3);四者精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<1%;平均加样回收率分别为98.69%(RSD=0.86%,n=6)、96.92%(RSD=0.62%,n=6)、99.13%(RSD=0.95%,n=6)、97.79%(RSD=1.38%,n=6)。结论:该方法准确、灵敏、重复性好,可用于追风舒经活血片的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定卡托普利片含量

目的　建立卡托普利片含量的高效液相测定法。 方法 　利用高效液相色谱法测定 ,选用 Kromasil C1 8柱 ,( 5μm,2 0 0 mm× 4.6mm) ;流动相 :0 .0 1%磷酸二氢钠溶液 -乙腈 -甲醇 ( 66∶ 17∶ 17)流速 1.0 m L· min- 1 ;检测波长 :2 15 nm;柱温 5 0℃。没食子酸丙脂作内标物质。结果 　线性范围为 2 5μg· m L- 1～ 75μg· m L - 1 ;方法回收率为 10 0 .4%,RSD=0 .83 %( n=9)。 结论 　该方法简便 ,灵敏 ,准确     

HPLC法测定恩普洛胶囊中丙磺舒的含量

目的　测定恩普洛胶囊中丙磺舒的含量。 方法 　高效液相色谱法 ;C8柱 (5μm.4.6× 15 0 mm) ;流动相为水 -乙腈 -1.0 mol· L- 1 磷酸二氢钾溶液 -1.0 mol· L- 1 醋酸溶液 (90 9∶ 690∶ 10∶ 1) ;流速 1.0 ml· min- 1 ;检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 　丙磺舒在 2 5～ 2 0 0μg· ml- 1 范围内呈良好线性关系 (r=0 .99999) ,重现性良好 ,RSD=0 .1% (n=8) ,平均回收率 10 0 .0 % ,RSD=0 .5 % (n=9)。 结论 　本法操作简便 ,结果准确 ,重现性好     

高效液相色谱法测定进口盐酸多西环素胶囊的含量

目的 　拟订进口盐酸多西环素胶囊含量测定方法。 方法 　色谱柱 :用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂 (p H值适用范围应大于 8) ;流动相 :0 .0 5 mol· L- 1 草酸铵溶液 -二甲基甲酰胺 -0 .2 mol· L- 1 磷酸氢二铵溶液 (65 :3 0 :5 )用氨试液调节 p H值为 8.0 ;柱温 2 5℃ ;检测波长2 80 nm。结果 　对照品溶液在 0 .12 82 mg· m L- 1 ～ 0 .5 13 0 mg· m L- 1 范围内线性良好 ,相关系数 r=0 .9994(n=7) ;平均回收率为 10 2 .4% (n=5 ,RSD为 0 .8% )     

反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定复方苯海拉明滴鼻液中盐酸苯海拉明和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方苯海拉明滴鼻液中盐酸苯海拉明和盐酸麻黄碱含量的方法。方法:采用反相离子对高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为AgilentZORBAXEclipseXDB-C18;流动相为0.02mol·L-1十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液(用85%磷酸溶液调节pH至2其.8他5)成-甲分醇分-三离乙良胺好(;522组∶4分8∶进0.样5)量,流线速性为范1围.0分mL别.m为in0-.51;0柱02温～为5.03002℃0(;r紫=外0.检99测98波,n长=为6)2、546.0n0m5。8～结4果0.:0盐58酸0苯μg(海r=拉0明.9、9盐94酸,n麻=黄6)碱;与平均回收率分别为100.2%(RSD=1.2%,n=9)、99.5%(RSD=1.1%,n=9)。结论:该方法专属性强,结果准确、可靠,可用于测定复方苯海拉明滴鼻液中盐酸苯海拉明和盐酸麻黄碱的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方氯麻滴鼻液中三组分的含量

目的　建立高效液相色谱法测定复方氯麻滴鼻液含量的方法。方法　采用反相高效液相色谱法,以C18为固定相,甲醇0. 1mol·L-1醋酸铵溶液(磷酸调pH4. 0) (50∶50)为流动相,检测波长256nm。结果　氯霉素、盐酸麻黄碱和地塞米松磷酸钠的线性范围分别为: 12. 5~125μg·mL-1 (r=0. 999 4), 50~500μg·mL-1 (r=0. 9991)、2. 5~25μg·mL-1 (r=0. 9990)。平均加样回收率分别为99. 9% (RSD=1. 5% )、100. 3% (RSD=0. 7% ), 98. 7% (RSD=0. 9% )。结论　该方法简便、准确,适用于复方氯麻滴鼻液的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定人尿液中诺氟沙星浓度

目的 　建立高效液相色谱法测定尿液中诺氟沙星药物浓度的方法。 方法 　取尿液 1.0 0 m L ,以 5 .0 0 m L乙腈预处理后进样。采用Kromasil C1 8色谱柱 ( 2 5 0 mm× 4.8mm,5μm) ;流动相为 0 .0 2 5 mol· L- 1 磷酸溶液 -乙腈 -三乙胺 ( 70∶ 3 0∶ 0 .2 5 ) ,流速 0 .8m L· min- 1 ;检测波长2 78nm。结果 　诺氟沙星的尿药浓度在 0 .3 1～ 2 3 2 .98μg· m L- 1范围内线性良好 ( r=0 .992 1) ,方法的最低检测浓度为 0 .3 1μg· m L- 1。结论 　高效液相色谱法测定尿中药物浓度专属性强 ,重现性好 ,省时 ,操作方便 ,可用于诺氟沙星的药代动力学及临床尿药浓度监测     

HPLC法测定复方硝酸咪康唑软膏中硝酸咪康唑的含量

目的 　测定复方硝酸咪康唑软膏中硝酸咪康唑的含量。方法 　采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱 :Hypersil ODS( 15 0 mm× 4.6mm,5 μm) ;流动相 :甲醇 -( 0 .0 3 m ol· L - 1、p H6.0 )磷酸二氢钾溶液 ( 80∶ 2 0 ) ;流速 :1.2 ml· min- 1 ;检测波长 :2 3 8nm;进样量 10μL。结果 　硝酸咪康唑在 0 .5～ 8.0 mg· m L- 1 范围内线性关系良好 ( r=0 .9997) ,平均回收率为 99.6% ,RSD( n=6)为 0 .7%～ 1.2 %。结论 　该法操作简便快速 ,结果准确性高 ,可用于测定复方硝酸咪康唑软膏的中间产品及成品的质量分析。     

HPLC法测定血清冲剂2号中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的　建立血清冲剂 2号中盐酸小檗碱的 HPLC方法。 方法 　采用 HPL C法测定其含量 ,选用 ODS色谱柱 ,以乙腈 -0 .5 %冰醋酸溶液( 2 0∶ 80 )为流动相 ,检测波长 3 46nm。 结果 　此方法在 3 .84μg· m L - 1～ 3 8.4μg· m L- 1范围内线性关系良好 ( r=0 .9999) ,平均回收率为99.94% ,RSD=0 .5 3 % ( n=5 )。 结论 　此方法简便、灵敏、准确 ,可用于血清冲剂 2号的质量控制     

HPLC法测定复方丹参片中丹参酮IIA的含量

目的 　建立调整流动相 (甲醇∶水 )比例后 ,HPL C法测定复方丹参片中丹参酮 IIA的含量。 方法 　色谱柱 :Hypersil ODSC1 8柱 ( 4 .6mm× 2 5 0 mm,5μm) ;流动相 :甲醇∶水 ( 85∶ 15 ) ;流速 :0 .7m L· min- 1 ;检测波长 :2 70 nm。 结果 　丹参酮 IIA在 0 .0 11～ 0 .0 5 5μg· m L- 1 浓度范围之间线性良好 ,r=0 .9998;平均回收率为 10 0 .40 % ,RSD% =2 .18% ( n=5 )。 结论 　本法快速、结果准确稳定 ,主峰与杂质峰分离完全 ,可作为复方丹参片的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.