急性白血病患者多药耐药相关蛋白基因表达及临床意义

目的：研究急性白血病（ＡＬ）多药耐药相关蛋白（ＭＲＰ）基因表达与临床耐药的关系。方法：应用半定量逆转录－聚合酶链反应，检测了６５例ＡＬ患者骨髓和１５名正常人外周血单个核细胞中ＭＲＰ基因的表达。以ＭＲＰ／β２微球蛋白（β２Ｍ）评价ＭＲＰ的表达水平，将ＭＲＰ／β２Ｍ≥０．３表示为ＭＲＰ阳性。结果：复发难治组ＭＲＰ的平均表达水平及阳性率最高，与正常对照组、初治组、长期生存组的ＭＲＰ平均表达水平及阳性率相比均有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），而长期生存组与正常对照组之间无统计学差异。初治组ＭＲＰ阳性病例与ＭＲＰ阴性病例的首次完全缓解率（分别为２５％和８４％）之间有显著差异。ＭＲＰ表达水平在ＦＡＢ各亚型间略有差异。同时检测了６５例ＡＬ患者ｍｄｒ－１基因的表达，发现临床耐药组ＭＲＰ和ｍｄｒ－１的平均表达水平及阳性率均明显高于临床非耐药组，ＭＲＰ和ｍｄｒ－１基因的表达水平之间无相关性（ｒｓ＝０．１６８３）。结论：ＭＲＰ基因过度表达可导致临床耐药，是预后的重要不利因素。     

MRP在急性白血病患者骨髓涂片中表达的临床意义

目的 探讨多药耐药相关蛋白（multidrug resistance assoliated protien, MRP）在急性白血病（acute leukemia AL）患者骨髓涂片中的表达及其与临床疗效的关系。方法采用免疫组化染色技术检测42例AL患者骨髓涂片中MRP的表达。其中初发AL29例，复发13例。按FAB分类：其中急性淋巴细胞白血病（acute lymphocytic leukemia ALL）10例，急性髓细胞白血病（acute mylogenous leukemia AML）31例。结果 初发AL患者NRP的表达阳性率（17．2％）与复发患者（46．2％）有差异。骨髓涂片中MRP表达阳性患者化疗缓解率54．5％低于NRP表达阴性患者95％，具有统计学差异。结论AL患者骨髓涂片中MRP的检测是判断疗效的一个简便可行的方法，对其疗效有其一定影响关系。     

急性白血病患者P-gp、mdr1、MRP和Topo Ⅱ表达及其与预后关系的研究

目的 探讨P糖蛋白（P－gp)、mdr1、MRP和TopoⅡ是否为急性白血（AL）临床耐药的预后因素。方法 用单抗UIC2标记,流式细胞术测定45例AL患者的P－gp;用RT－PCR方法检测其mdr1、MRP和TopoⅡ的表达。结果 耐药组P－gp、mdr1、MRP阳性率均高于敏感组,P值均＜0．01,而TopoⅡ耐药组表达阳性率较敏感组降低,但差异无统计学意义。经单因素逻辑回归分析,P－gp、mdr、MRP、TopoⅡ和年龄与临床耐药性显著相关;性别、发病时白细胞计数、FAB亚型和骨髓原始＋（早）幼稚细胞比例与耐药性无关。采用多因素逻辑回归分析经以上变量校正后显示P－gp、mdr1、MRP、TopoⅡ和年龄仍与耐药性显著相关：P－gp RR=14.87,P=0.003;mdr1 RR=19.98,P=0.003;MRP RR=16.53,P=0.006;TopoⅡRR=0.23,P=0.046;年龄RR＝10．87,P＝0．013。将36例初发AL患者单独分析,结果发现P－gp、mdr1和MRP亦可完全缓解密切相关。经直线相关分析发现所有病例组和临床耐药组P－gp和mdr1,P-gp和MRP,mdr1和MRP具有相关性（P＜0．001）。结论 P－gp、mdr1、MRP和TopoⅡ是AL临床耐药的独立预后因素。mdr1和MRP具有相关性。     

肿瘤相关基因fgfr3mRNA在白血病细胞中的表达及其临床意义

本研究旨在了解白血病细胞中fgfr3基因的表达水平及其和临床的关系。应用RT—PCR法检测4个白血病细胞系及96例白血病患者和14例对照者骨髓样本中fgfr3mRNA的表达，并分析了其与临床指标及染色体异常的相关性。96例白血病患者包括36例AML，29例ALL和31例CML。结果表明：fgfr3基因在K562和U937细胞中有表达，而在HL-60和SHI-1细胞中无表达。AL组和CML组fgfr3基因的阳性率（分别为46．15％和51．61％）与对照组相比，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。AML组和ALL组fgfr3基因的阳性率（分别为44．44％和48．28％）均高于对照水平，差异有统计学意义（p〈0．05）。fgfr3基因的阳性表达与外周血高白细胞计数（≥20×10^9／L）呈显著性正相关（P〈0．05）。ALL患者中fgfr3基因的表达与bcr／abl融合基因的异常呈显著正相关（r=0．151，P〈0．05）。而AL患者fgfr3基因的阳性表达与染色体预后分组无显著相关性。结论：AL和CML患者均存在fgfr3基因的过表达，提示fgfr3基因可能参与了AL和CML的发病。     

白血病患者可溶性耐药相关钙结合蛋白基因的表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨白血病患者可溶性耐药相关钙结合蛋白（Sorcin)基因的表达及其与临床耐药和疗效的关系。方法：应用半定量RT－PCR检测95例急性白血病患者、27例非白血病患者和健康人的Sorcin基因表达水平，并分析了Sorcin基因表达的临床意义。结果：白血病患者Sorcin基因表达高于对照组，差异有显著性（P＜0．001）；急性髓系白血病（AML）复发难治组高于初诊组和完全缓解（CR）组；临床耐药组Sorcin基因表达显著高于非临床耐药性（P＜0．001）；Sorcin基因阳性表达的CR率为20．0％，Sorcin基因阴性表达的CR率为80．0％，差异有显著性（P＜0．001）；AML各亚型Sorcin基因过度表达存在差异，以M5的阳性表达率最高。结论：Sorcin基因过度表达与白血病患者临床耐药密切相关，是影响预后的重要因素，可作为检测临床耐药和判断预后的指标之一。     

急性白血病细胞的乳腺癌耐药蛋白基因表达与化疗耐药的关系

为了探讨急性白血病 (AL)患者乳腺癌耐药蛋白 (BCRP)基因表达与化疗耐药及预后的关系 ,本研究应用半定量逆转录 -聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)的方法 ,以 β2 微球蛋白 (β2 MG)作阳性对照 ,检测了 72例AL患者的白血病细胞及 15名正常对照者白细胞的BCRPmRNA的表达 ,将BCRP/ β2 MG≥ 0 .5定为BCRP基因表达阳性。结果显示 :初治组BCRP基因表达的阳性率为 37.6 % ,BCRP基因表达阳性与BCRP基因表达阴性患者的首次完全缓解 (CR1)率分别为 31.6 %和 79.3% (P =0 .0 0 1) ;临床耐药组 (NR组 )与化疗敏感组 (CR组 )BCRP基因的表达水平分别为 0 .96 2± 0 .4 2 6和 0 .315± 0 .2 96 (P =0 .0 0 0 1) ;复发 /难治组BCRP基因表达水平显著高于初治组 (P =0 0 0 2 5 ) ;正常对照组及长期生存组BCRP基因表达的水平较低 ;BCRP基因表达与FAB分型有关。结论 :BCRPmRNA过度表达可导致临床化疗耐药 ,是AL患者 (除M3 外 )预后的重要不利因素。     

Lyn激酶在伊马替尼耐药的慢性髓系白血病中的作用

本研究探讨Lyn激酶在伊马替尼耐药的慢性髓系性白血病（CML）中的作用。76例CML患者分为初治组、伊马替尼耐药组和伊马替尼治疗有效组,用Western blot方法检测CML患者骨髓单个核细胞中Lyn蛋白的表达水平,比较各组患者Lyn的表达差异,分析Lyn与I临床特征、BCR／ABL融合基因和染色体的关系。结果表明,76例CML均表达Lyn;伊马替尼耐药组Lyn表达明显高于正常对照组、初治组及伊马替尼治疗有效组（P〈0．05）,初治组和伊马替尼治疗有效组的Lyn表达水平与正常对照组无明显差别（P〉0．05）。Lyn表达水平与性别、年龄、平均血红蛋白水平、平均血小板计数、外周血幼稚细胞比例和脾脏大小无明显相关（P〉0．05）,但与初诊时外周血白细胞计数增高相关（P〈0．05）。Lyn表达与BCR／ABL融合基因定量无明显相关性（P〉0．05）;10例伊马替尼耐药的CML中,1例患者存在t（6;22）和t（2;9）改变,与Ph染色体共存,其余9例患者仅存在Ph染色体改变。结论：CML患者和正常人骨髓细胞均表达Lyn,Lyn在伊马替尼耐药的CML中表达明显增高,Lyn高表达与CML患者初诊时白细胞计数明显增高相关。     

急性白血病PTEN mRNA表达和Akt磷酸化水平的相关性研究

目的了解急性白血病（AL）PTENmRNA表达和Akt磷酸化（p-Akt）水平的关系，以期探讨急性白血病发生发展的机制。方法采用逆转录（1it）-PCR法检测白血病细胞系K562、Jurkat、HL-60及21名健康对照者和68例AL患者PTENmRNA表达情况。同时用流式细胞术检测K562、Jurkat、HL-60细胞和AL患者p-Akt水平。结果（1）21名健康对照者PTENmRNA阳性18名，占85．70％。K562细胞PTENmRNA阳性，Jurkat、HL-60细胞阴性。68例AL中PTENmRNA阳性18例，占26．47％，与健康对照者比较差异有统计学意义（Х^2=23．38，P〈0．01）；31例AL缓解患者PTENmRNA阳性21例，与AL初诊组比较差异有统计学意义（Х^2=15．19，P均〈0．01）。AL各亚型PTEN阳性率比较差异无统计学意义。（2）21名健康对照者p-Akt中位数1．57％。K562、Jurkat细胞p-Akt高表达，HL-60细胞低表达。68例AL患者p-Akt中位数25．47％，与健康对照者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（3）AL患者FYENmRNA表达缺失率与p-Akt阳性率呈显著正相关（Х^2=0．73，P〈0．01）。结论AL患者PTENmRNA表达缺失是导致p-Akt高表达的关键因素之一，可能和急性白血病的发生发展有关。     

成人急性白血病患者细胞周期蛋白A基因表达与耐药的关系

目的 探讨细胞周期蛋白A（cyclin A)基因在成人急性白血病（AL）患者中的表达以及与耐药的关系。方法 采用半定量RT－PCR技术对32例多药耐药和32例化疗敏感的AL患者和20名正常人进行细胞周期蛋白A、mdr1、TopoⅡα、bcl-2 mRNA水平的测定。结果 耐药组患者细胞周期蛋白A及TopoⅡα mRNA的表达水平均明显低于敏感组患者（P＜0．01），20名正常人在同一实验条件下未检出细胞周期蛋白A mRNA的表达；耐药组患者mdrl及bcl-2 mRNA表达水平均明显高于敏感组（P＜0．01）；64例AL患者中，细胞周期蛋白A与TopoⅡα表达水平呈高度的正相关（r=0.794,P=0.000)；细胞周期蛋白A与TopoⅡα同时阳性低表达的10例AL患者全部耐药；经Binary逻辑回归分析显示细胞周期蛋白A与耐药显著相关。结论 细胞周期蛋白A可能会成为判断AL患者预后的新指标，联合TopoⅡα检测对判断AL耐药有意义。     

急性白血病患者SHP-1与c-kit基因表达及其临床意义

为了探讨造血细胞磷酸酶（SHP—1）基因和原癌基因c—kit在急性白血病（AL）患者中的表达及其与AL的发生及预后的关系，应用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）方法检测60例急性白血病患者及33名正常对照者单个核细胞的SHP-1、c-kit mRNA的表达。结果 显示：SHP—1在AML细胞中表达阳性率由高至低依次为缓解组、初治组、复发组，c—kit表达阳性率则相反，各组与正常对照组相比有显著性差异（P〈0.05），SHP-1在AML细胞中表达阳性率比ALL细胞高，有显著性差异（P〈0.05），c—kit在AML细胞中表达阳性率比ALL细胞中高，有显著性差异（P〈0.05）；SHP-1与c-kit表达成负相关（r=-0．502，P〈0．05）；30例初治AML患者SHP-1^＋与SHP-1^-的完全缓解率均有显著性差异（P〈0.05），c—kit^＋与c—kit^-的完全缓解率均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：SHP—1可能是一个潜在的抑癌基因，它负性调节c-kit基因而抑制肿瘤的发生，同时监测二者的表达可作为判断AL治疗转归的预测指标。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.