广东新会地区公共环境冷却塔水系军团菌污染状况调查

目的查明广东新会地区公共环境冷却塔水系军团菌分布状况,为预防和控制军团菌病暴发流行提供依据。方法自2004-2006年8～10月,在新会区各大宾馆、饭店、学校、医院和公共娱乐场所共采集中央空调冷却塔水样112份,进行军团菌分离培养和PCR快速鉴定。结果在新会区采集的112份公共环境中央空调冷却塔水样中分离培养检出嗜肺军团菌26株,检出率23.2%;PCR直接检测嗜肺军团菌(LP-DNA)阳性57份,阳性率50.9%。结论在广东新会地区环境水源中嗜肺军团菌污染具有普遍性,PCR检测嗜肺军团菌是一种快速、敏感、特异性良好的检测法。     

中央空调系统嗜肺军团菌传统细菌培养与荧光PCR结果比较

目的中央空调系统嗜肺军团菌传统细菌培养与TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测结果比较。方法对9家商场、宾馆、医院、办公楼公共场所中央空调系统的冷却塔水、生物膜、淤泥三环节样本进行军团菌检测,用传统细菌分离培养法分离鉴定,并用TaqMan荧光定量PCR法加以验证。结果本次对9家单位的水冷式中央空调系统三环节采样18份,其中传统细菌培养法检出4份军团菌,检出率为22.2%;冷却塔水、生物膜、淤泥检出率分别为22.2%、25.0%、20.0%。用荧光PCR法检出9份,检出率为50.0%;冷却塔水、生物膜、淤泥检出率分别为44.4%、50.0%、60.0%。结论金华市中央空调系统中存在嗜肺军团菌,荧光PCR检出率高于传统细菌培养法。     

传统细菌培养法与荧光PCR法分离公共场所嗜肺军团菌结果比较

目的：对公共场所环境样本（水、土壤、气溶胶）进行嗜肺军团菌监测,掌握南京市公共场所中军团菌的污染情况和菌型分布。方法：对12家商场、医院中央空调系统采集水样（冷却水、景观水、淋浴水、自来水）,土壤类样品（背景土、花卉土、风管积尘、景观土）,采用传统细菌培养法及荧光PCR法进行嗜肺军团菌的分离鉴定。结果：12家单位共采样234份（水样88份、土壤146份）,传统细菌培养法检出嗜肺军团菌9份（主要类型为Lp1型）,检出率为3.85%;而实时荧光PCR法检出47份阳性（主要类型为Lp1型）,检出率为20.08%。两者检出阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：南京市公共场所存在嗜肺军团菌污染,荧光PCR法总检出率明显高于传统细菌培养法,荧光PCR方法较培养法灵敏性较好。     

2009—2010年广东国境口岸军团菌检测结果及分析

目的对广东地区国境口岸中央空调冷凝水进行军团菌检测,调查军团菌各血清型在口岸的分布规律。方法通过对2009—2010年广东地区国境口岸中央空调冷凝水的采集、处理,利用分离培养、乳胶凝集试验、血清学分型等方法对样本进行军团菌的检测及血清学分型,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果 2009年共检测口岸中央空调水样16批,检测样本42份,从中检出军团菌12例,阳性率为28.56%,其中嗜肺军团菌11例;2010年1-8月检测样本10批,从48份样本中检出军团菌21例,阳性率为43.75%,全部为嗜肺军团菌。结论 2010年度军团菌检出率明显高于2009年,阳性样本中嗜肺军团菌L1型占比率较大。     

荧光定量PCR在军团菌监测中的应用

目的发展一种敏感、快速、特异的检测军团菌的方法,并与运用常规的细菌培养方法所检测结果相比较。方法分别用传统的细菌培养法和以鉴定嗜肺军团菌种水平的mip设计引物的荧光定量PCR方法对68份公共场所中央空调的冷却塔水、客房热水、冷凝水进行检测,通过检测结果比较,评价该方法在实际工作中的应用。结果传统的细菌分离培养共有20份军团菌培养阳性,阳性检出率为29.4%,而以Mip基因为引物,对68份浓缩后的水样进行荧光定量PCR扩增共检出32份为嗜肺军团菌阳性,阳性检出率为47.1%,且细菌分离培养阳性的标本荧光定量PCR均阳性。结论荧光定量PCR法检测阳性率明显高于细菌培养法,且快速、敏感、特异;值得在疾病监测筛查检验中推广应用。     

漳州市2014年部分酒店/宾馆中央空调冷却塔/冷凝水嗜肺军团菌污染调查

目的调查2014年漳州市部分酒店(宾馆)中央空调冷却塔水及冷凝水嗜肺军团菌污染情况,为防控军团菌病提供依据。方法采集2014年漳州市15家三星级及以上酒店(宾馆)中央空调冷却塔水及冷凝水27份,进行军团菌分离培养及鉴定。结果 15家酒店(宾馆)中央空调嗜肺军团菌污染率60.0%,27份样品检出率33.3%,其中冷却塔水检出率66.7%,冷凝水检出率6.7%。共检出嗜肺军团菌12株,血清型多为LP1型(41.6%)。结论漳州市酒店(宾馆)中央空调冷却塔水及冷凝水嗜肺军团菌污染情况较严重,需加强监测,预防军团菌病发生。     

环境水中嗜肺军团菌分离培养与巢式PCR检测研究

] 目的应用分离培养法与巢式聚合酶链反应法(PCR)检测深圳环境水中军团菌最新污染状况.方法 于2012年9月-2012年11月采集商场、宾馆和综合性医院三类场所的中央空调冷却水、淋浴水、自来水、景观水,分别用传统分离培养法与巢式聚合酶链反应法(PCR)检测嗜肺军团菌。结果本次共检测环境水样171份,其中传统分离培养法检出64份嗜肺军团菌,巢式聚合酶链反应法(PCR)检出130份嗜肺军团菌,水样的阳性率分别为37.4%和76%;结论 深圳多种水源存在军团菌污染;巢式聚合酶链反应法(PCR)检出率高于传统分离培养法。     

广东新会环境水源军团菌分布类型研究

目的对广东新会公共环境水源中军团菌进行分离培养及种属鉴定，了解其分布状况，为军团菌病的预防控制提供依据。方法2007年8月在广东新会两个天然湖泊及6家宾馆的内湖和空调冷凝塔中共采集水样23份，作军团菌分离培养，用生化试验和PCR等方法进行初步鉴定，最后根据16srRNA和mip基因测序，最终确定菌种。结果23份水样中检出军团菌20份，检出率高达86．9％；检出军团菌30株，其中嗜肺军团菌21株，非嗜肺军团菌9株，包括戈尔曼军团菌5株，菲氏军团菌2株，长滩军团菌2株；同时发现同一水样中有多种军团菌共存现象。结论在广东矫会环境水源中军团菌普遍存在，且有多种军团菌共存状况，应引起相关部门的重视．以防军团病的暴发流行。     

2012年漳州市部分公共场所中央空调冷却水军团菌污染情况调查

目的了解漳州市公共场所中央空调冷却水军团菌污染情况,为防制提供依据。方法于2012年对漳州市12家公共场所中央空调系统冷却塔水48份样品进行军团菌培养及鉴定。结果采集12家空调冷却塔水48份标本中,检出军团菌5株,阳性率占10.42%。其中,嗜肺军团菌1株,阳性率占2.08%;非嗜肺军团菌4株,阳性率占8.33%。结论漳州市公共场所中央空调系统军团菌污染情况值得关注,需加强监测,督促定期消毒和清洗,以预防军团菌病发生。     

嗜肺军团菌荧光定量PCR法的建立和初步应用

目的建立嗜肺军团菌特异、快速检测方法,探讨南京地区公共场所环境水样嗜肺军团菌污染状况。方法根据嗜肺军团菌的mip基因保守序列设计引物和探针,通过对嗜肺军团菌标准株ATCC33152、嗜肺军团菌南京分离株及大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、鼠伤寒沙门菌ATCC14028、福氏2a志贺菌ATCC12022进行检测,验证该方法的特异性。并应用该法对南京地区某商场、宾馆、办公楼、医院共计13家的中央空调系统的冷却水、淋浴水和景观水共计88份环境水样进行了PCR检测及军团菌的分离培养。结果该法对嗜肺军团菌有特异性扩增曲线,而对其他细菌无阳性扩增曲线。88份水样中荧光定量PCR方法检测出28份阳性,阳性率为31.8%;传统培养方法分离出17株军团菌,分离率为19.3%。结论本文建立的荧光定量PCR检测方法具有良好的特异性,可用于环境水中军团菌污染状况调查。南京地区中央空调冷却水中检出率最高,存在发生军团菌病的可能,应引起足够重视。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.