腭帆间隙解剖学研究与腭咽成形术

目的 研究软腭解剖学,探讨腭咽成形术中病变组织的切除及正常结构的保护,指导手术方式的改良。方法 测量阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apneahypopnea syndrome,OSAHS) 患者软腭解剖参数71例,非OSAHS成人软腭解剖参数30例;于手术中解剖OSAHS患者部分软腭组织71例,观察OSAHS患者软腭的形态学变化、脂肪及肌肉的分布;取尸体软腭标本6例,行轴位及矢状位连续切片观察。结果 OSAHS患者软腭较正常人明显增长,是形成气道狭窄的重要解剖学基础;软腭粘膜于游离缘折返处、悬雍垂肌与腭帆张肌及腭帆提肌交界处粘膜下组织疏松,是OSAHS患者脂肪沉积的主要部位,有重要的临床意义,将其命名为腭帆间隙。结论 腭帆间隙因OSAHS患者脂肪沉积而扩大,该间隙脂肪组织切除不仅可缩短软腭、扩大咽腔,同时可提高软腭张力,并对软腭功能无明显影响。     

腭咽成形术中保留悬雍垂的意义

目的　改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ,UPPP)手术方法 ,探讨术中保留悬雍垂的意义 ,提高UPPP手术疗效、减少术后并发症。方法　治疗睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者 30例。①在主观症状改善的基础上 ,应用多导睡眠图分析及咽腔解剖参数测量等项指标 ,术后随访 6个月以上 ,对术前术后所获资料进行统计学分析。②手术改进特点 :力求维持咽腔正常生理解剖形态 ,完整保留悬雍垂 ,解剖切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织 ,扩大软腭成形范围 ,平均软腭切除最高点在悬雍垂根部两侧上 1 9cm。结果　主观症状明显改善者占 87 0 % ,以AHI下降 >5 0 %为判定标准 ,有效率为5 3 3 % ,对轻、中度患者 (AHI<5 0 )有效率达 73 3 % ,无 1例出现腭咽关闭不全、咽腔瘢痕狭窄、误咽等并发症。术后咽腔解剖测量 :完整保留的悬雍垂术后 2周左右开始回缩 ,3～ 6个月接近并达到正常水平。结论　此术式可有效扩大咽腔 ,避免腭咽关闭不全等并发症 ,提高UPPP手术疗效 ;完整保留的悬雍垂依靠术后悬雍垂肌、腭帆提肌、腭帆张肌的运动及两侧软腭愈合引起的向上向外的牵拉作用 ,可以逐步回缩至正常生理水平     

腭帆间隙解剖学研究与腭咽成形术

目的研究软腭解剖学，探讨腭咽成形术中病变组织的切除及正常结构的保护，指导手术方式的改良。方法测量阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS)患者软腭解剖参数71例，非OSAHS成人软腭解剖参数30例；于手术中解剖OSAHS患者部分软腭组织71例，观察OSAHS患者软腭的形态学变化、脂肪及肌肉的分布；取尸体软腭标本6例，行轴位及矢状位连续切片观察。结果OSAHS患者软腭较正常人明显增长，是形成气道狭窄的重要解剖学基础；软腭粘膜于游离缘折返处、悬雍垂肌与腭帆张肌及腭帆提肌交界处粘膜下组织疏松，是OSAHS患者脂肪沉积的主要部位，有重要的临床意义，将其命名为腭帆间隙。结论腭帆间隙因OSAHS患者脂肪沉积而扩大，该间隙脂肪组织切除不仅可缩短软腭、扩大咽腔，同时可提高软腭张力，并对软腭功能无明显影响。     

悬雍垂-软腭折叠成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的　改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成型术 (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ,UPPP)的手术方法 ,提高治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (obstructivesleepapnea hypopneasyndrome ,OSAHS)的治疗效果 ,减少术后并发症。方法　用新改进的术式治疗OSAHS患者 3 6例 ,轻度 8例 ,中度 2 1例 ,重度 7例。在常规UPPP手术基础上完整保留悬雍垂及腭肌 ,切除软腭口咽面下段 1/ 3～ 1/ 2的黏膜及黏膜下部分脂肪组织 ,再将软腭自游离缘向上折叠并与上切缘缝合 ,形成新软腭。保留软腭的活动与功能。结果　 3 1例 ( 86 1% )诉睡眠时鼾声、白天嗜睡和晨起头痛等症状明显改善。术后 6个月复查 ,3 0例( 83 3 3 % )低通气指数下降超过 5 0 % ,19例 <5次 /h ,9例≤ 2 0次 /h ,6例≤ 40次 /h。没有出现术后出血、开放性鼻音、长期饮食返流、鼻咽腔瘢痕性狭窄等并发症。结论　此改进术式在有效扩大咽腔 ,尤其是软腭后间隙的基础上 ,避免了腭咽关闭不全、饮食返流、鼻咽腔瘢痕性狭窄等并发症 ,疗效良好     

改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术疗效的临床观察

目的:改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP) 的手术方法，探讨保留悬雍垂的可行性和必要性。方法：全身麻醉下行保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术，术中完整保留悬雍垂，切除腭帆间隙脂肪，提高软腭最高切点均在2.5?cm 以上。结果：完整保留的悬雍垂术后2周开始回缩，3个月后咽腔接近年轻状态，无腭咽关闭不全及再狭窄。主观问卷调查和PSG客观检测有效率为100%。结论：保留悬雍垂可提高软腭最高切点开大咽腔，扩大软腭鼻咽面和咽后壁间距并防止腭咽关闭不全，可明显提高UPPP手术疗效。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术中咽侧壁的成形

目的:探讨悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)中咽侧壁的成形方法。方法:治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)23例,采用以下方法处理咽侧壁:①保留腭舌弓。②松解腭咽弓与软腭交界处,将软腭游离缘的两端向前移位。③腭咽弓缘固定于扁桃体窝外侧壁,使腭咽弓黏膜面构成口咽腔光滑的外侧壁。观察手术的近、远期效果。结果:患者术后局部反应较轻,腭咽形态保持较好,随访1～5年,疗效满意。结论:咽侧壁的处理与成形是UPPP中的一个重要环节,重视对其处理可提高UPPP的疗效。     

腭咽成形术中保留悬雍垂的意义

目的 改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成形术（ＵＰＰＰ）手术方法，探讨术中保留悬雍垂的意义，提高ＵＰＰＰ手术疗效、减少术后并发症。方法 治疗睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者３０例。①在主观症状改善的基础上，应用多导睡眠图分析及咽腔解剖参数测量等项指标，术后随访６个月以上，对术前术后所获资料进行统计学分析。②手术改进特点：力求维持咽腔正常生理解剖形态，完整保留悬雍垂，解剖切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织，扩大软腭成形范围，平均软腭切除     

全长保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术后口咽腔解剖径线变化观察

目的:探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)行全长保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术后远期的口咽腔解剖径线的变化。方法:对31例行全长保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术后的OSAHS患者进行随访,并且根据其手术前后口咽腔测量结果进行比较分析,包括:悬雍垂长、悬雍垂基底宽、腭舌弓间距和腭咽弓间距、软腭长度、悬雍垂至咽后壁的间距,此外还有颈围和体质指数。结果:OSAHS患者术后与术前相比较,悬雍垂的长与悬雍垂的基底宽、两侧腭弓(腭咽弓或腭舌弓)间距、软腭的长度、悬雍垂至咽后壁的距离均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),而颈围及体质指数均差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:全长保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术是解决上气道狭窄,尤其是口咽部狭窄的有效手术方法,可以扩大患者口咽部左右径达到健康人水平。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者腭咽肌组织病理学观察

目的 探讨腭咽肌的组织病理学变化在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apneahypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)发病中的作用.方法 取OSAHS腭咽肌组织21例,以无OSAHS的尸检腭咽肌组织2例作对照,进行HE染色、Masson染色及免疫组化染色,观察其肌肉、血管、神经的组织病理学特点.10例腭咽部软组织进行透射电镜观察,研究腭咽肌肌纤维、血管神经的超微结构下组织病理学变化变化特点,分析它们之间的关系及其在OSAHS形成中的作用.结果 HE染色可见21例腭咽肌组织中肌纤维全部都有不同程度的变性.免疫组化染色见肌纤维Myosin表达减少.透射电镜下见10例肌膜下及肌纤维间的线粒体均有不同程度的肿胀变性,8例有不同程度的肌纤维溶解、肌浆管扩张.4例Z带排列不规则呈锯齿状排列,有2例Z线及H带消失,肌节结构消失,肌原纤维排列紊乱,呈线团状,肌丝溶解,其周围有变性的线粒体,细胞核固缩,胞浆内糖原稀少.对照组结构正常.结论腭咽部扩大肌是腭咽部软组织起支架作用和调节维持气道的重要成分,腭咽部扩大肌的病理性结构改变,是引起OSAHS的主要因素之一.     

保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术临床应用初探

目的 改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成形术手术方法，探讨保留悬雍垂的可行性和必要性。方法 经多导睡眠监测确诊为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征60例，全身麻醉下行保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术，术中完整保留悬雍垂，切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织，扩大软腭成形范围。结果 主观症状明显改善，术后8d，睡眠状态下心电监护仪血氧饱和度监测，平卧≥87%，侧卧≥90%。完整保留的悬雍垂术后2周开始回缩，2-3个月接近或达到正常水平，保留了咽腔基本形态结构，有效防止腭咽关闭不全的发生。6个月后随访采用多导睡眠监测，以睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数下降50T为判断标准，有效率达83%（50/60）。结论 腭咽成形术中保留悬雍垂是可行和必要的。     

Muscle spindles in the velopharyngeal musculature of humans

Seven muscles in the velopharyngeal region of humans were studied histologically to determine the presence of muscle spindles. Typical spindles were found in palatoglossus and tensor veli palatini with a greater number in the latter. Spindles were not found in levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, musculus uvulae, salpingopharyngeus, or the superior pharyngeal constrictor.     

软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融配合咽黏膜减张缝合治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融配合咽黏膜减张缝合治疗中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的有效性。方法 38 例中度及42例重度OSAHS患者行软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融,将咽腭弓折返减张半荷包式缝合于扁桃体窝内,术前及术后6个月行睡眠监测、爱泼沃斯嗜睡量表(ESS)调查及咽腔测量。结果 80例患者均在术后6个月嗜睡状况改善,咽腔前后径、左右径扩大;睡眠结构得到明显改善。结论 咽黏膜减张缝合有效避免了咽腭弓术后撕裂、咽部黏膜重新松弛塌陷;软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融配合是治疗OSAHS的有效方法之一。     

Snoring: physiopathology, surgical treatment and a modified uvulo-palato-pharyngoplasty

Sleep apnea, now recognized as a specific clinicopathological entity, had received little attention until late 1960 when described by Gastaud. Since that time, following the works of Ikematsu, Guillemineault and Fujita, there has been rapid extension in the knowledge and understanding of sleep problems and associated surgery. Snoring, whether part of the sleep apnea syndrome or alone, may be explained with the help of an aerodynamic model comparing the pharynx to a Starling resistance. The factors nasal obstruction, abnormal mass in the upper respiratory airways and transmural resistance are discussed in the light of this model. To modify some of the above factors, surgical techniques have been described. We feel these conventional techniques do not take into account the normal healing process of inverted double C scars. We have modified the classic technique by sectioning the palatopharyngeus muscle and used Z-plasty to close the surgical defect. This is followed by a limited resection of the soft palate. As a consequence, the soft palate is being brought forward in the healing process and the oropharynx AP diameter is enlarged. This minimal type of resection of the soft palate precludes complications of velopharyngeal incompetency or relative pharyngeal stenosis. We have studied 200 snorers and operated on 90 of them, 25 according to the standard technique and 65 with the modified technique. The modified technique, while limiting the amount of palate to be removed and also the morbidity, is easy to standardize and offers as good results with fewer risks.     

悬雍垂—软腭折叠成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of the modified (Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, UPPP) where uvula is reserved completely and the soft palate is folded in the operation. METHODS: 36 patients with the obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) (30 men, 6 women) underwent operation. The uvula and the muscles of the soft palate were reserved completely, and the soft palate was folded during the operation. RESULTS: 31 patients (86.1%) reported improvement of snoring and daytime somnolence. 30 patients (83.33%) showed a decrease of at least 50% in the apnea and hypopnea indices (AHI). No velopalatal insufficiency occurred. CONCLUSION: The modified UPPP not only enlarges pharyngeal cavity, but also avoids the postoperative complications. The modified UPPP could be better than the traditional operation.     

Limited palatal muscle resection with tonsillectomy: A novel palatopharyngoplasty technique for obstructive sleep apnea

Objective

The ideal palatal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and snoring must maintain the airway patency and correct anatomic abnormalities without complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of limited palatal muscle resection (LPMR) to improve OSA severity.

Subjects and methods

Twenty-three patients with OSA underwent LPMR. The LPMR was initiated with a bilateral tonsillectomy in patients with tonsil size 2 and 3. The LPMR consisted of partial resection of palatal muscles (levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and musculus uvulae) with preservation of the uvula and a simple double layer suturing. The retropalatal space and the length of soft palate were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Subjective outcomes using visual analog scales, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and overnight polysomnography (PSG) data were assessed.

Results

Six months after the operation, there was significant symptomatic improvement in snoring, morning headaches, tiredness, and daytime sleepiness. Postoperative magnetic resonance images showed upward and forward movement of uvula and soft palate after LPMR. The length of the soft palate was significantly shortened and the retropalatal space was significantly increased. Postoperative PSG revealed significant improvement in apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and the total sleep time spent with oxygen saturation below 90%, and reduction in AHI following PMR was found in all patients. Furthermore, no patient experienced velopharyngeal insufficiency, voice changes, and pharyngeal dryness at 6 months follow-up.

Conclusions

The LPMR obtained significant improvement in subjective and objective outcomes in OSA, with preserved pharyngeal function. PMR is an effective and safe technique to treat oropharyngeal obstruction in OSA surgery.     

咽腔扩大成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(附49例报告)

目的：为了治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ），将腭咽成形术加以改良，共行４９例手术。方法：摘除扁桃体，将腭舌弓大部分切除，保留腭咽弓，并将腭咽弓上端向外上４５°剪开，将其向外牵拉缝合；软腭前面较后面多切除约０．６ｃｍ，将后面粘膜向前上牵拉缝合，以扩大咽腔。对舌扁桃体肥大者，彻底切除三角皱襞，将舌根两侧分别向前外牵拉缝合，固定到前创缘。结果：术后咽横截面积由术前的１０３．９４±１５．４１ｍｍ２增加到３５６．２１±１６．４６ｍｍ２。呼吸暂停消失者３２例、减轻１５例，总有效率为９５．９％。结论：改良的腭咽成形术较传统的手术效果为好，尤其对舌扁桃体肥大者也有效。但其适应证仍不包括因各种鼻疾、颌部畸形等所致阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征。     

Primary oropharyngeal tuberculosis causing destruction of uvula—A rare presentation

Despite the contact of pulmonary secretions and the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract with a high bacillary load, tuberculosis of the head and neck area, excluding laryngeal forms, is exceptional and constitutes only 2–6% of extra pulmonary tuberculosis and 0.1–1% of all forms of tuberculosis. Oral cavity tuberculosis is uncommon, out of which primary pharyngeal tuberculosis is extremely rare. We present a case of an ulcerative lesion in a 7-year-old female subsequently proven to be primary oropharyngeal tuberculosis. There was an erosion of uvula and posterior soft palate. There was also an ulcerated area on adjacent area of left tonsillar fossa with slough over posterior pharyngeal wall.     

Velopharyngeal function after two different types of pharyngoplasty

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate velopharyngeal function after two different types of pharyngoplasty: pharyngeal flap (PF) and sphincter pharyngoplasty (SP). DESIGN: Two groups of patients operated on with pharyngeal flaps or sphincter pharyngoplasty were studied prospectively. SETTING: The study was carried out at the cleft palate clinic of the Hospital Gea Gonzalez in Mexico City. PATIENTS: Fifty-eight cleft palate patients were studied. All patients had undergone palatal repair and showed residual velopharyngeal insufficiency. Twenty-five patients were operated on using a pharyngeal flap. Twenty-three patients were operated on using a sphincter pharyngoplasty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pharyngeal muscle function was evaluated using selective electromyography (EMG) and simultaneous videonasopharyngoscopy (VNP). The superior constrictor muscle was approached directly. The levator veli palatini was included in the central pharyngeal flap. The palatopharyngeus were included in the lateral and superiorly-based surgical flaps inserted on the posterior pharyngeal wall. All patients showed a complete velopharyngeal closure after surgery. RESULTS: None of the patients showed muscle activity on the central pharyngeal flaps. None of the patients showed muscle activity on the lateral flaps of the sphincter pharyngoplasties. All the patients showed strong muscle activity of the superior constrictor. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that lateral pharyngeal flaps in cases of sphincter pharyngoplasty and the central pharyngeal flap in cases of pharyngeal flap, show absence of intrinsic activity during speech. The participation of these structures when velopharyngeal closure occurs during speech is rather passive. These flaps, central or lateral, increase tissue volume on specific areas; their movements are produced by the underlying superior constrictor.     

Combination of velopharyngoplasty and transposition flap of buccal mucosa for primary reconstruction of the soft palate]

Reconstruction of the soft palate after tumor surgery can present a challenge in closing the defect created and achieving a sufficient functional result. We present a new technique for primary reconstruction after partial or total resections of the soft palate. The method is based on the combination of a cranially pedicled pharyngeal mucosa muscle flap with an oral mucosal transposition flap. If partial resection of the lateral pharyngeal wall is also required, the method can be combined with a masseter crossover flap. Our present experience has shown that the surgical technique used will result in an uncomplicated and rapid primary two-layer reconstruction of the soft palate with a comparatively low postoperative complication rate and satisfactory functional results in speaking and swallowing.