心率减速力及 QT 离散度对慢性心力衰竭患者心源性猝死的预测价值

目的：探讨心率减速力（deceleration capacity,DC）及 QT 离散度（QT dispersion,QTd）对慢性心力衰竭（chronic heart failure,CHF）患者心源性猝死的预测价值。方法随机选择慢性心力衰竭患者100例（心衰组）,随访一年,根据有无室性心律失常分为室性心律失常组（43例）和非室性心律失常组（57例）;根据有无心源性猝死分为猝死组（18例）和生存组（82例）。同期100例在本院体检健康者作为对照组。测定各组患者早期 DC 值和 QTd 值,进行统计分析。结果心衰组、室性心律失常组及猝死组患者的 DC 和 QTd 值分别和对照组、非室性心律失常组及生存组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。慢性心力衰竭患者的 QTd 与 DC 呈负性相关。结论慢性心力衰竭患者的 DC 和 QTd 值与病情严重程度有关,可作为预测慢性心力衰竭患者发生心源性猝死的敏感指标。     

Prognostic value of iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging in patients with heart failure

Abnormalities of myocardial sympathetic nerve function were reported in congestive heart failure (CHF). To assess myocardial sympathetic nerve function, we obtained metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) images 15 min and 180 min after the injection of iodine-123 MIBG at a dose of 111 MBq and calculated the ratio of heart to mediastinum count (H/M) and the washout rates (WRs) in 59 consecutive patients with CHF and age-matched subjects without CHF (n=23). The plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide were measured. H/M ratio was significantly lower in the CHF group (1.8±0.9) than in the control group (2.6±0.4; P<0.01). WR was higher in the CHF group (38±4%) than in the control group (28±3%; P<0.01). H/M was inversely correlated with the plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (r=−0.46, P<0.05). Eighteen patients suffered cardiac events (two deaths, 16 hospitalizations) during a mean follow-up period of three years. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that a low H/M was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with CHF. These findings indicate that the H/M ratio on MIBG imaging is a useful predictor of mortality and morbidity in patients with CHF.     

Incidence and predictors of sudden cardiac death in patients with diastolic heart failure

Introduction: Although it is known that patients with diastolic heart failure are at an increased risk of death, their mode of death has not been clearly defined. We conducted this study to examine the incidence and predictors of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with isolated diastolic heart failure.
Methods and Results: Using the Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Disease, we identified patients with a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) and an ejection fraction of greater than 50% who were enrolled in the database from 1995 through 2004. Mode of death was adjudicated by two independent reviewers. Of the 1,941 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 548 (28%) died (40 were SCD). Using a Cox proportional hazards model, five variables were found to be independently associated with a significant increase in the risk of SCD. These variables include diabetes mellitus (P < 0.01), the presence of mild mitral regurgitation (P < 0.01), severity of CHF (P < 0.01), the occurrence of a myocardial infarction within 3 days prior to the date of the index cardiac catheterization (P = 0.01), and severity of coronary artery disease (P = 0.02).
Conclusions: SCD is not uncommon in patients with isolated diastolic heart failure. We identified some clinical variables that are associated with a significant increase in the risk of SCD and that may be used in the risk stratification of patients for SCD. Studies are needed to validate our findings.     

慢性心衰猝死患者QT离散度的变化

本文观察研究慢性心衰(观察组),和无心脏病病人(对照组)各60例的QT离散度。发现观察组的QT离散度较对照组大。而观察组中心衰猝死者(11例)的QT离散度明显大于观察组心衰存活组(30例)、心衰进展死亡组(19例)的QT离散度(P<0.001)。并发现心衰猝死组QT离散度的增大与心功能分级、电解质的血清浓度无相关性。慢性心衰猝死组QTd均值为96.81ms.提示QT离散度的明显增大,是慢性心衰发生猝死的一项具有警告性的重要标志。     

室性心律失常对老年心力衰竭患者预后的影响

目的　探讨室性心律失常对心力衰竭老年患者预后的影响。方法　 180例心力衰竭老年患者行 2 4h动态心电图检查 ,随访 3个月。观察猝死与各种室性心律失常的关系。结果　 16 9例(93 9% )患者有室性心律失常。 2 4h >10 0 0个室性早搏 (PVCs)者 6 9例 (38 3% ) ,多形PVCs 34例(18 9% ) ,成对PVCs 6 6例 (36 7% )。非持续性室性心动过速 81例 (45 0 % ) ,随访 3个月 7例发生猝死 ,无心动过速的患者猝死 1例。结论　非持续性室性心动过速是心力衰竭老年患者猝死的危险因素     

心脏再同步治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效

目的观察心脏再同步治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法36例慢性心力衰竭合并室内传导阻滞的患者行双心室再同步起搏治疗。全部患者均经冠状静脉窦植入左心室导线至心脏静脉。治疗后随访12个月,观察心功能,6min步行距离,QRS波宽度,心室间运动延迟,左心室收缩、舒张末内径,左心室射血分数,二尖瓣反流面积。结果31例治疗后心功能改善,有效率86．1％（31／36）。心功能从Ⅲ～Ⅳ级（纽约心脏协会心功能分级）改善为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级;6min步行距离从（362±153）m提高至（528_＋165）m,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;QRS波从（164．74±33．76）ms缩短至（129．45±42．27）ms,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;心室间运动延迟时间从（65．19±21．50）ms缩短至（33．25±13．62）ms,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;左心室舒张末内径从（66．52±10．23）mm缩小至（60．63±9．97）mm（P〈0．05）,左心室收缩末内径从（55．73±10．62）mm缩小至（47．45±11．35）mm,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;左心室射血分数从30．35％±4．69％提高至42．27％±8．40％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;二尖瓣反流面积从（7．52±3．62）cm2减少至（4．33±2．07）cm2,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论心脏再同步治疗是治疗慢性心力衰竭的有效方法,能使心脏活动再同步化,改善心功能。     

心脏再同步治疗在窄QRS波慢性心力衰竭患者的疗效观察

目的:观察窄QRS波慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者的双心室再同步治疗的临床疗效。方法:筛选16例窄QRS波CHF患者行双心室再同步治疗,所有病例均经冠状静脉窦植入左心室导线至心脏静脉,术后平均随访1～43个月,平均13个月,观察心功能、左心室射血分数、二尖瓣反流面积、左心室舒张末和收缩末内径等的变化。结果:16例患者治疗后心功能明显改善,有效率75%,心功能从Ⅲ～Ⅳ级(NYHA分级)改善为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级,左心室射血分数从(0.31±0.11)%提高至(0.38±0.10)%,P0.05,每搏输出量从(74±8)ml提高至(96±4)ml,P0.05,二尖瓣反流面积从(8±4)cm2减少至(6±3)cm2,P0.05,左心室舒张末内径、收缩末内径虽有缩小趋势但没有显著差异[(69±7)mmvs.(68±9)mm;(59±10)mmvs.(56±11)mm]。结论:双心室再同步治疗对某些窄QRS波CHF患者同样有效。     

心脏再同步化治疗慢性心衰的临床观察

目的观察心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者的临床疗效。方法选择2008年1月至2009年8月行CRT的患者32例,其中12例植入再同步心脏转复除颤器(CRT-D)。32例中30例为窦性心律,2例为房颤心律。随访21.5±6.2个月,观察患者NYHA心功能分级、QRS波时限、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、6分钟步行距离(6MWD)、因心功不全住院时间等。结果 32例植入CRT(D)患者中,有24例临床症状明显改善,心功分级降低,LVEF和6MWD增加,QRS波时限、LVEDD减少,因心功不全住院时间明显减少约24.5%(p<0.05)。8例患者心功能没有明显改善,但因心功不全住院时间减少约8.3%(p<0.05)。4例患者记录到室性心律失常事件(12.5%),2例室速经抗心动过速起搏(ATP)有效转复,2例患者因室颤而放电,均成功转复,CRT-D均能有效识别和转复。结论 CRT可明显改善CHF患者的心功能,提高生活质量,缓解临床症状,植入CRT-D可有效预防心源性猝死(SCD)。     

Prognostic significance of 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with dilative cardiomyopathy: a prospective study

We studied 33 patients with dilative cardiomyopathy to evaluate the predicting factors for sudden death occurring within one year. The information on each of the patients included history, physical examinations, two-dimensional echocardiograms, 24-h ambulatory electrocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization or autopsy. Patients were followed up for one year. Univariate analysis showed maximum number of premature ventricular complexes per hour (PVCs/h) (p = .0012), maximum beats per episode of ventricular tachycardia (VTmax) (p = .0012), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (p = .046) to be significant prognostic risk indicators of sudden death within one year. To select the best combination of factors that predict sudden death, multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed. By this method, only PVCs/h and VTmax were selected as the best combination. Probability of sudden cardiac death within 1 year = 1/(1 + exp[6.65-1.78 (log PVCs/h)-0.71 (VTmax)]). The equation showed 85.7% sensitivity and 69.2% specificity at a probability cutoff point of p = .124, with accuracy of 72.7%. The incidence of sudden death was 80% in patients showing both frequent (greater than 100/h) PVCs and presence of VT (VTmax greater than or equal to 3), and 6% in patients with neither or both. We concluded that PVCs/h and VTmax are independent and significant prognostic factors in patients with dilative cardiomyopathy.     

抗心律失常药在心力衰竭中的临床应用

医疗水平提升使心脏病患者的生存期延长,心力衰竭患病率亦呈上升趋势。心力衰竭患者常见并发心律失常,且发生心脏性猝死(SCD)的风险极高。如何防治心力衰竭,尤其是射血分数降低的心力衰竭(HFrEF)患者的心律失常及SCD,是临床面临的棘手问题。抗心律失常药的不良反应极大地限制了其在心力衰竭并心律失常中的临床应用,且药物防治SCD的作用极为有限。本文从临床角度,简述了近年来有关心力衰竭与心律失常的关联、抗心律失常药在心力衰竭临床应用的最新观点,为临床医师提供参考。     

心肺一体化心脏康复在高龄老年慢性心力衰竭患者中的临床疗效研究

摘要】目的：研究心肺一体化心脏康复在高龄老年（年龄≥75岁）慢性心力衰竭患者中的临床疗效。方法：选取2018年9月～2019年7月在我院治疗,符合入选标准和排除标准的125例高龄老年慢性心力衰竭患者,随机分为对照组64例和研究组61例,均签署知情同意书。研究组在充分的内科治疗基础上,给予个体化的心肺一体化心脏康复训练,运动评估采用无创血流动力学监测下的6分钟步行试验。比较对照组和研究组急性心力衰竭发生情况,比较研究组心肺一体化心脏康复训练前和训练3个月后的6分钟步行试验的步行距离和峰值每搏输出量、峰值每分输出量和总外周血管阻力,以及生活质量量表SF-36的评分。结果：个体化的心肺一体化心脏康复训练能够显著提高患者的6分钟步行实验的步行距离、峰值每搏输出量和每分输出量、降低总外周血管阻力（P均＜0.05）;能够显著提高SF-36的评分。结论：个体化心肺一体化心脏康复训练能够提高患者的运动能力和运动心功能,提升患者生活质量,有良好的临床效果。可为我国开展高龄老年心脏康复提供借鉴和参考。 关键词：高龄老年人,心脏康复,慢性心力衰竭     

Prognostic value of QT/RR slope in predicting mortality in patients with congestive heart failure

Introduction: Repolarization dynamics, reflecting adaptation of QT to changing heart rate, is considered a marker of unfavorable prognosis in patients with heart diseases. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of QT/RR slope in predicting total mortality (TM) and sudden death (SD) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods and Results: In 651 sinus rhythm patients with CHF in NYHA class II–III enrolled in the MUSIC study, 24‐hour Holter monitoring was performed at enrollment to assess slope of the QTa/RR (QT apex) and QTe/RR (QTend) during the entire 24‐hour Holter recording and separately during day and night periods. Patients were followed for a median of 44 months, with the primary endpoint defined as TM and the secondary as SD. Analysis of repolarization dynamics was feasible in 542 patients (407M), mean age 63 years, 83% in NYHA class II, 49% with ischemic cardiomyopathy, with mean LVEF 37%. Mean value of QTa/RR slope was 0.172 and QTe/RR was 0.193. During the 44‐month follow‐up there were 119 deaths including 47 SD. Nonsurvivors were characterized by steeper QT/RR slopes. Increased QT/RR slopes during the daytime (>0.20 for QTa and >0.22 for QTe) were independently associated with increased TM in multivariate analysis after adjustment for clinical covariates with respective hazard ratios 1.57 and 1.58, P = 0.002. None of the dynamic repolarization parameters was associated with increased risk of SD in the entire population. Conclusions: Abnormal repolarization dynamics reflected as increased daytime QT/RR slopes is an independent risk stratifier of all‐cause mortality in patients with chronic heart failure     

植入型心律转复除颤器应用于慢性心力衰竭患者心脏性猝死一级预防的长期随访

目的 对植入型心律转复除颤器(ICD)应用于缺血性或非缺血性心肌病慢性心力衰竭患者心脏性猝死(SCD)一级预防价值进行长期随访观察.方法 2002年3月至2011年10月入选56例缺血性或非缺血性心肌病患者,心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级(NYHA分级),左心室射血分数(LVEF)0.16 ～0.35(0.29±0.05),接受规范化抗心力衰竭药物治疗,植入ICD并进行ICD参数初步设置.术后1、3、6个月,以后每6个月随访1次.结果 所有患者非开胸经锁骨下静脉植入ICD均成功.全部病例随访了1～115(44.05±35.16)个月.其中11例患者发生心室颤动26次(19.6％),ICD均电除颤成功;17例患者发生室性心动过速39次(30.4％),ICD治疗成功率94.8％.8例患者发生误放电,6例患者发生电风暴.16例患者ICD电池耗竭,10例患者更换了ICD.8例患者死亡.结论 缺血性或非缺血性心肌病慢性心力衰竭患者是心脏性猝死的高危人群,应用ICD可降低这类患者的猝死风险.     

Comparison of the prognostic value of cardiac iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging and heart rate variability in patients with chronic heart failure: a prospective study

OBJECTIVES: We sought to prospectively compare the prognostic value of cardiac iodine-123 (I-123) metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging with that of heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND: Cardiac I-123 MIBG imaging, which reflects cardiac adrenergic nerve activity, provides prognostic information on chronic HF patients. Reduced HRV, indicating derangement in cardiac autonomic control, was also reported to be associated with a poor prognosis in chronic HF patients. METHODS: At study entry, I-123 MIBG imaging and 24-h Holter monitoring were performed in 65 chronic HF outpatients with a radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction <40%. The cardiac MIBG heart to mediastinum ratio (H/M) and washout rate (WR) were obtained from MIBG imaging. The time and frequency domain parameters of HRV were calculated from 24-h Holter recordings. RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 34 +/- 19 months, WR (p < 0.0001), H/M on the delayed image (p = 0.01), and normalized very-low-frequency power (n-VLFP) (p = 0.047) showed a significant association with the cardiac events (sudden death in 3 and hospitalization for worsening chronic HF in 10 patients) on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that WR was the only independent predictor of cardiac events, although the predictive accuracy for the combination of abnormal WR and n-VLFP significantly increased, compared with that for abnormal WR (82% vs. 66%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac MIBG WR has a higher prognostic value than HRV parameters in patients with chronic HF. The combination of abnormal WR and n-VLFP would be useful to identify chronic HF patients at a higher risk of cardiac events.     

慢性心力衰竭患者心率震荡检测及临床意义

目的观察慢性心力衰竭患者窦性心率震荡(HRT)现象的特征并探讨其临床意义。方法50例慢性心衰患者(心衰组)和30例非器质性心脏病患者(对照组)均接受24hHolter检查,分别计算HRT的初始值(TO)、震荡斜率(TS)及心率变异性的SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD值,并进行相关性分析。结果心衰组TO明显高于对照组(0.65±3.60%与-1.89±2.48%,P<0.01);心衰组TS明显低于对照组(2.96±1.23与10.24±4.47,P<0.001)。对照组TS与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD的相关系数分别为-0.426、-0.385、-0.372(P均<0.05);心衰组TO与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD的相关系数分别为0.489、0.465、0.436(P均<0.01),TS与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD的相关系数分别为-0.745、-0.686、-0.597(P均<0.001)。结论慢性心衰患者中HRT现象明显减弱,TO与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD值呈正相关,TS与SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD值呈负相关。     

12例慢性心力衰竭患者植入心律转复除颤器作为心脏性猝死的一级预防

目的探讨植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）对慢性心力衰竭患者心脏性猝死的一级预防作用。方法12例缺血性或非缺血性：心肌病患者，男性11例，女性1例，平均年龄59．4岁。心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级（NYHA分级），左心率射血分数0．23～0．36，常规进行标准抗心力衰竭治疗。患者均行ICD植入，并进行ICD参数的设置。术后1、3、6个月，以后每6个月随访1次，观察病人的临床症状，随访时通过体外程控仪调出ICD储存的资料进行分析，了解恶性心律失常的发生情况，ICD的工作情况。结果术中及随访期间无死亡及心力衰竭加重，尢手术并发症。全部病例随访了3～30个月，其中2例患者发生心室颤动（室颤），除颤成功，3例患者发生室性心动过速，ATP转复成功，1例患者因心房颤动快速心室率发生误放电，通过药物控制心室率及调整ICD参数，未再发生误放电。结论12例心力衰竭患者中在随访期内（3～30个月）5例（42％）发生了室颤或室性心动过速，均经ICD成功复律。因此，ICD能有效预防慢性心力衰竭患者的心脏性猝死。     

Similar transplantation outcomes in patients bridged with cardiac assist devices for acute cardiogenic shock versus chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) patients may require cardiac assist device implantation prior to transplantation (Tx) because of either acute cardiogenic shock (ACS), with no prior history of HF, or for progression of pump failure in the setting of chronic HF. AIMS: To investigate whether patients implanted with a cardiac assist device for ACS, have similar post-Tx outcomes as those who underwent cardiac assist device implantation because of progressive chronic HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared post-Tx outcomes of consecutive patients bridged due to ACS (Acute Group) with the outcomes of patients bridged due to deterioration of chronic HF (Chronic Group). Seventy-three patients had a cardiac assist device implanted and underwent subsequent cardiac Tx. Thirty-five patients (48%) had a cardiac assist device implanted due to ACS, most often caused by massive acute myocardial infarction, and 38 patients (52%) because of progressive chronic HF. Despite greater compromise at the time of implantation, the Acute Group recovered satisfactorily and underwent Tx with similar post-Tx survival rates as the Chronic Group patients [1-year survival: 88.6% vs 86.8%, p=0.80, actuarial survival (mean follow-up 4.2 years): 80.0% vs 81.6%, p=0.86)]. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in various post-Tx events. CONCLUSION: Patients with ACS who underwent emergency cardiac assist device implantation as bridge to Tx had similar post-Tx outcomes as their more chronically ill counterparts who underwent device implantation on a non-urgent basis.