经食管三维超声心动图在二尖瓣位感染性心内膜炎中的应用

目的评价经食管三维超声心动图（three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography,3D-TEE）在二尖瓣位感染性心内膜炎（infective endocarditis,IE）中的应用价值。方法选择2008年6月至2012年5月期间,在广东省人民医院行超声心动图检查并结合临床诊断,最终经手术病理确诊为二尖瓣位IE患者20例为研究对象。所有患者术前均行经胸超声心动图（transthoracic echocardiography,TTE）及3D-TEE检查。以病理为金标准,比较TTE及3D-TEE对诊断心内膜受累各种表现形式的敏感性和特异性。结果手术病理证实二尖瓣位赘生物20例,合并瓣膜穿孔11例,瓣周脓肿3例,瓣膜瘤2例,人工瓣撕脱3例。TTE及3D-TEE诊断赘生物的敏感性为80%vs.90%,特异性为57%vs.86%;诊断瓣膜穿孔的敏感性为72%vs.91%,特异性为78%vs.89%;诊断瓣周脓肿的敏感性为33%vs.66%,特异性为82%vs.94%;诊断瓣膜瘤的敏感性为50%vs.100%,特异性为94%vs.94%;诊断人工瓣撕脱的敏感性及特异性均为100%。3D-TEE对赘生物的检出率均高于TTE,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 3D-TEE对诊断IE各种表现形式均有较高的敏感性和特异性,能准确显示赘生物位置、形态、大小及其与周围心脏结构的空间关系,对临床治疗方案的选择及预后评估有重要作用。     

Aortic root abscess complicated by fistulization in a young patient with bicuspid aortic valve

Aortic root abscess is a relatively common complication of aortic valve endocarditis. However, aortic root abscess and formation of a fistula from the aortic root to the right ventricular outflow tract in the setting of a native bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a rare event. We present consecutive echocardiographic images of unruptured periaortic abscess and fistulization of it to the right ventricle in 24 hours, in a patient with BAV and fever of unexplained origin.     

Visualization of mitral valve aneurysm by transesophageal echocardiography

This article describes the transesophageal echocardiographic findings in a patient with pathologically proven mitral valve aneurysm. This aneurysm probably occurred as a complication of aortic valve endocarditis. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a saccular structure attached to the left atrial side of the anterior mitral leaflet with systolic expansion and diastolic collapse, and its orifice was visualized with excellent resolution. Transesophageal echocardiography is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluation of mitral valve aneurysm.     

Anatomical definition of aortic root abscesses by transesophageal echocardiography: Planning a surgical strategy using homograft valves

Infective endocarditis of the native or a prosthetic aortic valve may be complicated by abscess cavity development in the aortic root, and successful treatment depends upon early diagnosis, clear anatomical definition preoperatively, and maintaining sterility of the second implant. Homograft valves offer many advantages in this setting. Timing of surgery and the choice of the particular technique depends on accurate characterization of the anatomical details of the abscess. Five cases of paravalvular aortic root abscess in the setting of prosthetic valve endocarditis are described. In each case the diagnosis was made with transesophageal echocardiography, and the information was used in planning the operative procedure of homograft valve replacement. This strategy is proposed as optimal management of this potentially lethal condition.     

Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm due to embolic myocardial infarction in infective endocarditis: real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation

We report a case of a 63-year-old woman who presented with infective endocarditis and developed a pseudoaneurysm (PA) of the left ventricle presumably as a result of an embolic infarct. The diagnosis was made by typical features of PA on tranesophageal echocardiography and color Doppler studies. In addition, three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography showed the narrow neck of the PA. Findings were confirmed at surgery and she was discharged after successful repair.     

实时三维经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣脱垂合并感染性心内膜炎中的应用

目的 评价实时三维经食管超声心动图(RT-3D-TEE)在二尖瓣脱垂合并感染性心内膜炎(IE)中的应用价值。方法 选择二尖瓣脱垂合并IE患者20例,术前行经胸超声心动图(TTE)和RT-3D-TEE检查,分析脱垂部位及表现特征,并与术中所见进行对比。结果1RT-3D-TEE在二尖瓣脱垂的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、总符合率方面整体均高于TTE。2RT-3D-TEE在诊断二尖瓣赘生物形成、腱索断裂、穿孔方面的敏感性、特异性整体均高于TTE。结论 1.RT-3D-TEE较TTE更能准确定位二尖瓣脱垂的部位2.RT-3D-TEE能准确显示IE的各种表现形式,对术前手术方式的选择有重要指导作用。     

Mitral valve Libman-Sacks endocarditis visualized by real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE) is a common manifestation of valve disease in antiphospholipid syndrome. Mitral valve LSE is characterized by verrucous vegetations on the atrial surfaces of valve leaflets. In this report, mitral valve LSE was visualized by real time 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). 3D TEE provides a unique en face view of the mitral valve akin to a surgical or autopsy view that allows for an accurate determination of the size, shape, and location of the vegetations.     

血液透析患者合并感染性心内膜炎6例临床分析

目的总结血液透析（hemodialysis,HD）患者合并感染性心内膜炎（infective endocarditis,IE）的临床特点及转归。方法回顾性分析1985年3月至2012年8月在广东省人民医院住院的6例HD合并IE患者的临床资料及随访结果。6例患者均符合IE改良的Duke诊断标准。结果入选患者6例,男1例,女5例,年龄52.8（42～68）岁;血液透析血管通路：5例自体动静脉内瘘、1例临时颈内静脉透析导管。主要临床表现及并发症：发热5例,心力衰竭恶化3例,脑栓塞3例。血培养阳性3例：2例粪肠球菌,1例光滑球拟酵母菌。超声心动图发现瓣膜赘生物5例,瓣膜穿孔1例,其中累及二尖瓣4例。3例病情恶化自动出院后1周内死亡,1例出院后4个月猝死,1例出院后17个月猝死,1例出院后4年至今仍存活。结论 IE合并HD患者在广东省人民医院尚属少见,患者易出现心力衰竭及栓塞等并发症,预后较差。     

经食管三维超声心动图在主动脉瓣位感染性心内膜炎中的应用

目的 探讨经食管三维超声心动图（three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography,3D-TEE）在诊断感染性心内膜炎（infective endocarditis,IE）主动脉瓣病变中的价值.方法 对49例通过经胸超声心动图（transthoracic echocardiography,TTE）与3D-TEE诊断IE主动脉瓣病变患者的超声诊断特点进行分析,以心脏外科术中所见为“金标准”,将超声特点（赘生物、瓣叶穿孔、瓣周脓肿）与手术结果进行对照.结果 3D-TEE对赘生物、瓣叶穿孔、瓣周脓肿诊出的敏感性及特异性均高于TTE,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.对于检测长度＜（4.5±0.7）mm的赘生物,3D-TEE较TTE更加敏感,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.对于检测瓣周脓肿,3D-TEE较TTE更加敏感,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且容易发现瓣周脓肿早期组织水肿的情况.结论 与TTE相比较,3D-TEE能更准确检测IE主动脉瓣病变,有效评价此类患者瓣周脓肿情况,具有重要的临床应用价值.     

Pregnant intravenous drug user tricuspid valve infective endocarditis treated with a successful simultaneous valve replacement and Cesarean section

A 30‐year‐old female patient known to be an intravenous drug user (IVDU) was admitted to Bajcsy‐Zsilinszky Hospital Cardiology Intensive Care Unit at 29‐week gestation with severe sepsis and right heart failure. She had methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus on blood culture. Echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis of tricuspid valve infective endocarditis (IE). She had acute deterioration and hemodynamic instability for which an emergency tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) with a simultaneous Cesarean section (CS) was performed simultaneously. Medical management is the standard treatment in IE of IVDU pregnant patients, but in case of life‐threatening complications, emergency TVR and CS are to be considered. This is the first reported case of IVDU IE treated with simultaneous TVR and CS.     

肝硬化脾功能亢进合并感染性心内膜炎一例

<正>1病例资料患者男性,45岁。因呼吸困难、发热2个月余于2011年3月14日入院。患者2个月前劳累后开始出现呼吸困难,并逐渐加重,伴有全身乏力,头晕,黑矇,两次行走中出现晕厥,休息后症状可缓解。体温间断升高,波动于37.0℃～38.5℃,无寒战、盗汗、胸痛、咳嗽、咳痰,无皮疹、红斑、肌肉     

Pulmonary mycotic aneurysms secondary to infective endocarditis in a patient with a persistent ductus arteriosus and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

Mycotic aneurysms are a rare but recognized complication ofinfective endocarditis. Aneuryms of the pulmonary artery areusually associated with infected congenital heart lesions andespecially with persistent ductus arteriosus. This report dealswith a patient with a persistent ductus who developed multiplemycotic aneurysms in the right lung following infective endocarditis,and whose management was complicated by anomalous venous drainageof most of the contralacteral lung. Surgical closure of theductus to reduce pulmonary blood flow failed to prevent haemoptysis,and further surgery to ligate the feeder arteries to the aneurysmswas required.     

Hemolytic Anemia in a Patient with Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis by Cardiobacterium hominis

Hemolytic anemia is a rarely occurring manifestation of native valve infective endocarditis. We herein report an afebrile patient with hemolytic anemia caused by Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis. A 60-year-old Japanese man had a history of aortic root replacement and the gradual onset of general fatigue. He had hemolytic anemia. Blood cultures detected C. hominis. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed aortic valve vegetation and periannular abscess with perforation of the non-coronary cusp. Intravascular hemolysis recovered after antimicrobial therapy, surgical removal of the vegetation and abscess, and aortic valve replacement. Subacute endocarditis should be considered if patients develop hemolytic anemia with signs of chronic inflammation without a fever.     

感染性心内膜炎患者血液中分离到羊种布鲁菌

目的从患者血液中分离出的病原菌进行生物学性状研究和种及型的临床鉴定;探讨布鲁菌病在热带海岛海南的流行特点。方法按布鲁菌标准鉴定方法进行细菌学实验(包括形态学、培养特性、生化特征、血清学试验和噬菌体试验等),并对患者的流行病学、临床资料、实验室资料进行系统分析。结果患者血液中病原微生物的形态学、培养特性、生化特征、血清学诊断和噬菌体诊断结果均符合羊种布鲁菌生物2型;与我国近几年分离到的羊种布鲁菌生物1型和3型相比明显不同;羊种布鲁菌尿素酶试验为不定(V),也没有强阳性的报告,而海南分离株为强阳性。结论海南省首次发现人布鲁菌病,由羊种布鲁菌2型引起。该病在海南省存在分散的点状流行,应引起医务人员及有关部门的重视。     

Pericarditis in infective endocarditis

Three patients with infective endocarditis who presented withsevere precordial pain and pericardial rubs are described inwhom sterile pericardial and pleural effusions were found. Thepericardial pain disappeared and the effusions regressed withsuccessful antibiotic treatment. A similar mechanism to thepostmyocardial infarction syndrome is suggested.     

Echodetection of disseminated endocardial vegetations in a patient with active IV drug abuse

Infective endocarditis is a known complication of intravenous (IV) drug abuse and typically involves cardiac valves, sparing the myocardial endocardium. We present the case of a young IV drug using patient who developed sepsis. Although cardiac symptoms and signs were minimal, an echocardiogram was done as patient had a history of IV drug abuse and was in sepsis. Echocardiogram demonstrated disseminated vegetations involving the left ventricular and right ventricular endocardium while sparing the valves. Although diagnosis of infective endocarditis was made on two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram, two-dimensional and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiograms demonstrated the pattern of endocarditis with clarity. This patient had severe sepsis and bacteremia with Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus.     

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and infective endocarditis: a report of seven cases and a review of the literature

Seven cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) are presented in this report. The previous literature is critically reviewed, and the following points are discussed: (a) IE complicates HOCM in 5-9% of cases; (b) anatomical and haemodynamic alterations of HOCM cause microtraumas on heart valves and the endocardium; the resulting endocardial lesions represent sites for bacterial seeding as well as other congenital or acquired heart disease; (c) prognosis is worse in patients with IE associated with HOCM than in patients with IE alone or associated with congenital heart disease; (d) the most frequently isolated organisms are saprophytes; (e) most patients were exposed to bacteraemias before the onset of IE.     

Beaded necklace-like image observed by real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiograhy as evidence of bacterial vegetations in a dialysis catheter

We present images observed in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia from a hemodyalisis catheter and demonstrate the superiority of real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3D-TEE) over 2D-TEE at identifying catheter-associated infected vegetations. Other studies have reported RT3D-TEE as an improved modality to identify and characterize intracardiac structures. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports describing the specific characteristics of bacterial vegetations in a dialysis catheter. RT3D-TEE could have a central role in the diagnosis of catheter-related blood stream infections, especially given the increased number of hemodyalisis-dependent patients and increased incidence of infections.