苏州地区儿童急性肺炎的病原学研究

目的探讨苏州地区小儿肺炎病原学,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法选取2005年11月～2006年2月苏州大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院治疗的急性肺炎患儿,用无菌负压吸引法采集其新鲜痰液,直接免疫荧光法检测病毒,细菌培养检测细菌,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测血清支原体、衣原体抗体。结果532例中360例痰标本检测阳性,总检出率为67.7%。其中单纯病毒感染178例（33.5%）,单纯细菌感染23例（4.3%）,单纯支原体感染50例（9.4%）,单纯衣原体感染19例（3.6%）,混合感染90例（16.9%）。病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主（44%）;细菌则以肺炎链球菌（4.7%）为主,其次为表皮葡萄球菌（2.8%）和流感嗜血杆菌（1.9%）。结论病毒是苏州地区冬春季小儿急性肺炎的最常见病原,其次是肺炎支原体、细菌、肺炎衣原体。支原体感染多见于3岁以上儿童,肺炎衣原体感染则多见于小于3个月的婴儿。混合感染在3岁以下尤其1岁以下小儿明显。     

急性呼吸道感染住院患儿细菌病原学分析

目的探讨苏州地区住院儿童急性呼吸道感染细菌病原学分布。方法对2005年11月至2007年10月在苏州大学附属儿童医院住院治疗的所有急性呼吸道感染患儿,常规进行深部痰培养,进行病原学分析。结果急性呼吸道感染患儿共3069例,其中881例分离到1种或1种以上致病菌,阳性率为28.7%,最常见的病原菌为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和卡他莫拉菌,阳性率分别为10.1%,4.3%,3.7%和2.7%,连续两年病原总阳性率呈增长趋势。总病原阳性率以1个月至1岁最高,为32.8%。流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌和真菌检出率以低龄组为主。卡他莫拉菌、流感嗜血杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌四季检出率不同。流感嗜血杆菌男性检出率高于女性。结论肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和卡他莫拉菌是小儿急性呼吸道感染常见致病菌。     

儿童社区获得性肺炎病原微生物分布特点分析

目的：了解儿童社区获得性肺炎（CAP）病原微生物分布规律,为临床诊断和合理用药提供依据。方法：1560例年龄在1个月至9岁间的CAP患儿于入院2 h内、抗感染药物治疗前分别采集呼吸道分泌物和静脉血进行多病原联合检测。免疫荧光法检测鼻咽拭子标本中呼吸道病毒抗原,痰液用于行细菌培养,ELISA法检测静脉血中肺炎支原体及肺炎衣原体IgM。结果：在1560例CAP患儿中,痰培养细菌579株,其中革兰阳性菌213株（36.8%）,革兰阴性菌366株（63.2%）;检出前5位的细菌包括流感嗜血杆菌（7.50%）、肺炎链球菌（6.73%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（6.35%）、卡他莫拉菌（5.19%）和大肠埃希氏菌（3.46%）,前5位细菌中产酶菌占检出全部细菌的3.3%。其他病原体感染中,呼吸道合胞病毒感染率最高,为12.88%,其次为肺炎支原体（7.88%）和肺炎衣原体（8.91%）。混合感染严重,其中呼吸道合胞病毒与流感嗜血杆菌混合感染最为常见。多数病原微生物在1岁以下患儿中的感染率高于1岁以上患儿。结论：流感嗜血杆菌、呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体为儿童CAP的主要病原体,多数病原微生物在1岁以下患儿中感染率高于1岁以上患儿,多种病原菌混合感染率高。     

儿童社区获得性肺炎病原微生物分布研究

了解本院儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)病原微生物分布规律。方法：对入选的1 167例年龄在28 d至8岁间的CAP患儿,于入院4 h内分别采集呼吸道分泌物和静脉血进行多病原联合检测。呼吸道分泌物用于细菌培养,并用实时聚合酶链反应法（RT-PCR）检测肺炎支原体和沙眼衣原体;静脉血用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测呼吸道合胞病毒和腺病毒。结果：在1 167例CAP患儿中,呼吸道分泌物培养出细菌308株,其中革兰阳性菌占53.6%,革兰阴性菌占46.4%。前5位细菌分别为：肺炎链球菌(35.1%),大肠埃希菌(11.7%),金黄色葡萄球菌（8.8%）,肺炎克雷伯菌（6.5%）,卡他莫拉菌（5.8%）。产酶菌株在前5位细菌中占30.1%。非细菌病原体检出率为24.1%（281/1 167）,其中呼吸道合胞病毒的感染率最高,为19.3%（225/1 167）。呼吸道合胞病毒与肺炎链球菌的混合感染率最常见（35.2%）。多数病原微生物在1岁以下患儿中的感染率高于1岁以上患儿。结论：肺炎链球菌与呼吸道合胞病毒为本院儿童CAP的主要病原体;多数病原微生物在1岁以下患儿中的感染率高于1岁以上患儿。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（3）：184-187］     

2016~2018年儿童呼吸道感染病原菌谱与耐药监测

目的 了解儿童呼吸道感染的病原菌种类、分布特点和耐药情况，为临床提供病原学诊断及合理使用抗菌药物的依据。方法 选取2016年1月至2018年12月因呼吸道感染就诊的15 047例患儿为研究对象，采集患儿痰标本送检，通过Phoenix-100全自动微生物鉴定药敏系统对分离的病原菌进行鉴定和药敏分析。结果 从17 174份送检的痰标本中检出阳性标本2 395份，阳性率为13.95%；共分离出2 584株病原菌，其中革兰阴性菌1 577株（61.03%），革兰阳性菌967株（37.42%），真菌40株（1.55%）。最常见的病原菌依次为流感嗜血杆菌（33.90%）、肺炎链球菌（33.55%）、卡他莫拉菌（19.20%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（3.64%）。2 331例感染阳性患儿中有251例混合感染，以流感嗜血杆菌合并肺炎链球菌感染发生率最高。病原菌检出率以冬春季较高，夏秋季较低（P < 0.05）。各年龄组患儿病原菌检出率比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05），其中1个月~ < 1岁组患儿病原菌检出率最高。肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替考拉宁敏感率均为100%，流感嗜血杆菌除对氨苄西林、复方新诺明和头孢呋辛敏感率较低，对其他药物敏感率均较高。结论 儿童呼吸道感染病原菌以流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌和卡他莫拉菌为主，且常见混合型感染。不同季节、不同年龄段病原菌检出率不同。不同病原菌耐药性有不同特点，临床应依据药敏结果合理选用抗生素。     

7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染病原学研究

目的 探讨苏州地区7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染的痛原学分布.方法 对2007年10月至2008年3月间苏州大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院患儿中7岁以下急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿810例,采用无菌负压吸引法采集新鲜痰液,进行细茵培养,直接免疫荧光法检测病毒,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测血清支原体、衣原体抗体.结果 810例患儿中556例病原栓测阳性(68.6%),单纯病毒感染181例(22.3%),单纯细菌感染124例(15.3%),单纯支原体感染72例(8.9%),单纯衣原体感染10例(1.2%),混合感染169例(20.9%).病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主(35.8%),细菌则以肺炎链球菌为主(13.8%),其次为流感嗜血杆菌(4.6%).结论 苏州地区7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染最常见痛原是病毒,其次是细菌、支原体、衣原体.支原体感染多见于1岁以上儿童,混合感染则多见于3岁以下儿童.     

儿童重症监护病房急性重症肺炎常见病原菌分析

目的 分析遵义地区儿童重症肺炎的病原学特点,以期为本地区抗感染用药提供参考.方法 采集2014年1月至2015年12月在我院儿童重症监护病房住院的重症肺炎患儿痰、咽拭子、血清,通过病原菌培养、RT-PCR检测病毒、间接免疫荧光法检测非典型病原体等方法检测并鉴别重症肺炎病原体种类.结果 337例患儿中,病原检测阳性者292例(86.65%),其中病毒感染最多见,占37.32%,其次为细菌感染占28.42%,肺炎支原体感染占6.50%,混合感染占27.74%;病毒感染以呼吸道合胞病毒B型最为常见,占28.44%,且具有明显的年龄分布差异,3岁以下婴幼儿最为常见,尤其1岁以内婴儿易感性最高(P<0.05),各年龄组均以呼吸道合胞病毒B型感染最常见;病毒感染有一定季节性,秋冬季(9月~次年2月)病毒检出率高,夏季检出率较低(x2=29.28,P=0.001);细菌感染以大肠埃希菌最为多见,占21.69%,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌感染以1岁以内婴儿多见,流感嗜血杆菌好发于1~3岁幼儿,肺炎链球茵感染在任何年龄段均可发病.结论 病毒感染是遵义地区儿童重症肺炎的最常见病原,多见于1岁以内幼儿,且秋冬季高发,细菌感染次之,3岁以上儿童重症肺炎以细菌感染多见,3岁以下尤其1岁以下小儿细菌和病毒混和感染明显.     

儿童百日咳综合征491例病原学分析

目的　了解儿童百日咳综合征的病原种类,为临床诊治提供依据。方法　对重庆医科大学附属儿童医院2016年9月1日至2017年8月31日住院的491例诊断百日咳综合征患儿的病原学进行回顾性分析。结果　491例中,病原检测阳性患儿共369例,阳性率75.15%。（1）病毒检出阳性239例（48.7%）,常见病毒分别为呼吸道合胞病毒163例（68.2%）、副流感病毒-Ⅲ 66例（27.62%）。（2）细菌检出阳性169例（34.4%）,最常见细菌为流感嗜血杆菌（71例,42.01%）。（3）检出沙眼衣原体36例（7.3%）,肺炎支原体25例（5.1%）。（4）混合感染共104例（21.18%）,病毒合并细菌感染最常见,为62例（59.62%）,其中呼吸道合胞病毒合并细菌感染率最高（42例,39.62%）。结论　百日咳综合征由多种病原感染所致,以病毒感染为主,病毒中呼吸道合胞病毒感染居首位,其次是副流感病毒-Ⅲ;细菌感染以流感嗜血杆菌为主;沙眼衣原体主要集中在＜3月龄患儿;混合感染以病毒并细菌感染检出率较高。     

先天性心脏病并下呼吸道感染患儿病原学及细菌耐药性分析

目的了解先天性心脏病(CHD)并下呼吸道感染的病原学组成及细菌耐药情况,以指导临床治疗。方法回顾性分析2006年8月-2011年3月本科收治的156例CHD并下呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽分泌物病毒、细菌检测结果和药敏试验报告。采用直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒3等7种常见呼吸道病毒,K-B法进行细菌药敏试验。结果 156例CHD并下呼吸道感染患儿中,病毒感染29例(18.6%),以呼吸道合胞病毒(14.7%)为主;细菌感染97例(62.2%),以革兰阴性杆菌为主,前3位细菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌(19.9%)、大肠埃希菌(17.9%)和肺炎链球菌(7.7%);检出真菌(白色假丝酵母菌)7例(4.5%);混合感染36例(23.1%)。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性菌株合计检出率为23.7%;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率分别达100%和96.4%,对头孢类抗生素耐药率达50.0%以上,而对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦有效,对亚胺培南高度敏感;肺炎链球菌对氨苄西林、红霉素耐药率达60.0%以上,对头孢类抗生素有效,对亚胺培南、万古霉素高度敏感。结论 CHD并下呼吸道感染患儿的主要病原为细菌,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,混合感染多见,并检出有真菌,主要细菌的耐药性及革兰阴性杆菌产ESBLs率均较高。应加强CHD下呼吸道感染病原学检测,以指导合理用药,减少耐药菌株的产生和真菌感染的发生。     

培养与聚合酶链反应联合进行住院患儿肺炎细菌病原学检测

目的 探讨细菌培养与病原特异性DNA联合检测住院患儿肺炎细菌病原的应用价值.方法对187例肺炎患儿的深部呼吸道吸引物进行肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌选择性培养和普通培养,并且对同一标本采用靶序列富集多重PCR(Tem-PCB)扩增结合Luminex液态芯片检测平台进行定量测定,检测肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠杆菌、嗜肺军团菌、绿脓杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等14种病原菌的特异性DNA.结果细菌培养的总检出率为40.1%(75/187,含3例检出2种病原菌),病原菌依次为流感嗜血杆菌17.1%、大肠杆菌8.6%、肺炎克雷伯杆菌6.4%、金黄色葡萄球菌4.8%、肺炎链球菌3.7%、绿脓杆菌1.6%、鲍曼不动杆菌1.1%和阴沟肠杆菌1.1%.以细菌培养或Tem-PCR任一阳性为标准,联合检测的总检出率为78.6%(147/187),病原菌依次为流感嗜血杆菌28.9%、肺炎链球菌19.3%、大肠杆菌8.6%、肺炎克雷伯杆菌6.4%、金黄色葡萄球菌5.9%、鲍曼不动杆菌5.9%、绿脓杆菌2.7%和阴沟肠杆菌1.1%.结论 Tem-PCR能提高流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的检出例数.细菌培养与病原特异性DNA联合检测应用能显著提高肺炎病原的检出率,可能更真实地反映肺炎的细菌病原学情况.     

北京单中心社区获得性肺炎住院患儿病原学分析

目的 了解住院患儿社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的病原谱及病原流行特点。方法 回顾性收集2012年12月至2013年11月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院（我院）确诊的CAP患儿,采集性别、年龄、入院前抗病原治疗情况、入院时间、病原学诊断等资料,分析不同年龄、季节病原构成及流行特点。结果 1 853例CAP患儿总体病原检出率为781%,入我院前均有抗生素应用史。细菌检出率270%,前3位依次是肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌;病毒检出率为225%,以呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）和腺病毒（ADV）最常见;肺炎支原体检出率为487%;混合感染检出率为230%,以细菌合并病毒感染最多见。②随着年龄增长单一细菌或病毒感染的比例呈明显下降趋势,肺炎支原体感染的比例呈现明显上升趋势,多种病原混合感染或无明确病原感染比例随年龄增长亦有所降低;肺炎链球菌感染多见于3岁以下婴幼儿（759%）;流感嗜血杆菌（750%）和肺炎克雷伯菌感染（684%）多见于婴儿。RSV感染多见于婴儿（762%）,ADV感染多见于3岁以下婴幼儿（822%）。③单一细菌感染春季最多见,冬季次之;单一病毒感染冬季多见;单一肺炎支原体感染秋季最多见,夏季次之;多种病原混合感染以冬春季多见;无明确病原感染在春季最高。肺炎链球菌感染多见于冬春季,流感嗜血杆菌感染多见于春季,肺炎克雷伯菌感染多见于冬春季,RSV感染多见于冬季,ADV感染以冬春季多见。结论 CAP的病原谱构成存在显著的年龄和季节分布特点。细菌、病毒感染多见于婴儿,肺炎支原体感染多见于5岁以上患儿,多种病原混合感染以婴儿最多见。细菌感染冬春季多见,病毒感染冬季多见,肺炎支原体感染多发生于夏秋季;多种病原混合感染多见于冬春季。     

北京地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染的病原学研究

目的 探讨儿童急性下呼吸道感染（ＡＬＲＩ）的病原学。方法 采用血培养及常用的抗原、抗体检测方法检测１０２例ＡＬＲＩ患儿常见的致病原。结果 ⑴１０２例儿童ＡＬＲＩ中,明确病原诊断的有６０例（５８．８％）。⑵在检出病原的６０例中,单纯细胞菌感染１５例（２５％）,单纯病毒感染１９例（３２％）,单纯支原体感染８例（１３％）,单纯衣原体感染１例（２％）,混合感染１７例（２８％）。⑶检出的主要病原：１０２例Ａ     

Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Gambian children: II. Acute lower respiratory tract infection in children ages one to nine years presenting at the hospital

Seventy-four children ages 1 to 9 years hospitalized because of severe pneumonia were investigated using blood cultures, lung aspirates, nasopharyngeal aspirates, serology and antigen detection procedures. A bacterial infection was identified in 57 (77%), a viral infection was seen in 25 (34%) and 18 (24%) had mixed viral-bacterial infections. The bacterial pathogens most frequently identified were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae found in 61 and 15% of patients, respectively. The viral pathogen most frequently recovered was respiratory syncytial virus (12%). Evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was found in 12 and 4% of cases, respectively. Overall a potential pathogen was identified in 60 (81%) children, with evidence of polymicrobial infection in 30 cases (40.5%). The study provides information on the relative role of different infectious agents in the etiology of severe pneumonia in children in a developing country.     

Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children

BACKGROUND: Childhood community-acquired pneumonia is a common illness, but there have been relatively few comprehensive studies of the viral and bacterial etiology in developed countries. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children by several laboratory methods. METHODS: In a 3-year prospective study a nasopharyngeal aspirate for viral studies and acute and convalescent serum samples for viral and bacterial serology were taken from 254 children with symptoms of acute infection and infiltrates compatible with pneumonia in the chest radiograph. The role of 17 microbes was investigated. RESULTS: A potential causative agent was detected in 215 (85%) of the 254 patients. Sixty-two percent of the patients had viral infection, 53% had bacterial infection and 30% had evidence of concomitant viral-bacterial infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae (37%), respiratory syncytial virus (29%) and rhinovirus (24%) were the most common agents associated with community-acquired pneumonia. Only one patient had a positive blood culture (S. pneumoniae) of 125 cultured. A dual viral infection was detected in 35 patients, and a dual bacterial infection was detected in 19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The possible causative agent of childhood community-acquired pneumonia can be detected in most cases. Further studies are warranted to determine what etiologic investigations would aid in the management of pneumonia. With effective immunization for S. pneumoniae and respiratory syncytial virus infections, more than one-half of the pneumonia cases in this study could have been prevented.     

Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Gambian children: I. Acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants presenting at the hospital.

Ninety infants less than 1 year of age with pneumonia and 43 control infants were investigated for viral and chlamydial infection with the use of culture and serology and for bacterial infection with the use of blood cultures, lung aspirates, antibody assays and antigen detection procedures. One or more potential pathogens were identified in 62 (69%) cases with pneumonia and in 12 (28%) controls. Infection by respiratory viruses was identified in 42 (49%) cases and in 8 (19%) controls. Respiratory syncytial virus was the commonest pathogen identified and was found in 32 cases (37%). Bacterial infections were also common, being found in 27 (30%) cases and 3 (7%) controls, and predominantly involved Streptococcus pneumoniae (20%) or Haemophilus influenzae (11%). Bacterial infections were associated with raised white blood cell counts and were identified more often by antigen detection procedures (68%) than by culture of blood or lung aspirates (34%) or by serology (33%). Mixed viral-bacterial infections were identified in 13 cases (15%). Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis was diagnosed in 2 infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection and in 1 control infant.     

Community acquired pneumonia--a prospective UK study.

BACKGROUND: There are few data on paediatric community acquired pneumonia (PCAP) in the UK. AIMS: To investigate the aetiology and most useful diagnostic tests for PCAP in the north east of England. METHODS: A prospective study of hospital admissions with a diagnosis of PCAP. RESULTS: A pathogen was isolated from 60% (81/136) of cases, and considered a definite or probable cause of their pneumonia in 51% (70/136). Fifty (37%) had a virus implicated (65% respiratory syncytial virus) and 19 (14%) a bacterium (7% group A streptococcus, 4% Streptococcus pneumoniae), with one mixed infection. Of a subgroup (51 patients) in whom serum antipneumolysin antibody testing was performed, 6% had evidence of pneumococcal infection, and all were under 2 years old. The best diagnostic yield was from paired serology (34%, 31/87), followed by viral immunofluorescence (33%, 32/98). CONCLUSION: Viral infection accounted for 71% of the cases diagnosed. Group A streptococcus was the most common bacterial infective agent, with a low incidence of both Mycoplasma pneumoniae and S pneumoniae. Pneumococcal pneumonia was the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in children under 2 years but not in older children. Inflammatory markers and chest x ray features did not differentiate viral from bacterial pneumonia; serology and viral immunofluorescence were the most useful diagnostic tests.