甲状腺功能亢进症伴甲状腺癌的诊断与外科治疗

目的 探讨甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌的诊断及治疗方法.方法 对1999年1月至2010年9月手术治疗的43例甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 43例患者术前超声检查40例,提示甲状腺癌29例(72.5%).手术方式包括双侧甲状腺次全切除术5例、患侧全切对侧大部切除和区域性淋巴结清扫术25例、双侧全切及淋巴结清扫术11例,患侧腺叶+峡部切除术2例.术后病理报告甲状腺乳头状癌38例,滤泡状癌5例.术后暂时性低钙血症3例,饮水呛咳1例,无声音嘶哑和大出血,无再手术和死亡病例.39例获得随访,随访时间2～110个月,中位随访时间45个月,无甲状腺癌及甲状腺功能亢进复发.结论 超声检查有助于术前发现甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌.甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺乳头状癌的患者手术治疗效果良好,预后较好.     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊治体会

目的 探讨桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾分析74例桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床资料.结果 2002年1月-2009年8月共收治252例桥本病,其中74例为桥本病合并甲状腺癌,均为乳头状癌,其中56例TGAb升高,68例MeAb升高,74例TPOAb升高.手术行患侧甲状腺全切除、峡部切除加对侧次全切除术45例,双侧甲状腺近全切除术1例(峡部癌).26例微小癌行甲状腺次全切除术或一侧腺叶全切除,2例双侧癌行双侧甲状腺全切除.所有病例同时行中央区淋巴结清扫,中央区淋巴结转移率20/74(27%).10例因患侧颈淋巴结转移行一侧颈部淋巴结改良清扫术.69例获得随访,随访时间1个月-7年,中位随访时间29个月.4例患者因发生一侧颈淋巴结转移而再次入院行改良颈淋巴清扫术. 结论'TGAb、McAb、B超、FNAB对术前诊断桥本病合并甲状腺癌有重要价值,手术应按甲状腺癌根治原则进行.     

双侧甲状腺癌的外科治疗

目的总结双侧甲状腺癌的外科治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析32例双侧甲状腺癌的临床资料。4例为双侧甲状腺微小癌,其中3例行双甲状腺次全切除术,1例行甲状腺全切除术;7例合并一侧微小癌,其中1例行甲状腺全切除外,6例行一侧近全切除 对侧全切除术;余21例中行一侧全切 对侧近全甲状腺切除术3例,全甲状腺切除术18例。行一侧颈清扫术14例,同期双侧颈总清扫术11例,其中1例因与颈总动脉粘连而有癌灶残留,术后予核素碘治疗。结果32例中除1例失访外,其余随访6月~9年,3例局部复发,其中2例死亡,另1例再次手术痊愈;1例出现远处转移死亡,1例死于其他疾病。结论双侧甲状腺癌甲状腺切除的范围应视癌灶大小和数量以及侵犯程度而定;如伴颈部淋巴结肿大,应同期行颈清扫术。     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌的诊治

目的探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌的诊治方法及效果。方法原发性甲亢合并甲状腺癌15例,占同期手术治疗的原发性甲亢病例的4.1%(15/366)。术前经B超及细针穿刺细胞学检查确诊4例。行甲状腺全切术3例(其中1例合并颈部淋巴结肿大,行颈部淋巴结清扫术),另1例行患侧腺体+峡部切除并对侧腺体大部分切除。9例术中快速冰冻切片确诊,为甲亢并甲状腺微小癌,均行患侧腺体+峡部切除并对侧腺体大部分切除。2例仅行双侧甲状腺次全切除但术后病理发现癌变的患者,1例因是髓样癌在5 d内再次行患侧残留腺体切除术,另1例因是乳头状微小癌而未再行手术。结果随访12例,时间平均为5.3(1个月~14年),其中1例术后病理证实为滤泡状癌者术后1年内复发,再次行甲状腺全切除+颈部淋巴结清扫术,并加行放疗,目前仍存活,其余患者均无复发,存活至今。结论对某些特殊类型的甲亢患者应警惕癌变的可能,尽量在术前、术中确诊。甲亢合并的甲状腺癌预后较好,手术多以患侧全切+对侧次全切为主。     

分化型甲状腺癌的外科治疗

目的总结分化型甲状腺癌的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析110例分化型甲状腺癌的临床资料。结果全组均行手术治疗辅以内分泌治疗,110例分化型甲状腺癌中,乳头状癌88例(80.0%),滤泡状腺癌22例(20.0%);淋巴结转移者22例(20.0%)。手术方式包括单侧病变行患侧腺叶 峡部及对侧大部切除60例(其中功能性颈清扫12例),患侧腺叶 峡部切除29例(其中功能性颈清扫7例);双侧病变行一侧腺叶 峡部及对侧大部分切除18例(其中功能性颈清扫5例),甲状腺全切除术 双侧颈清扫2例;1例肺转移患者行甲状腺全切及颈部淋巴结清扫术后行131I内放射治疗。98例术后随访,10年生存率91.8%。结论分化型甲状腺癌预后较好,治疗关键是正确选择适当的手术方式。     

双侧甲状腺癌外科诊治体会

目的 探讨双侧甲状腺癌的诊断与外科治疗经验.方法 回顾分析72例双侧甲状腺癌外科治疗临床资料.结果 术后石蜡切片均证实为双侧甲状腺癌,其中双侧微小癌17例,一侧微小癌、一侧非微小癌41例,双侧均非微小癌14例.双侧乳头状癌67例(93.1%),双侧滤泡性癌2例(2.8%),双侧髓样癌2例(2.8%),双侧低分化癌1例(1.4%).62例行双侧甲状腺全切除术,2例行双侧甲状腺近全切除术,8例行一侧全切加对侧次全切除术,常规行双侧中央组淋巴结清扫.加行一侧改良颈淋巴结清扫术19例.中央组淋巴结转移率33.33%(24/72).即使双侧甲状腺微小癌灶中央区淋巴结转移率亦有17.65%(3/17).肿块大小与中央区淋巴转移率有一定相关性,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).70例随访3个月至8年,中位随访时间5年6个月,67例无瘤生存,另外3例出现颁部淋巴结转移.术后无.例出现永久性甲状旁腺机能减退和喉返神经麻痹.结论 双侧甲状腺癌主张行双侧甲状腺腺叶全切除;应重视中央组淋巴结清扫.     

甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺微小癌的外科诊治分析

目的　探讨甲状腺机能亢进 (甲亢 )合并甲状腺微小癌 (thyroidmicrocarcinoma ,TMC)的外科诊断和治疗。方法　分析 1990年 3月～ 2 0 0 3年 8月期间收治的 2 687例甲亢患者中合并甲状腺微小癌的 18例患者的外科诊断和治疗及其预后。结果　本组甲亢与甲状腺微小癌的并存率为 0 .67% ( 18/2 687)。术前确诊 4例 ,术中明确诊断 10例 ,术后病理确诊 4例。其中 2例患者行第二次手术 ,1例补切患侧残余腺体 ,另 1例除补切患侧残余腺体外并加功能性淋巴结清扫。术后随访 10个月～ 14年 ,3例患者再手术后无复发。结论　甲状腺机能亢进合并甲状腺微小癌术前确诊困难 ,术前应详细触诊 ,甲亢患者合并甲状腺结节者应常规作术中快速冰冻切片检查 ,甲状腺叶全切或次全切对治疗甲亢合并甲状腺微小癌具有良好的临床效果     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺疾病的诊治体会

目的 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症同时合并甲状腺疾病的临床诊断和治疗方法.方法 对40例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症同时合并甲状腺疾病患者的临床表现,术前定性、定位诊断及手术治疗方法与结果的资料进行回顾性分析.结果 40例患者中甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺乳头状癌4例,合并结节性甲状腺肿28例,合并甲状腺腺瘤6例;甲状旁腺增生合并结节性甲状腺肿1例;甲状旁腺癌合并甲状腺腺瘤1例.对于40例甲状旁腺及甲状腺病变定位诊断敏感性B超、CT和放射性核素显像(99Tcm显像)分别为82.5%(33/40)、80.0%(32/40)和90.0%(36/40),而三者结合可使定位诊断敏感性达97.5%(39/40).手术方式:甲状旁腺腺瘤切除并甲状腺腺叶次全切除34例,甲状旁腺腺瘤切除并甲状腺全叶切除3例,双侧甲状旁腺探查并甲状腺腺叶次全切除1例,一侧甲状旁腺切除并甲状腺腺叶切除及颈淋巴结清扫2例.结论 B超、CT和核素显像三者结合可使原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺疾病的术前定位诊断敏感性明显提高,手术切除是主要的治疗手段,主要术式为甲状旁腺腺瘤切除并甲状腺腺叶次全或全叶切除.     

青少年分化型甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗

目的总结青少年分化型甲状腺癌的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析我院1983年至2000年青少年分化型甲状腺癌的临床资料及随访结果。结果全组均行手术治疗辅以内分泌治疗,76例青少年分化型甲状腺癌中,病理示乳头状癌66例(86.8%),滤泡状腺癌10例(13.2%)。淋巴结转移者46例(60.5%)。手术方式包括单侧病变行患侧腺叶加峡部及对侧大部切除45例(其中行功能性颈清扫术42例),患侧腺叶加峡部切除12例(其中行患侧功能性颈清扫术10例);双侧病变行一侧腺叶 峡部及对侧大部切除加双侧功能性颈清扫术10例,甲状腺全切术加双侧颈清扫术9例(其中3例一侧功能性清扫、另一侧根治性清扫);2例肺转移患者行甲状腺全切及颈部淋巴结清扫术后行131I内放射治疗。74例获得随访,随访5～14年,中位随访时间7.8年,其中6例获得10年以上随访,5年生存率97.3%,10年生存率83.3%。结论青少年分化型甲状腺癌预后较佳,治疗的关键是正确根据其病情选择合适的手术方式。     

546例分化型甲状腺癌手术治疗分析

目的 探讨分化型甲状腺癌的手术治疗方式.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2006年12月收治的546例行手术治疗的分化型甲状腺癌患者的临床资料,均行双侧甲状腺全切除术和选择性颈淋巴结清扫术.结果 全组无手术及住院期间死亡.颈部淋巴结转移阳性率为76,2%(358/470).单侧喉返神经损伤的发生率1.1%(6例),双侧喉返神经损伤0例;甲状旁腺部分损伤0.4%(2例),甲状旁腺完全损伤0例;喉上神经损伤0.7%(4例),术后出血0.6%(3例),食管损伤0.2%(1例).结论 对于分化型甲状腺癌患者,均应行双侧甲状腺全切除术;对于肿瘤直径＞1 cm的患者,还应行双侧中央组+患侧颈深组淋巴结清扫.     

Insular carcinoma of the thyroid in a 10-year-old child

Thyroid carcinomas are relatively infrequent in the pediatric age group, the majority of which are papillary carcinomas. Poorly differentiated carcinomas are very rare in this age group. Insular carcinoma is a unique subset of poorly differentiated carcinoma of thyroid, which occurs predominantly in adults older than 50 years. In terms of prognosis, insular carcinoma of thyroid occupies a place in between that of well-differentiated papillary/follicular carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma. The authors describe a case of insular carcinoma of thyroid in a 10-year-old girl who underwent hemithyroidectomy based on a preoperative diagnosis (by fine-needle aspiration cytology) of colloid goiter, and after histopathologic diagnosis of the specimen, a completion thyroidectomy was performed with block dissection of the neck. The authors believe this to be the youngest case of insular carcinoma of thyroid to be reported.     

分化型甲状腺微小癌的诊断和治疗：附138例报道

目的:探讨分化型甲状腺微小癌(TMC)的临床特征与诊治疗经验。方法:回顾分析2007年1月—2013年12月间经手术及病理证实138例分化型TMC患者的临床资料,并与2012年1月—2013年12月间29例怀疑甲状腺恶性肿瘤而手术的良性甲状腺结节(BTN)患者资料对比分析。结果:138例TMC中,微小乳头状癌131例,微小滤泡状癌5例,微小混合型癌2例;49例合并结节性甲状腺肿,5例与结节性甲状腺肿和桥本甲状腺炎共存,7例合并桥本甲状腺炎,2例合并甲状腺功能亢进。与BTN患者比较,TMC患者中TI-RADS分级恶性诊断率明显升高、砂砾钙化率、超声造影检查中的恶性诊断率均明显升高(均P0.05)。所有TMC患者均行术中快速病理检查,患侧甲状腺全切84例,患侧甲状腺全切+对侧甲状腺部分切除46例,双侧甲状腺全切5例,患侧甲状腺全切+对侧甲状腺近全切除3例;85例患者行患侧中央区气管旁淋巴结清扫,3例患者加行患侧功能性颈部淋巴结清扫术。术后均终生服用甲状腺素片。结论:高分辨率彩超、TI-RADS分级及超声造影联合应用可提高甲状腺TMC诊断率,TMC多为分化好的乳头状癌,高钙化率,患侧腺叶加峡部切除同时行患侧中央区淋巴结清扫是其主要的手术方式。     

Necessity and safety of completion thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND. The diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma during the course of lobectomy for a dominant nodule occasionally cannot be rendered on the basis of frozen section. Once the diagnosis of carcinoma is made, the question of completion thyroidectomy arises. The decision to perform completion thyroidectomy and the timing, safety, and efficacy of this procedure are reviewed. METHODS. During the past 25 years (1965 to 1990), we operated on 351 consecutive patients with thyroid carcinoma. One hundred of these patients (84 women and 16 men) were initially treated by unilateral thyroid lobectomy for the previously stated reasons. Histopathologic examination of the permanent sections of the initial thyroid lobectomy specimen demonstrated papillary carcinoma in 70 patients and follicular carcinoma in 30 patients. Within a few months, a completion thyroidectomy was performed. RESULTS. The completion thyroidectomy specimen contained papillary carcinoma in 33 (47%) of the 70 patients with papillary carcinoma and 10 (33%) of the 30 patients with follicular carcinoma. Overall, 43 of these 100 patients harbored thyroid carcinoma in the contralateral lobe. Complications of completion thyroidectomy were transient recurrent nerve paresis in two patients and temporary hypoparathyroidism in three patients, requiring calcium and vitamin D therapy for a few months. CONCLUSIONS. Although the significance and treatment of papillary carcinoma are debated on the basis of size and grade of the primary lesion and age and sex of the patients, once the diagnosis is made in one lobe we believe that a completion thyroidectomy should be considered, not only for papillary carcinomas but also for follicular carcinomas because 47% (papillary) to 33% (follicular) of these patients will harbor the neoplasm in the contralateral lobe.     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进症并发甲状腺癌分析

目的：探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进症并发甲状腺癌患者诊治方法。方法对46例原发性甲状腺功能亢进症并发甲状腺癌患者行全甲状腺切除术。结果两种疾病的并存率为5．7％（46／810）。术前确诊率为10．8％（5／46）。对46例患者均行手术治疗,其中25例术中经快速冰冻切片病理学检查明确诊断,行全甲状腺切除术;21例术后病理学检查明确诊断,再次手术切除残余甲状腺。7例行颈淋巴结清扫术。术后随访6个月～10年无复发。结论原发性甲状腺功能亢进症患者需排除并发甲状腺癌可能,全甲状腺切除术治疗原发性甲状腺功能亢进症并发甲状腺癌效果良好。     

A twenty-year experience with thyroid carcinoma in children

During the past 20 years, 23 patients (7 males, 16 females) were operated on for thyroid carcinoma in our institution. The average age was 13.6 years (range, 22 months to 27 years). Our series includes papillary carcinoma in 11, follicular carcinoma in four, and medullary thyroid carcinoma in eight patients. Follow-up ranged from 8 months to 20.3 years, with an average of 7.5 years for well-differentiated carcinomas and 4.3 years for medullary thyroid carcinomas. All patients are presently alive with no evidence of progressive disease. Patients with papillary and follicular carcinomas underwent partial thyroidectomy; those with medullary carcinoma underwent total thyroidectomy. Serious complications included three permanent hypoparathyroidism and two tracheostomies, all after secondary neck explorations. The overall results observed in our series of patients seem to support the current conservative approach to well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, reserving total thyroidectomy for medullary cancer of the thyroid. A more aggressive search for familial medullary carcinoma through use of pentagastrin stimulation leads to early detection and more effective therapy.     

Follicular thyroid carcinoma with an iliac wing metastasis – Rare case report at Bugando Medical Centre in Tanzania

Thyroid carcinoma is uncommon in our geographical setting. When it occurs the leading histological type is papillary thyroid carcinoma followed by follicular thyroid carcinoma which are differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Differentiated thyroid carcinomas usually have a good prognosis as compared to undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma usually presents with a solitary thyroid nodule with or without cervical lymphadenopathy. We present a 57 year old female with history of anterior neck swelling for 5 years and inability to walk using the left lower limb for 2 years. Total thyroidectomy and modified neck dissection was done. Histopathology results revealed follicular thyroid carcinoma. Patient was received radiochemotherapy treatment post-surgery. Follicular thyroid carcinoma may present with a symptomatic distant metastatic bony lesion as presented. It is important for clinicians to be aware this and carry out confirmatory relative investigations.     

Clinicopathological studies of minimal thyroid and oridinary thyroid cancers

Clinicopathological studies were carried out on 27 patients with minimal thyroid cancer and 56 with ordinary thyroid cancer at Kanazawa University, from April, 1979 to December, 1982. There was a significant difference in the rate of preoperative diagnosis between the minimal and the ordinary cancer groups. Subtotal thyroidectomy with modified neck dissection was usually performed in both groups. The histological types in minimal cancer group included 16 papillary carcinomas, 7 nonencapsulated sclerosing carcinomas, one follicular carcinoma, one anaplastic carcinoma with squamous cell metaplasia and two multiple mixed carcinomas. There was no significant difference in the rates of intrathyroidal and lymph node metastases between the two groups. While the metastatic lesions of sclerosing carcinoma were localized to the central cervical lymph nodes, the ordinary cancer in general and the papillary variant of minimal cancer metastasized not only to the central cervical lymph nodes but also to the ipsilateral and even to the contralateral jugular lymph nodes.     

Thyroid cancer with concurrent hyperthyroidism

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical manifestation, outcome, and factors predicting metastases in patients with thyroid cancer and concurrent hyperthyroidism. DESIGN: Retrospective study of 37 thyrotoxic patients with differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid who were operated on between 1979 and 1995. The follow-up period ranged from 562 days to 14 years 9 months (mean +/- SE, 2093+/-201 days). SETTING: University hospital with an annual performance rate of about 700 thyroid operations. PATIENTS: Thyroidectomy was performed in 37 patients (31 women and 6 men), including 33 papillary carcinomas and 4 follicular carcinomas. The mean +/- SE age of the patients was 38.6+/-2.2 years. RESULTS: The mean +/- SE diameter of tumors was 13.2+/-0.9 mm (range, 2-67 mm). The tumor size in 25 patients (68%) was 10 mm or smaller. Subtotal thyroidectomy (21 patients), total thyroidectomy (8 patients), near-total thyroidectomy (4 patients), and completion thyroidectomy (4 patients) were performed. Twenty-eight patients underwent postoperative sodium iodide I 131 (131I) ablation for thyroid remnant. There was 1 local recurrence, 3 metastases to regional neck lymph nodes, and 3 distant metastases. A patient with follicular carcinoma died of metastases at 3 years 4 months after thyroidectomy. Age, sex, duration of thyrotoxic symptoms, tumor size, histopathological findings, type of goiter, extent of surgery, 131I ablation, and 6-week postoperative serum concentrations of thyroglobulin or thyrotropin were not significant factors in predicting metastases. Serum levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine before antithyroid treatment in the patients with metastases were significantly higher than in those without metastases. CONCLUSION: The majority of patients with thyroid cancer and concurrent hyperthyroidism have small carcinomas.     

青少年分化型甲状腺癌的临床特点及治疗选择

目的探讨青少年分化型甲状腺癌的临床病理特点、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析我院1979年至2004年收治的18岁以下青少年分化型甲状腺癌46例患者的临床病理资料。结果全组患者术前误诊20例（43．5％）。所有患者均行手术治疗,其中颈清扫术45例,单侧颈清扫术39例,双侧颈清扫术6例。术后病理示乳头状腺癌42例（91．3％）;滤泡状腺癌4例（8．7％）;颈淋巴结阳性者39例（84．8％）。患者术后均口服甲状腺素片;平均随访近10年（1～25年）,无一例因该病死亡。结论青少年分化型甲状腺癌易误诊,多为乳头状癌,尽管颈部淋巴结转移率高,但预后较好。重视其临床特点结合一定的辅助检查,可望减少误诊,达到早诊早治的目的;选择合理术式及术后治疗可取得满意疗效。