Effect of acute and long-term aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in the elderly.

Arterial stiffness is an important factor for cardiovascular performance and a predictor of cardiovascular risk. We evaluated the effects of both acute and long-term aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in community-dwelling healthy elderly subjects. In addition, we evaluated the relationship between the effects of long-term exercise and those of acute exercise. The study subjects were participants in the Shimanami Health Promoting Program study (J-SHIPP), which was designed to investigate factors relating to cardiovascular disease, dementia, and death (67+/-6 years). They performed mild-to-moderate aerobic exercise lasting for 30 min twice a week for 6 months. Arterial stiffness was assessed before and after the first 30-min acute exercise (n=99) and long-term 6-month aerobic training (n=40). The radial arterial augmentation index (AI) obtained from the radial pulse waveform by the tonometry method was used as a parameter of arterial stiffness. Both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significantly decreased after 30-min of aerobic exercise, however no significant change in AI was observed. On the other hand, there were significant decreases in AI (from 87 to 84%, p<0.01), SBP (from 136 to 129 mmHg, p<0.01), and DBP (from 75 to 70 mmHg, p<0.01) after the 6-month exercise period. Long-term exercise-induced changes in AI were significantly and inversely correlated with the pre-exercise AI (r=-0.40, p<0.01). In addition, AI changes after the 6-month exercise period were significantly related to those observed after first 30-min exercise (r=0.48, p<0.01). These findings indicate that apparently healthy and sedentary elderly subjects with higher AI may benefit from mild-to-moderate aerobic exercise to improve arterial stiffness.     

Effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on high-fat meal-induced inflammation

Background and aimsChronic low-grade inflammation is involved in the development of metabolic disorders including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome. Aerobic exercise has been shown to be anti-inflammatory and attenuate postprandial blood lipids, however, the effect of exercise on postprandial inflammation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise against postprandial lipemia and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) inflammation and to evaluate associations with changes in the energy-sensing enzyme, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).Materials and methodsHealthy male subjects (n = 12, age = 23 ± 2, %Fat = 19 ± 2) reported to the laboratory following an overnight fast (12–14 h) on two separate occasions for consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM). Participants completed an acute bout of aerobic exercise the afternoon prior to one of the HFM visits.Results and conclusionResults indicate that the single bout of moderate aerobic exercise increased AMPK signaling in PBMCs, as shown by increased phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC). This may be due to decreases in the AMPK inhibitory kinases PKD and GSK3β. Additionally, prior moderate intensity exercise decreased postprandial lipemia (PPL) and some mediators of the inflammatory pathway, such as p-NF-κB. These findings that acute aerobic exercise improves AMPK and NF-κB signaling in human PBMCs contribute support to the anti-inflammatory roles of exercise.     

Acute effects of a single session of aerobic exercise with or without weight-lifting on bone turnover in healthy young women

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of exercise on bone turnover and to determine whether brisk walking with or without weight-lifting makes a difference on bone metabolism. Nine healthy women performed two exercise bouts: brisk walking on a treadmill for 30 min (E), and similar exercise carrying 5 kg of weight in a backpack (WE). Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), calcitonin (CT), procollagen type 1 carboxy terminal propeptide (PICP), procollagen type 1 amino terminal propeptide (PINP), type 1 collagen carboxy terminal telopeptide (ICTP), total alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and urine deoxypyridinoline (D-Pyr) levels were studied. Resting values served as control. Significant variances were observed only in serum ALP and PTH values. Variances in ALP values within subjects after exercise were statistically significant (analysis of variance in repeated measurements [AVRM], P = 0.000). E caused a significant decrease, while WE caused a significant increase in ALP values at the 24th h (Bonferroni pairwise comparisons tests [BPC t-test]: P = 0.028, P = 0.000, respectively). Variances in PTH values within subjects after exercise were statistically significant (AVRM, P = 0.029), while diurnal variation was not significant (P = 0.981). E caused significant alterations in PTH levels (an increase at the 30th min, turned towards baseline at the 45th min) (BPC t-test, P = 0.007). WE also caused alterations in PTH levels, though insignificant (BPC t-test, P = 1.00). Brisk walking for 30 min has stimulating effects on bone turnover by various mechanisms without any additive effect of weight bearing.     

Acute effects of a single session of aerobic exercise with or without weight-lifting on bone turnover in healthy young women

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of exercise on bone turnover and to determine whether brisk walking with or without weight-lifting makes a difference on bone metabolism. Nine healthy women performed two exercise bouts: brisk walking on a treadmill for 30?min (E), and similar exercise carrying 5?kg of weight in a backpack (WE). Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), calcitonin (CT), procollagen type 1 carboxy terminal propeptide (PICP), procollagen type 1 amino terminal propeptide (PINP), type 1 collagen carboxy terminal telopeptide (ICTP), total alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and urine deoxypyridinoline (D-Pyr) levels were studied. Resting values served as control. Significant variances were observed only in serum ALP and PTH values. Variances in ALP values within subjects after exercise were statistically significant (analysis of variance in repeated measurements [AVRM], P = 0.000). E caused a significant decrease, while WE caused a significant increase in ALP values at the 24th h (Bonferroni pairwise comparisons tests [BPC t-test]: P = 0.028, P = 0.000, respectively). Variances in PTH values within subjects after exercise were statistically significant (AVRM, P = 0.029), while diurnal variation was not significant (P = 0.981). E caused significant alterations in PTH levels (an increase at the 30th min, turned towards baseline at the 45th min) (BPC t-test, P = 0.007). WE also caused alterations in PTH levels, though insignificant (BPC t-test, P = 1.00). Brisk walking for 30?min has stimulating effects on bone turnover by various mechanisms without any additive effect of weight bearing.     

Effect of aerobic exercise training on patients with systemic arterial hypertension

One hundred five patients with established diastolic hypertension were enrolled in an exercise program to examine the effect of aerobic conditioning on blood pressure. In four patients, the decrease in mean blood pressure was less than 5 mm Hg; in all others, there was a significant decline in arterial blood pressure. In 58 patients who were not taking drug medication in the pre-exercise period, mean blood pressure decreased by 15 mm Hg. Of 47 patients receiving drug therapy during the pre-exercise period, 24 were able to discontinue all medication. Mean blood pressure in this group fell from 116.9 +/- 6.5 mm Hg to 97.2 +/- 9.2 mm Hg as a result of exercise. In patients still taking antihypertensive drugs, mean pressure decreased from 120.9 +/- 28.8 mm Hg to 104.4 +/- 17.9 mm Hg after three months of exercise. It is concluded that in patients physically and emotionally able to exercise, a significant decline in blood pressure can be achieved.     

Verapamil acutely reduces ventricular-vascular stiffening and improves aerobic exercise performance in elderly individuals.

OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that acute intravenous verapamil acutely enhances aerobic exercise performance in healthy older individuals in association with a combined reduction of ventricular systolic and arterial vascular stiffnesses. BACKGROUND: Age-related vascular stiffening coupled with systolic ventricular stiffening may limit cardiovascular reserve and, thus, exercise performance in aged individuals. METHODS: Nineteen healthy volunteers with mean age 70 +/- 10 years underwent maximal-effort upright ergometry tests on two separate days after receiving either 0.15 mg/kg i.v. verapamil or 0.5 N saline in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. RESULTS: Baseline vascular stiffness, indexed by arterial pulse-wave velocity (Doppler) and augmentation index (carotid tonometry) declined with verapamil (-5.9 +/- 2.1% and -31.7 +/- 12.8%, respectively, both p < 0.05). Preload-adjusted maximal ventricular power, a surrogate for ventricular end-systolic stiffness, also declined by -9.5 +/- 3.6%. Peripheral resistance and peak filling rate were unchanged. With verapamil, exercise duration prior to the anaerobic threshold (AT) increased by nearly 50% (260 +/- 129 to 387 +/- 176 s) with a corresponding 13.4 +/- 4.7% rise in oxygen consumption (VO2) at that time (both p < 0.01). Total exercise duration prolonged by +6 +/- 2.7% (p < 0.05) with no change in maximal VO2. Baseline cardiodepression from verapamil reversed by peak exercise with net increases in stroke volume and cardiac output (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Acute intravenous verapamil reduces ventriculovascular stiffening and improves aerobic exercise performance in healthy aged individuals. This highlights a role for heart-arterial coupling in modulating exertional capacity in the elderly, suggesting a potentially therapeutic target for aged individuals with exertional limitations.     

Effect of low-intensity aerobic exercise training on arterial compliance in postmenopausal women.

Regular aerobic exercise training attenuates age-related reduction in central arterial compliance, an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. We tested the hypothesis that even low-intensity exercise training could increase central arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. Using B-mode ultrasound, we studied the central arterial compliance of 15 postmenopausal females (age: 52-66 years) before and after a 12-week aerobic exercise intervention. Subjects performed aerobic exercise training of the same energy expenditure (cycle exercise, total 900 kcal/week, 3-5 sessions/week) at two different exercise intensities: 7 trained at low intensity (40% heart rate reserve: L-TR) and 8 trained at moderate intensity (70% heart rate reserve: M-TR). Arterial compliance increased after exercise training in the L-TR group (0.70+/-0.32 vs. 1.06+/-0.55 mm2/mmHgX10(-1), p <0.05) and in the M-TR group (0.82+/-0.37 vs. 1.14+/-0.39 mm2/mmHgX10(-1), p <0.05). There was no significant difference in increases of arterial compliance in either group (L-TR: 0.35+/-0.38 vs. M-TR: 0.32+/-0.33 mm2/mmHgX10(-1)). These results suggest that the improvement of central arterial compliance by aerobic exercise training might not be influenced by the intensity of exercise training if the energy expenditure of the training is the same. Accordingly, even low-intensity exercise training may have the effect of improving central arterial compliance.     

Effects of a robotic walking exercise on walking performance in community‐dwelling elderly adults

Background: Reduced gait speed and stride length are characteristic of gait in elderly people and increase their dependency on assistance. We developed a robotic stride assistance system (SAS) to automatically control the walk ratio during walking. Our aim was to quantify the effects of a walking exercise with the SAS on walking performance and glucose metabolism during walking in community‐dwelling elderly adults. Methods: For 3 months, 15 women (72–85 years old) performed the walking exercise twice weekly for 90 min/session. We assessed walking for 5 m at a comfortable speed before and after the intervention. Positron emission tomography with [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was used to assess muscle activity during an unassisted 50‐min walk. Results: Walking speed was improved by the intervention and FDG uptake by the gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and rectus femoris, and pelvic muscles (iliacus and gluteus muscles) were reduced. Conclusion: These results suggest that a walking intervention program using an applied robotic system is useful for improving the walking ability and the efficiency of muscle activities during walking in the elderly.     

有氧运动对老年慢性病患者健康管理效果的影响

目的分析和评价有氧运动对老年慢性病患者健康管理的效果。方法对比分析172例老年慢性病患者2年持续有氧运动前后的血糖、血压、血脂、尿酸、血氧饱和度、脂肪肝、体重指数(BMI)等指标变化情况;比较分析有氧运动前后老年慢性病患者症状和共性自我管理效能评分情况。结果有氧运动前后脂肪肝、超重或肥胖的检出率明显下降(P<0.05);有氧运动前后收缩压、舒张压、餐前血糖、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇、血氧饱和度、肺活量实际测定值/理论预计值等指标变化明显(P<0.01);症状和共性自我管理效能评分明显高于干预前(P<0.05)。结论长期坚持有氧运动能有效改善老年慢性病患者的健康状况,配合高血压、糖尿病等慢性病的临床治疗疗效更好,同时对缓解紧张焦虑和抑郁情绪的效果显著,增强了患者治愈慢性病的信心和遵医依从性。     

个体化有氧运动对老年冠心病患者心率恢复的影响

目的评价个体化有氧运动对老年冠心病患者心率恢复的影响。方法将60例老年冠心病患者随机分为康复运动组30例和对照组30例。康复运动组进行有氧运动训练3个月,对照组进行日常活动。采用6min步行试验检测2组运动治疗前后的静息心率、峰值心率、心率恢复值、收缩压、舒张压和6min步行距离。结果与治疗前比较,康复运动组治疗3个月峰值心率及心率恢复值明显提高,6min步行距离较运动前明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01),而血压、静息心率和LVEF比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。6min步行距离与心率恢复值呈正相关(r=0.48,P<0.01)。结论个体化有氧运动有助于改善老年冠心病患者的心率恢复能力和运动耐量。     

Effect of physical exercise training on the arterial pressure in normotensive subjects

To determine the effect of exercise training on blood pressure at rest and during maximal exercise 15 adolescent and 15 adult normotensive cyclists were studied after a period of detraining and of physical activity. In the lying position resting blood pressure did not change with training, while a slight but significant decrease in blood pressure (p less than 0.05) was observed on standing up. At the same absolute work rate, after training exertional blood pressure was lower than before training, but at peak exercise the same blood pressure levels were achieved before and after training. These results indicate that, contrary to what has been reported in the sedentary subject, resuming exercise training after a period of detraining brings about in the normotensive athlete only minor changes in blood pressure.     

运动锻炼对高血压患者血压和血管弹性的影响

目的:研究运动锻炼对血压和血管弹性的影响。方法:70例高血压患者被随机分组:运动组(n=34),接受半年以上的个体化运动负荷程序训练,对照组(n=36),每日散步平均少于半小时(1.5 km)两组均无其他严重疾患。两组试验前及试验6个月后测血压和容量顺应性(C1,反映大动脉弹性)和振荡顺应性(C2,反映小动脉弹性)。结果:运动组治疗前、后比较及与B组比较收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉压(PP)显著降低(P<0.01);C1、C2显著升高(P<0.01)。结论:康复运动锻炼能降低血压,改善高血压患者的动脉弹性。     

有氧踏车运动对老年单纯收缩期高血压患者大动脉弹性的影响杨志伟 徐佳 董波 曾令忠 沈丹萍作者单位：湖南省老年医院 心血管内科 410016

目的 探讨有氧踏车运动对老年单纯收缩期高血压（ISH）患者大动脉弹性的影响.方法 选取2012年1～12月期间我院收治的老年ISH患者102例,随机分为2组.A组（52例）给予常规治疗;B组（50例）在常规治疗基础上进行有氧踏车运动,每周3次,每次30 min.疗程均为20周.检测试验前后收缩压、舒张压、高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和脉搏波传导速度（baPWV）.结果 20周干预后,与治疗前比较,两组收缩压[（145.76±11.52）mm Hg比（165.54±13.87）mm Hg,（141.16±7.69）mm Hg比（162.81±13.26）mm Hg]、舒张压[（65.87±7.20）mm Hg比（72.71±8.16）mm Hg,（67.98±8.21）mm Hg比（71.48±9.18）mmHg]均明显下降,baPWV[（1641.46±119.38）mm/s比（1690.71±124.65）mm/s,（1593.76±112.21）mm/s比（1671.48±138.72）mm/s]减慢,P均＜0.05.与A组对比,B组的收缩压[（141.16±7.69）mm Hg比（145.76±11.52）mmHg]、baPWV[（1593.76±112.21）mm/s比（1641.46±119.38）mm/s]下降更明显,P均＜0.05.结论 有氧踏车运动能够改善老年ISH患者的动脉僵硬度,并有助于其血压的降低.     

The acute mood effects of a single rehabilitation exercise session on cardiac patients

In this study the acute emotional effects of exercise training were examined in a sample of 60 cardiac patients who were attending a community cardiac rehabilitation programme. A battery of questionnaires which included standard psychological tests assessing positive effect (PE), negative effect (NE) and state anxiety (SA) were administered 10 minutes pre-exercise and 10 minutes post-exercise. Change in psychological state over the duration of the exercise session was investigated. Immediately following the exercise session there was a significant increase in PE, a significant decrease in NE and a significant decrease in SA. The majority of patients reported a positive baseline psychological profile. Psychological and physiological arguments are put forward to explain the results. The implications of the findings are discussed.     

Quantitative assessments of the effects of a single exercise session on muscles in juvenile dermatomyositis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short-term effects of exercise on muscle inflammation in children with juvenile dermatomyositis (juvenile DM). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), muscle strength, and blood parameters were used as outcome measures. METHODS: Children with active juvenile DM, inactive juvenile DM, and healthy children were assessed for muscle strength (using myometry) and function, and MRI T2-weighted relaxation time measurement; blood was obtained from patients with juvenile DM. A standardized physiotherapy-led exercise program was completed, and the MRI was performed immediately afterwards. All children were reassessed with myometry and MRI at 30 minutes and 60 minutes, and repeat blood tests were performed at 60 minutes for the patients with juvenile DM. RESULTS: Ten children with active juvenile DM, 10 with inactive juvenile DM, and 20 healthy controls completed the study. Muscle inflammation assessed by MRI, myometry, and blood parameters did not change significantly in response to exercise either immediately after or up to 60 minutes after the exercise program in any group. CONCLUSION: In the short term, a single bout of exercise does not change the degree of inflammation within the muscles of children with active or inactive juvenile DM or in healthy children. The data suggest that, at least in this time period, there is no evidence that exercise increases the inflammation within the muscles. We propose therefore that a moderate exercise program is safe for children with juvenile DM.     

Effect of regular exercise on 24-hour arterial pressure in older hypertensive humans

The experimental goals were to determine if regular low-intensity aerobic exercise reduces 24-hour arterial blood pressure in middle-aged and older (aged 50 years or older) humans with mild diastolic (90-105 mm Hg) essential hypertension and, if so, whether this is accurately reflected by changes in casual recordings made at rest. Fourteen subjects walked 3-4 days/wk for 6 months, with 10 exercising an additional 6 months; 12 other subjects served as nonexercising controls. In the exercising subjects, maximal oxygen consumption increased 7-14% (p less than 0.05) with little or no change in body weight or fat. Conventional casual readings of systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure at rest were lower (5-10 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) in all body positions after 6 months of exercise and changed little thereafter. Casual recordings made during additional circulatory measurements showed 6-month decreases of only half this magnitude and were specific to a particular blood pressure phase and body position; however, all changes were significant after 12 months of exercise. The reductions in arterial pressure at rest were associated with decreases in heart rate (p less than 0.05) and cardiac output (p less than 0.05). Ambulatory-determined 24-hour arterial pressure was unchanged after 6 months of exercise, but mean levels were slightly lower (4 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) after 12 months due to reductions in daytime (7 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) and nighttime (4 mm Hg, NS) systolic pressure; diastolic pressure was unchanged throughout the year of training. In the controls, conventionally recorded casual blood pressure levels were lower after 6 months (p less than 0.05), but no other changes were observed in any other variable over the 12 months of study. We conclude 1) regular low-intensity aerobic exercise at best produces only small reductions in 24-hour levels of arterial pressure in middle-aged and older humans with mild (diastolic) essential hypertension and 2) training-associated changes in casually determined blood pressure at rest are dependent on the measurement conditions and, most importantly, do not necessarily reflect the magnitude or even the direction of changes in arterial pressure throughout an entire day.