城乡中学生焦虑影响因素的通径分析

[目的]探讨城乡中学生焦虑的影响因素及因素间相互作用的方式. [方法]采用焦虑自评量表、特质焦虑问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷和自拟量表,用分层整群抽样的方法,对4 030名(初一～初三及高一、高二年级)中学生进行了问卷调查.并应用通径分析方法探讨各影响因素对中学生焦虑的影响路径. [结果]特质焦虑、学习压力、父母温暖理解以及负面教养方式对城乡中学生焦虑均有直接作用;而自尊和学习成绩则通过学习压力或特质焦虑间接影响中学生焦虑;引起城市学生焦虑的直接因素还包括神经质、精神质和内外向等人格因素,而农村学生的人格因素中的精神质和神经质则足通过学习压力间接对学生焦虑起作用. [结论]减小学习压力、改善不良的父母教养方式可能是降低中学生焦虑水平的根本途径.应用通经分析推断焦虑影响因素之间的路径关系,计算各因素对中学生焦虑直接和/或间接作用的大小,可以为中学牛焦虑的干预提供理论依据.     

医学生社交焦虑状况及影响因素的研究

目的了解某医学院校公共卫生专业学生社交焦虑现状以及相关影响因素,为今后开展综合干预提供依据。方法采用社交回避及苦恼量表、状态-特质焦虑量表、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷和自拟量表对公共卫生专业552名本科生进行问卷调查。结果(1)被试医学生的社交焦虑总体水平8.95±5.58,不同生长地、每月不同生活费、父亲不同文化程度组别间焦虑水平差异有统计学意义。(2)社交焦虑与状态、特质焦虑,个性中的精神质、神经质和内外向,父母教养方式中的母亲拒绝、否认和惩罚、严厉,自拟量表中的害怕否定评价、学校压力正相关;与父母教养方式中的父、母情感温暖、理解,自拟量表中应付方式、家庭亲密程度、社交情绪反应、社会适应能力、社会资源与支持和对未来的期望值的负相关。(3)逐步回归显示,特质焦虑、社会资源与支持和害怕否定评价对社交焦虑的作用明显。结论医学生社交焦虑问题较普遍。学生特质焦虑、害怕否定评价和社会资源与支持对于社交焦虑作用较大。     

哈尔滨市中学生焦虑状况及其影响因素研究

【目的】了解哈尔滨市中学生焦虑情绪的发生状况及其相关影响因素分析。【方法】采用焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)、特质焦虑问卷(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,STAI)、父母教养方式评价量表(EgmaMinnen av Bardndosnauppforstran,EMBU)、艾森克个性问卷(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire,EPQ)和自拟量表对4030名(初一、初二、初三及高一、高二年级)中学生进行了调查。【结果】本研究中焦虑状况的平均得分为(41.42±12.78),35.5%的学生存在不同程度的焦虑状况。男女生在焦虑水平上不存在较为明显的性别差异;初中生焦虑水平高于高中生,初三学生的焦虑水平最高(42.29±0.47)。逐步回归显示,特质焦虑、神经质、自尊、师生关系、学习压力、父惩罚严厉(FF2)、父过分干涉(FF3)、父过度保护(FF6)、母惩罚严厉(MF4)和母情感温暖(MF1)对焦虑的作用明显。【结论】哈尔滨市中学生的焦虑水平高于中国正常人常模中的焦虑平均分值,并与多种因素相关。     

不同性别中学生焦虑影响因素分析

目的 研究中学生焦虑性别差异及造成差异的原因.方法 采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和自拟调查表对4030名中学生进行调查.结果 男女生焦虑平均得分分别为(41.74±13.34),(41.15±12.20)分,2者差异无统计学意义;但男女生焦虑发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),男生(37.3%)高于女生(33.8%).影响因素中,个性中的神经质以及父母亲负面教育方式对男生的影响大于女生.特质焦虑、精神质、神经质、父亲过度保护是共同影响因素.除特质焦虑外,父亲过度保护对女生影响较大,而对男生影响较大的因素为母亲惩罚严厉.结论 不同性别学生焦虑状况发生率不同,并与多种因素有关.     

哈尔滨市城乡中学生考试焦虑情况及家庭影响因素研究

【目的】研究中学生考试焦虑与家庭相关因素之间的关系,为开展考试焦虑的干预提供理论依据。【方法】在期末考试前2周,采用考试焦虑量表、状态特质焦虑问卷、家庭环境量表中文版、艾森克个性问卷对哈尔滨市城乡初高中学校的1 096名学生及家长进行了问卷调查。【结果】被试中学生考试焦虑的总体水平为16.94±6.406,其中重度考试焦虑约占1/3;女童考试焦虑平均水平略高于男童(17.61±6.435,16.02±6.256;t=4.115,P0.001);农村中学生的考试焦虑均分(17.45±5.921)明显高于城市(16.54±6.738)(P0.05);初中和高中学生考试焦虑分值差异无统计学意义。经逐步回归分析显示,父母个性中的神经质和家庭环境中的亲密度和娱乐性对考试焦虑的作用明显。【结论】中学生考试焦虑问题较普遍,家庭相关因素是考试焦虑重要的影响因素,应引起社会和家长的广泛认识。     

哈尔滨市城乡中学生焦虑状况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解哈尔滨市中学生焦虑情绪的流行特征及其相关影响因素,为学校实施有效的干预措施提供依据.方法 采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、特质焦虑问卷(STAI)和自拟量表,对哈尔滨市城乡初一至高二年级学生5130名进行调查.结果 中学生焦虑状况得分为(43.44±10.75)分,40.3%的学生存在不同程度的焦虑.农村中学生焦虑得分高于城市中学生,差异有统计学意义;男生焦虑得分高于女生,差异有统计学意义;初、高中学生焦虑情绪的差异无统计学意义.逐步回归分析显示,特质焦虑、母亲惩罚严厉(MF4)、神经质、父亲情感温暖(FF1)、学习压力、精神质、父亲偏爱被试(FF4)、父亲过度保护(FF6)、师生关系、父亲拒绝否认(FF5)、母亲情感温暖理解(MF1)以及内-外向对焦虑的作用明显.结论 哈尔滨市城乡中学生的焦虑状况较为严重,农村中学生尤其令人担忧.     

新兵适应不良与焦虑、压力和自我效能的关系

目的探讨新兵适应能力和焦虑以及自我效能的关系。方法选择某部354名2014年秋季入伍士兵,在入伍1个月后进行团体测试,采用普遍性适应不良问卷(Gm)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、一般自我效能量表(GSES)、感知压力问卷(PSS)进行测评。用独立样本t检验、Pearson相关分析和多元线性回归等方法进行分析。结果独立样本t检验显示,不同特征的新兵在普遍适应不良量表与2个焦虑量表上的得分差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。Pearson相关分析显示新兵心理适应不良与状态焦虑、特质焦虑呈显著正相关(P0.01),与自我效能呈显著负相关(P0.01),感知压力与自我效能呈显著正相关(P0.01)。不同心理适应水平的新兵在状态焦虑、特质焦虑、自我效能上差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。回归分析显示,状态焦虑(β=0.487)、特质焦虑(β=0.143)、自我效能(β=-0.078)、感知压力(β=0.098)4个自变量能够解释心理适应不良39.6%的变异,其中最显著影响的预测变量为状态焦虑。结论状态焦虑、感知压力等因素会在一定程度上影响新兵的心理适应能力,应考虑在新兵集训期间采取有效的心理支持与辅导,缓解新兵对应激情境的焦虑状况,从而提高新兵的心理适应能力。     

哈尔滨市3~5年级学生社交焦虑影响因素的调查

目的 了解3~5年级学生社交焦虑情况,并深入研究其与影响因素之间的关系,为学生的心理健康提供科学依据。方法 抽取哈尔滨市3所小学3~5年级学生及其家长共927对作为研究对象。学生完成以下问卷:儿童社交焦虑量表,父母养育方式评价量表,核心自我评价量表,社会支持评定量表;家长完成以下问卷:流调中心用抑郁量表,焦虑自评量表。 结果 本次共调查927名学生的社交焦虑检出率为26.3%,女生的社交焦虑检出率(13.7%)虽然高于男生(12.6%),但差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.01,P=0.922)。除父母焦虑和父母偏爱被试无显著性相关外,父母情感温暖理解、学生社会支持和学生核心自我评价呈负相关(r=-0.068、-0.089、-0.196、-0.481),其余因素均与学生社交焦虑呈正相关。核心自我评价量表(CSES)、父过度保护(FF6) 、母情感温暖理解(MF1)、家长抑郁(CES-D)依次进入回归方程,回归系数分别为-0.258、0.137、0.050和0.040。 结论 家长对子女要求苛刻、过度保护或对子女缺乏温暖理解都会成为社交焦虑的危险因素;较高的社会支持和自我评价有助儿童社交能力的发展。     

支气管哮喘儿童父母抑郁、焦虑的相关因素分析

目的 探讨支气管哮喘儿童父母的抑郁焦虑症状及相关因素,为其心理干预提供依据。方法 对纳入标准的174名患儿父母采用艾森克人格问卷简式量表(EPQ-RSC)、应付方式问卷(CSQ)、社会支持量表(SSRS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)等自评量表进行问卷调查。结果 患儿父母抑郁症状发生率为21.84%,焦虑症状发生率为11.49%,抑郁与焦虑症状共病发生率为23.56%。患儿父母在性别、儿童患病年龄,哮喘疾病严重程度的构成比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。共病组内外向因子得分低于抑郁组和焦虑组,抑郁组和焦虑组低于无症状组(P<0.01);共病组神经质因子得分高于抑郁组和焦虑组,抑郁组和焦虑组高于无病组(P<0.01)。无症状组仅在主观支持、客观支持、社会支持总分得分显著高于共病组(P<0.05)。无症状组、抑郁组、焦虑组在解决问题和求助两因子得分显著高于共病组;无症状组在幻想、退避、合理化因子得分显著低于其他3组;无症状组自责因子得分显著低于抑郁组和焦虑组,抑郁组和焦虑组显著低于共病组。Logistic回归分析显示,患儿患病年龄越小、疾病严重程度重,及患病儿童父母神经质因子和自责得分较高者更容易出现抑郁症状和焦虑症状。结论 哮喘患儿父母的抑郁焦虑症状发生率较高,对其父母抑郁焦虑症状发生的危险因素有儿童患病年龄越小、疾病严重程度重,及低外倾性,较高水平神经质和自责。     

文理科大学生考试焦虑问卷分析

用《状态－特质焦虑问卷(STAI)》和《艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)》在考试期间研究152名文理科大学生考试焦虑的差异以及考试焦虑与人格的关系。结果表明:①文科大学生考试焦虑与EPQ中的神经质因素有关,而理科大学生考试焦虑与人格无关,这提示考试焦虑与人格的关系存在群体差异性。②文科女大学生考试焦虑十分显著地低于文科男大学生和理科男、女大学生。③文科生的考试焦虑在在原著的性别差异,、而理科生性别差异不显著。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.