原发性食管恶性黑色素瘤的外科诊治

目的探讨原发性食管恶性黑色素瘤的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断和外科治疗。方法回顾我院6例外科手术切除和病理学确诊原发性食管恶性黑色素瘤的相关临床资料,并分析相关文献。结果6例患者中男5例,女1例,年龄48～66岁,平均55.8岁,临床症状主要为吞咽困难和胸骨后疼痛,均经钡餐检查提示食管肿瘤性病变,食管中段4例,下段2例,术前2例误诊为食管癌,4例胃镜刷咬切片检查提示食管恶性黑色素瘤,均行食管切除和胃代食管吻合术。术后病理诊断为原发性食管恶性黑色素瘤,组织学特征与其他部位恶性黑色素瘤相似,免疫组化表达HMB45、S-100、Vimentin,不表达CgA。结论原发性食管恶性黑色素瘤临床罕见,易误诊,诊断依据临床病理特征、影像学检查,内镜刷片检查有利术前诊断,治疗原则为以外科手术切除为主的综合治疗。     

胃转移性恶性黑色素瘤1例

目的:探讨胃转移性恶性黑色素瘤的临床病理特征、鉴别诊断及治疗与预后.方法:报道1例胃转移性恶性黑色素瘤, 取胃活检经HE染色及免疫组织化学染色诊断. 并复习国内外相关文献.结果:活检组织切片光镜下见胃黏膜固有层弥漫浸润的小细胞, 部分呈巢状排列, 细胞胞质较丰富, 核偏位, 核仁大而明显, 仅少部分细胞的胞质内可见黑色素颗粒. 免疫组织化学染色显示vimentin(+), S-100(+), HMB45(+),AE1/AE3(-). 病理诊断为胃(底、体交界)恶性黑色素瘤, 结合病史考虑为转移性.结论:恶性黑色素瘤转移到胃时没有典型临床表现, 若出现与原发肿瘤不相关的症状, 要高度怀疑转移. 主要与胃原发性肿瘤鉴别. 预后差. 对远处转移的最初部位为胃的患者, 进行根治性手术能有效缓解症状, 并可能对延长生存期有帮助.     

肺恶性黑色素瘤的诊断（附5例分析）

目的 总结出肺恶性黑色素瘤的有效诊断方法。方法 回顾性分析5例经病理证实的肺恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床表现、影像检查、病理检查资料。结果 5例肺恶性黑色素瘤患者中,4例为转移性肺恶性黑色素瘤,1例为原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤。临床表现上多为无症状或单纯发热,影像学表现为肺结节影及阻塞性肺炎和纵隔淋巴结肿大,肿瘤标志物中铁蛋白相对升高。病理检查结果：肿瘤细胞以梭形、卵圆形或上皮样为主,弥漫性或结节状及巢状分布,核分裂象易见,部分细胞可见明显核仁,胞质嗜酸性,多见黑色素沉积;组织病理切片免疫组化检测结果显示Viemntin、HMB45、Mela-A、S-100两种或以上阳性。结论 肺恶性黑色素瘤临床表现不典型,组织病理免疫组化检测出Viemntin、HMB45、Mela-A、S-100提示肺恶性黑色素瘤。     

原发性肝脏恶性黑色素瘤的诊治进展

恶性黑色素瘤是由皮肤等器官黑色素细胞产生的肿瘤,该病多见于中老年人,其常见发生部位为皮肤、眼部、肛周等,少数可发生于鼻腔、鼻窦、口腔、喉部、脑脊膜、胆囊、消化道、骨、肺、肾上腺等,原发于肝脏的恶性黑色素瘤临床极为罕见。原发性黑色素瘤主要临床表现为肝大、黄疸、消瘦、肝区叩击痛等,表现特异性不强,其诊断需借助于病理学及免疫组织化学染色支持,并结合临床排除其他部位恶性黑色素瘤生长可能。在治疗方面,目前国内外肝脏原发性恶性黑色素瘤无特效的治疗方法。对于单发或肿瘤体积相对较小的个体可考虑积极手术治疗,多发及体积较大者可行放射及化学治疗、免疫调节治疗。但一般情况下,原发性黑色素瘤预后相对较差。     

MUC2、CD24在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨MUC2、CD24在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及意义。方法用免疫组化SP法检测80例原发性卵巢上皮性肿瘤、19例卵巢癌胃及结肠转移患者病灶组织中的MUC2、CD24表达,并分析二者表达的相关性。结果MUC2、CD24在卵巢良性、交界性和恶性上皮性肿瘤中的阳性表达依次升高,但组间比较MUC2表达无统计学差异。在黏液性肿瘤中,二者表达随肿瘤恶性程度进展逐渐升高,与临床分期相关（P〈0．05）,但与病理分级无关;MUC2在卵巢癌结肠转移组织中的表达高于原发性卵巢癌（P〈0．05）;二者在原发性卵巢癌组织中的表达呈正相关（r=0．283,P〈0．05）。结论MUC2、CD24与卵巢上皮性肿瘤恶性程度相关,联合检测可预测其肿瘤恶性程度。     

幽门螺旋菌清除后胃粘膜相关淋巴样组织中原发性低度恶性B细胞胃淋巴瘤的消退

胃原发性低度恶性B淋巴细胞淋巴瘤具有粘膜相关淋巴样组织(MALT)的特征。据统计,90％以上的胃MALT淋巴瘤中可找到幽门螺旋菌(HP)。在低分化胃MALT淋巴瘤中,母细胞转化、上皮下浆细胞分化和淋巴滤泡中心有肿瘤细胞特异性定位,提示此淋巴瘤为免疫反应引起的。可能是幽门螺旋菌激起免疫反应,刺激肿瘤生长。如此则幽门螺旋菌的清除应能抑制低度恶性胃淋巴瘤的生长。     

胰腺原发性恶性黑色素瘤的诊断和治疗

消化道恶性黑色素瘤是一种少见性肿瘤,而原发性胰腺黑色素瘤极为罕见,发病隐匿,临床上对此认识不深.我们结合近期手术治疗的一例胰腺黑色素瘤,对该病的诊断和治疗进行了回顾分析.     

胰腺上皮样血管肉瘤的临床病理分析

目的探讨胰腺上皮样血管肉瘤的临床病理学特征及鉴别诊断要点。方法在光学显微镜下对胰腺上皮样血管肉瘤进行组织学形态观察,并借助免疫组化进一步对血管肉瘤的形态进行分析。结果大体上为灰白色结节状,切面呈灰白色,质地中等,显微镜下组织学表现为肿瘤细胞呈上皮样、多边形,病理性核分裂象多见,弥漫分布,异型性明显,免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞高表达CK、CD31、CD34和Vimentin等,血管和间叶分化,肿瘤高度恶性。结论胰腺上皮样血管肉瘤具有高度侵袭性,转移迅速,预后差,在临床病理诊断中,必须首先与发生于该部位常见的恶性肿瘤如癌、转移癌、恶性黑色素瘤、其他肉瘤等鉴别。     

内镜诊断恶性黑色素瘤胃转移1例

内镜诊断恶性黑色素瘤胃转移１例穆琳张少玲许才绂王景杰主题词黑色素瘤／诊断；胃肿瘤／继发性；胃镜检查中国图书资料分类号Ｒ７３５２１病例报告男，４７岁．恶性鼻腔黑色素瘤术后１５ａ，呼吸困难伴黑便５ｄ．查体：重度贫血貌，消瘦，全身皮肤可见散在分布大小...     

原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤1例并文献复习

原发于肺的恶性黑色素瘤极为罕见,仅占肺部肿瘤的0．01％,国内公开报道且资料完整的有13例。我院于2011年收治1例,经电子支气管镜活检病理确诊为原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤,现结合文献并报道如下。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.