极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点和手术方法。方法1996~2006年手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症35例,手术分别采用经后正中入路椎板扩大开窗术,椎间孔切开和椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合术,或经肌间隙入路髓核摘除术。结果本组共32例获得随访,随访时间6个月~10年,平均4.7年。疗效按日本整形外科学会(JOA)下腰痛评分标准评价,优27例,良3例,可2例,优良率达84.4%。结论极外侧型椎间盘突出症与典型的腰椎间盘突出症不同,其多累及同序数腰神经根,并以下肢痛为主要症状,CT或MRI是诊断的主要依据。对极外侧型椎间盘突出的病例,采用不同的手术方法,其手术治疗效果良好。     

椎管内外联合入路治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症

目前绝大多数同行将椎间孔型和椎间孔外型椎间盘突出称极外侧型腰椎间盘突出，极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症发生率低，近五年来，我院手术9例均为向上移位的椎间孔内突出并出口区、椎间孔外突出者。手术方法：采用关节突外侧入路联合椎管内开窗髓核摘除术。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症椎旁肌间隙入路与后正中入路的病例对照研究

目的：比较经椎旁肌间隙入路与后正中入路对极外型腰椎间盘突出症手术疗效的影响。方法：回顾分析2004年1月至2011年1月收治的32例行手术治疗的极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料。其中行椎旁肌间隙入路17例,男11例,女6例;后正中入路15例,男10例,女5例,均经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术（transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF）治疗。所有患者获得随访,时间12-18个月,平均15.3个月。记录手术时间、术中出血量和术后引流量,并比较两组术前术后的疼痛视觉模拟（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分和Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry Disability Index,ODI）。结果：椎旁肌间隙入路组手术时间、术中出血量及术后引流量明显少于后正中入路组（P〈0.05）。末次随访时两组间VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,椎旁肌间隙入路组ODI评分少于后正中入路组（P〈0.05）。结论：极外型腰椎间盘突出症经椎旁肌间隙入路比传统后正中入路对椎旁肌损伤更小,具有更好的临床疗效。     

双侧肌间隙入路Quadrant系统下行腰椎翻修术

目的:探讨后正中皮肤切口椎旁双侧肌间隙入路微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合(TLIF)技术在腰椎翻修手术中的临床疗效。方法:2007年3月～2010年2月我院收治的手术后行腰椎翻修患者24例,其中腰椎间盘突出症行腰椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术后8例、腰椎间盘突出症行单纯椎板开窗减压髓核摘除术后10例、腰椎管狭窄症后路椎板开窗减压术后6例。其中L4/5 13例、L5/S1 11例。均采用后正中皮肤切口椎旁双侧肌间隙入路,在Quadrant可扩张管道系统下行微创TLIF手术。采用JOA(29分法)功能评分对患者再次手术前、手术后1年临床疗效进行评估、并计算改善率。结果:随访时间14～26个月,平均16个月。患者均无脑脊液漏、无神经根损伤。术前JOA评分为13.91±1.44分,术后1年JOA评分为23.70±1.33分,与术前比较有统计学差异(P﹤0.05)。根据改善率评估临床效果,其中优17例、良5例、可2例。结论:后正中切口双侧肌间隙入路在Quadrant可扩张管道系统下行微创TLIF是腰椎翻修的一种可行方法。     

显微内窥镜下微创治疗椎间孔外型腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨显微内窥镜下微创治疗椎间孔外型腰椎间盘突出症的可行性。方法对15例椎间孔外型腰椎间盘突出症手术患者进行回顾性分析。突出间隙:L3~46例,L4~59例。手术选择后侧旁正中入路,采用MED系统完成神经根探查、减压和椎间盘髓核摘除。结果15例术后随访6~12个月,平均8·3个月。采用改良Macnab标准评价:优8例,良5例,可2例,优良率86·7%。结论显微内窥镜下微创经后侧旁正中入路治疗椎间孔外型腰椎间盘突出症具有创伤小、手术时间短、恢复快等特点,是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

导航辅助内固定伤椎植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折的早期疗效观察

目的：探讨导航辅助下经 Wiltse 肌间隙入路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合伤椎植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折的早期临床疗效。方法选择43例胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定结合伤椎植骨术患者,20例采用导航辅助经 Wilt-se 肌间隙入路（A 组）,23例采用传统后正中入路（B 组）。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）以及伤椎后凸 Cobb 角、置钉情况。结果患者均获得随访,时间6～12个月。手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后 VAS 评分 A 组明显少于 B 组（P ＜0．05）。两组方法术后均能明显矫正后凸角（P ＞0．05）。术后 CT 扫描评价椎弓根螺钉位置,参考 Richter 分类标准,A 组置钉准确性优良率高于 B 组（P ＜0．05）。结论经 Wiltse 肌间隙入路导航辅助短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合伤椎植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折创伤小,置钉迅捷、安全、准确,优于传统后正中入路。     

极外侧型腰间盘突出症的临床特点及术式选择

目的 分析极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症(FLLDH)的临床特点，探讨合理的术式。方法 回顾总结18例FLLDH的临床资料：分别应用经椎板间入路(术式1)、经峡部外缘入路(术式2)和经横突间入路(术式3)三种术式单独或联合进行治疗。结果 经平均1年2个月随访，依据Macnab疗效标准，优12例，良5例，可1例，差无，优良率为9414％结论 本症多具有较高神经节段受损的症状和体征。结合临床的椎间孔区高质量CT检查是诊断FLLDH的关键一本组所选术式既能彻底摘除致压髓核组织，又最大限度地保留了脊柱的完整性．     

椎间孔与椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨椎间孔型与椎间孔外型腰是盘突出症的诊断与治疗方法。方法：回顾分析手术治疗的３３４例腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料,其中１３例为椎间孔型或椎间孔外型腰椎间盘突出,占同期手术治疗病例的３．９％。９例采用椎板间入路,２例采用板侧方入路。结果：本症常累及同疗数神经根,且突出间隙以Ｌ４／５、Ｌ３／４居多。ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ检查与手术所见一致。经４个月～３年随访,疗效优１０例良２例,可１例。结论：薄层高分辩     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的手术方式及其疗效观察

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症（far lateral lumbar disc herniation,FLLDH）的术式选择并观察其术后疗效。方法选取自2005年1月至2007年2月间收治的极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症患者11例为研究对象,其中7例为椎间孔型,椎间孔型合并椎间孔外侧型1例,椎间孔外侧型3例。分别采用经半椎板—关节突关节切除入路及经小关节突外手术入路治疗。结果 11例患者均获得随访,随访4～18个月,平均9个月。根据Macnab分级,优9例,良1例,总优良率91%。结论采用经半椎板—关节突关节部分切除入路及经小关节外入路治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症术后效果较好,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

单侧肌间隙入路TLIF手术治疗腰椎间盘髓核摘除术后同侧复发的临床观察

目的 探讨经肌间隙入路单侧经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)手术在治疗腰椎间盘髓核摘除术后同侧复发病例中的可行性及优越性。方法 对16例腰椎间盘突出症术后同侧同节段复发患者行旁正中经肌间隙入路单侧钉棒固定,经同侧椎间孔单枚Cage植入融合术。结果 本组手术时间为95~140 min,平均110 min;术中出血150~400 m L,平均320 m L;术后伤口均甲级愈合。对再手术患者进行随访,随访时间2~3.6年,平均2.3年。根据Macnab疗效评定标准评价再次手术效果,优12例,良3例,可1例,优良率93.8%。结论 经肌间隙入路单侧TLIF手术治疗腰椎间盘髓核摘除术后同侧复发,对椎旁肌损伤小、术中及术后出血少、对椎管干扰不明显的优点,术后卧床时间短、恢复快,较传统后正中入路手术有着明显的优势。     

椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的 比较三种没术式在椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症治疗中的优、缺点,探讨各自的最佳适应证。方法对本院１９９２年８月－１９９８年４月间手术治疗的３４例椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症病例进行随访,了解其术后症状改善情况,并同时摄Ｘ线片观察手术对局部稳定性的影响,平均随访２９个月。结果 经峡部外缘入路手术１９例,手术时间平均６２分钟,平均出血量５８ｍｌ,手术总优良率９３％。经椎板、峡部关节突切除途径５     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床分型及手术方式选择

目的 提出极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的新的临床分型,为手术方式的选择提供依据.方法 按照椎间盘突出的位置及其临床症状将极外侧腰椎间盘突出症分为椎管内椎间孔内型(Ⅰ型)、椎间孔内型(Ⅱ型)和椎间孔外型(Ⅲ型).据此对2002年1月至2007年1月收治的38例极外侧椎间盘突出症患者进行临床分型,并结合临床分型选择(1)经横突间椎间盘切除;(2)经椎管部分关节突切除、潜行椎间盘切除;(3)经椎管椎间盘切除+经后路椎体间融合(PLIF)等手术方式.38例患者中男性25例,女性13例;平均58.4岁.其中L_(3～4) 17例、L_ (4～5) 13例、L_5S_1 8例.单纯椎间盘突出23例,合并椎管狭窄15例.所有病例均表现为突出节段出口根受压的症状和体征,其中Ⅰ型中的7例同时伴有下位神经根受压的表现,15例合并椎管狭窄者存在间歇性跛行,21例有明确的腰痛症状.手术前后行根性疼痛VAS评分,术后采用MacNab方法进行临床疗效评定.结果 按照新的临床分型,38例患者中Ⅰ型10例、Ⅱ型19例、Ⅲ型9例.经横突间行椎间盘切除5例,经椎管部分关节突切除、潜行椎间盘切除7例,经椎管椎间盘切除+PLIF 26例.随访时间6个月～4年10个月,平均2年11个月.VAS评分术前平均为7.4分,术后2周为2.7分,末次随访为3.1分.末次随访MacNab评定结果:优20例、良12例、可5例、差1例,优良率为84.2%.并发症:伤口表浅感染1例、减压不满意者1例、脑脊液漏1例.未见内固定断裂、松动等.结论 新的临床分型,对认识极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的病理变化及选择手术方式等具有重要的意义.     

Diagnosis and operative treatment of intraforaminal and extraforaminal nerve root compression.

The clinical, radiologic, and operative findings, and clinical results in 26 cases of foraminal nerve root involvement, each treated by variable operative procedures for an existing pathologic condition, were studied. These 26 cases consisted of 8 intraforaminal or extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations and 18 foraminal nerve root entrapments. The cases with an extreme lateral lumbar disc herniation underwent lateral fenestration or osteoplastic hemilaminectomy without concomitant spinal fusion, and showed excellent operative results. A sufficient selective decompression was achieved with a good clinical result in the cases of lumbar spondylosis without preoperative spinal instability, by lateral fenestration or osteoplastic hemilaminectomy. This result suggests that the selective decompression procedure is recommended for cases with reliable preoperative diagnoses. When an intraspinal lesion makes it difficult to diagnose coexisting foraminal nerve root involvement, decompression of the nerve root canal, approaching from medial to lateral, is recommended. The fusion operation should be performed in cases undergoing even a unilateral total facetectomy, regardless of the patient's old age. A correct preoperative diagnosis is crucial in order to obtain satisfactory operative results.     

Posterior surgical approach to the cervical neural foramen for intervertebral disc disease

A POSTERIOR FORAMINOTOMY (hemilaminotomy and medial facetectomy) is indicated for the treatment of nerve root compression secondary to posterolateral disc herniation or spondylotic foraminal stenosis. We describe the normal and pathological anatomy of the cervical neural foramen as well as our surgical technique, which has been highly effective in cases of cervical discogenic radiculopathy.     

后路减压植骨内固定治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨后路减压植骨内固定治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症疗效。方法对20例复发性腰椎间盘突出症患者行经后路椎板切除减压、椎弓根钉固定、自体骨及人工骨后外侧植骨融合手术。结果患者均获随访,时间1~3年。术后1年时X线片复查植骨均牢固融合,无内固定松动、脱落、断裂等,术前原有腰腿疼痛消失。结论后路减压植骨内固定治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出症,减压彻底,效果确切,内固定后植骨愈合良好,可作为复发性腰椎间盘突出症的常用手术方式。     

Foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation: diagnosis and treatment

During a 1-year period from December 1, 1984, through November 30, 1985, a total of 174 patients underwent lumbar discectomy for herniated nucleus pulposus. Eighteen (10.3%) were diagnosed as having foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniations. Sixteen patients are included in this study. All patients were evaluated with computed tomography, metrizamide myelography, discography, and discography-enhanced computed tomography (disco-CT). Accurate diagnosis of foraminal or extraforaminal herniation was made with disco-CT in 15 of 16 cases (93.8%), compared with discography alone (37.5%), computed tomography alone, and/or myelography-enhanced computed tomography (50%) and myelography alone (12.5%). Surgical treatment with bilateral hemilaminectomy, partial medial facetectomy, and partial internal foraminotomy, if needed, followed by discectomy is very effective and the favored surgical management for nerve root decompression in most all cases.     

Far lateral lumbar disc herniations: 3- to 14-year results

A retrospective review of 38 patients who underwent surgical treatment for far lateral lumbar disc herniation (FLLDH) using two different techniques is reported. Between October 1986 and October 1997, we operated on 38 patients with FLLDH: 12 had extraforaminal disc herniation and 26 had foraminal disc herniation. Plain roentgenograms, computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained before surgery. Postoperative outcomes showed a relief of clinical symptoms with recovery of neurological signs. There was no difference among the results encountered in the two surgical groups. A diagnosis of level based on physical examination alone is difficult. The combined use of CT and MR imaging helps to confirm the exact localization of disc herniation. Received: 5 November 2001/Accepted: 18 December 2001     

中央型腰椎间盘突出症合并隐性腰椎不稳的治疗

目的:评价椎弓根螺钉系统与椎间融合器在治疗中央型腰椎间盘突出症合并隐性腰椎不稳定的手术疗效.方法:对21例中央型腰椎间盘突出症合并隐性腰椎不稳定患者采用椎弓根螺钉系统与椎间融合器(cage)治疗.结果:21例患者手术后临床疗效评价,优14例,良6例,融合区均骨性愈合,未见假关节形成和根性疼痛复发,椎间高度及复位程度无丢失.结论:椎弓根螺钉系统与椎间融合器是中央型腰椎间盘突出症合并隐性腰椎不稳定的有效治疗方案.     

Zero通道下MISS TLIF联合Zina钉治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨Zero通道下微创经椎间孔入路行椎管减压、椎间融合(MISS TLIF)联合Zina钉治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法对55例腰椎间盘突出症患者采用后路切口经多裂肌肉间隙入路、经Zero通道下行MISS TLIF联合Zina钉技术治疗。其中单侧减压49例,双侧减压5例,单侧入路双侧减压1例。采用Nakai分级评定临床疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~18个月。患者腰痛和下肢放射性麻木等临床症状均有效缓解,临床疗效按Nakai分级评定:优25例,良29例,可1例,优良率为98.18%。结论 Zero通道下MISS TLIF联合Zina钉治疗腰椎间盘突出症能显著缓解患者症状,改善功能,近期疗效好。     

Endoscopic transforaminal lumbar decompression, interbody fusion and pedicle screw fixation——a report of 42 cases

Objective： To evaluate the surgical procedure of endo- scopic transforminal discectomy, bone grafting and Dynalok pedicle screw fixation under X-Tube operation system in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation combined with segmental instability and/or pars defected spondylolithesis.
Methods： From June 2004 to May 2006, 42 patients with classic features of lumbar disc herniation combined with segmental instability and/or pars defected spondylolithesis underwent endoscopic transforminal lumbar interbody fu- sion （TLIF）. Under the guidance of fluoroscopy, a 2.8 to 3.0 cm incision with 4.5 to 5.0 cm apart from the posterior middle line was made on the symptomatic side and the working portal （X-Tube） was docked unilaterally on the facet joint. A total facetectomy was then performed to expose neural fo- ramina and nerve root. Discectomy and endplate prepara- tion were completed through the tube. A Telamon cage was placed obliquely into the intervertebral space after interbody grafting, and then the Dynalok pedicle screw fixation system was performed. This procedure was accomplished on the lateral side when it is necessary.
Results： Clinical outcomes were determined using the Oswestry Disability Index （ODI） which revealed that 62.2% of patients got excellent results, 29.2% good and 8.6% fair. The average hospital stay was 12.5 days （5-25 days）. Op- eration time averaged 240 min （110-320 min）, blood loss averaged 140 ml （80-420 ml） and incision length averaged 3 cm （2.8-3.2 cm）. Five patients had complications including wound infection in 1 case, incision dehiscence and focal skin necrosis in 1, progressive radicular pain of contralat- eral leg in 1 and residual radicular numbness after transient radicular pain in 2.
Conclusions： This surgical procedure of endoscopic transforminal diskectomy, bone grafting, cage placement and pedicle screw fixation can be effectively accomplished under X-Tube operation system with predominant benefits such as small incision, less stripping of pa