体外授精中卵母细胞受精失败因素分析及早期补救ICSI的应用探讨

目的探讨辅助生殖技术中与受精失败相关因素分析以及早期补救ICSI的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2013年10月在本院实施的297个早期补救ICSI病例,根据补行ICSI的卵母细胞的比例分为全补救组(99个周期)和部分补救组(198个周期),比较补救组和IVF正常受精组临床用药、胚胎质量以及妊娠结局。结果 (1)补救组Gn起始剂量[(3 101.89±1 390.95)U]和促排总量[(223.11±81.67)U]显著高于IVF正常受精组[(2 426.22±1 050.04)U、(192.84±61.90)U]和部分补救组[(2 373.11±910.03)U]、[(183.52±67.62)U](P0.05),平均获卵数、MII卵数显著降低(P0.05);(2)补救ICSI增加受精率,异常受精率无显著性增加(P0.05);(3)全补救组妊娠率、种植率降低(P0.05),但优胚率和活婴率无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论在短时受精基础上实施早期补救ICSI有助于增加胚胎利用率,降低无胚胎移植风险,改善临床妊娠结局。     

体外受精后6h应对受精失败的补救措施探讨

目的比较分析体外受精(IVF)后6 h补救卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)和half ICSI应对受精失败的优劣。方法16例IVF完全受精失败周期采卵当日选取4个卵母细胞行ICSI,其余卵行常规IVF(half ICSI组);39例IVF完全受精失败周期在常规IVF后6 h补救ICSI(6 h补救ICSI组),比较两组的实验室指标。结果6 h补救ICSI组的受精率和冷冻胚胎比率显著高于half ICSI组,(分别为P0.01、P0.05);两组的卵裂率和优质胚胎比率无显著差异,妊娠率、种植率和累积妊娠率也无显著差异。结论IVF后6 h补救ICSI可应用在所有IVF周期,ICSI指征明确;half ICSI只能应用于不明原因不孕患者。工作中经患者知情同意后,在优先选择IVF后6 h补救ICSI的前提下,结合应用half ICSI,可提高受精失败患者的临床结局。     

常规体外受精失败卵母细胞行早期补救卵胞浆内显微注射的临床应用价值

目的探讨常规体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF—ET）中受精障碍患者行早期补救卵胞浆内单精子注射（ICSI）的可行性。方法回顾性分析我院生殖中心2007年1月至2009年7月常规IVF—ET治疗877周期,其中2008年3月至2009年7月期间开展短时受精并对受精障碍周期行早期补救ICSI的546周期作为研究组,2007年1月至2008年2月期间未开展短时受精、早期补救ICSI的331周期作为对照组。研究组通过IVF后6h观察卵母细胞是否排出第2极体评估受精,对完全未受精和低受精周期中未见第二极体排出的成熟卵母细胞立即行早期补救ICSI,比较两组临床及实验室指标。研究组中行早期补救ICSI的70周期实验室指标和临床指标与同期179个常规ICSI周期相比较。结果研究组通过早期补救ICSI,受精率、周期冷冻率、优质胚胎率均比对照组显著提高（P〈O．01）,因受精失败取消移植率显著降低（P〈O．01）。早期补救ICSI周期受精率、可移植胚胎率、临床妊娠率及胚胎种植率与常规ICSI相似,正常受精率、卵裂率和优质胚胎率显著低于常规ICSI,≥3原核（PN）异常受精的比率较常规ICSI略有升高,但无显著性差异。结论IVF后6h行早期补救ICSI能提高常规IVF卵的利用率,并获得与常规ICSI相似的临床妊娠结局。     

常规IVF完全/部分受精失败后行早期补救ICSI的应用

目的探讨常规短时受精联合早期补救卵胞浆内单精子注射(R-ICSI)在常规体外受精(IVF)失败和低受精率周期中的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年12月在河北省生殖医学中心接受IVF/ICSI-ET助孕治疗的2811个周期的临床资料,根据受精方式不同分为3组:R-ICSI组(210个周期):实施早期R-ICSI;IVF组(2062个周期):行常规IVF助孕;ICSI组(539个周期):直接行ICSI助孕。比较3组患者的一般情况、实验室指标和妊娠结局。结果R-ICSI组的原发不育比例显著高于IVF组(P<0.05),但与ICSI组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。3组患者的平均获卵数、移植胚胎数及MⅡ率比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05);R-ICSI组患者的受精率显著高于IVF组和ICSI组(P<0.05);R-ICSI组患者的2PN率显著低于ICSI组(P<0.05),但与IVF组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);R-ICSI组的多PN率显著高于ICSI组,但显著低于IVF组(P<0.05);R-ICSI组患者的优胚率、可利用胚胎率及临床妊娠率均显著低于IVF组和ICSI组(P<0.05);R-ICSI组患者的着床率显著低于IVF组(P<0.05),但与ICSI组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论常规IVF受精失败及低受精的患者行早期R-ICSI可有效克服受精障碍,提高受精率,获得较好的妊娠结局。     

常规IVF完全/部分受精失败后行早期补救ICSI的应用价值

目的探讨短时受精联合早期补救卵胞浆内单精子注射(R-ICSI)在常规体外受精(IVF)受精失败和低受精周期的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析653个体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)周期,根据受精情况将患者分为3组:因IVF全卵不受精行早期R-ICSI者131个周期(A组);因IVF低受精行早期R-ICSI者100个周期(B组);因男方因素直接行ICSI者422个周期(C组)。比较3组患者的一般情况和临床结局。结果 (1)C组原发不孕的比例(68.48%)显著高于A组(56.49%)和B组(51.00%)(P0.05);(2)C组的3PN率(0.77%)显著低于A组(2.25%)和B组(2.91%)(P0.05),B组的优胚率(34.71%vs.41.53%vs.41.84%)和胚胎利用率(56.28%vs.65.87%vs.63.46%)显著低于A组和C组(P0.05);(3)3组的MII卵率、2PN率、囊胚形成率、临床妊娠率、胚胎种植率和流产率比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论短时受精联合早期R-ICSI可有效克服常规IVF受精障碍,显著提高受精率,获得良好的妊娠结局。     

常规体外受精失败周期早补救卵胞浆内单精子注射与部分-卵胞浆内单精子注射受精方式的回顾性分析

目的比较早补救卵胞浆内单精子注射（ICSI）与部分（Half）-ICSI两种授精方式在体外受精（IVF）助孕中的应用。方法回顾性分析76个常规IVF发生受精失败的移植周期。其中30个周期为早补救ICSI授精方式（早补救ICSI组）,46个周期为Half-ICSI授精方式（Half-ICSI组）。分析受精情况、胚胎质量、种植率、妊娠率、抱婴回家率、出生缺陷和卵母细胞利用情况。结果早补救ICSI组与Half—ICSI组的双原核（2PN）受精率、多PN受精率、1PN受精率、优质胚胎率、胚胎种植率、妊娠率、抱婴回家率、出生缺陷无显著差异（P〉0．05）。但早补救ICSI组卵母细胞利用率高于Half-ICSI组,平均受精卵数分别为（6．30±2．96）和（4．20±1．75）（P〈0．001）,胚胎数分别为（6．20±2．89）和（4．11±1．68）（P〈0．001）,冷冻胚胎数分别为（3．20±2．76）和（1．56±1．68）（P〈0．01）、冷冻周期率分别为76．67％和50．00％（P〈0．05）。结论在常规IVF完全受精失败的周期,早补救ICSI授精方式与Half-ICSI授精方式的受精率、胚胎质量和妊娠结局类似,但前者有更好的卵母细胞利用率和更多可利用胚胎。     

非男性因素不孕高龄患者IVF和ICSI治疗的临床结局比较

目的 分析非男性因素不孕的高龄患者常规体外受精(IVF)和卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)周期临床结局的差异。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年12月在本中心行IVF/ICSI治疗的非男性因素不孕高龄患者的临床资料,共纳入3 107个周期,包括2 876个IVF周期和231个ICSI周期。根据受精方式不同分为IVF组和ICSI组,比较两组患者的一般资料、受精和胚胎发育情况及临床妊娠结局。结果 一般情况比较：两组患者的平均年龄、不孕年限、体质量指数(BMI)、子宫内膜厚度均无显著性差异(P> 0.05);IVF组基础促卵泡生成素(FSH)水平显著高于ICSI组(P<0.05),IVF组抗苗勒管激素(AMH)水平、窦卵泡数(AFC)、获卵数均显著低于ICSI组(P<0.05)。受精和胚胎发育情况：IVF组正常受精率显著低于ICSI组(P<0.05),异常受精率显著高于ICSI组(P<0.05),两组患者的完全受精失败率、卵裂率、可移植胚胎率、优质胚胎率均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。临床妊娠结局情况：两组患者的临床妊娠率、流产率和活产率差异均无统计...     

获单卵或双卵周期体外受精方式对治疗结局的影响

目的比较常规体外受精(IVF)和卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)两种授精方式对周期获卵数仅为1～2个患者的治疗结局的影响。方法回顾性分析胚胎移植(ET)168个周期获卵数仅为1～2个的卵巢低反应患者的资料,比较常规IVF组和ICSI组的受精率、卵裂率、优质胚胎率和临床妊娠率等情况。结果ICSI组受精率高于IVF组(分别为83.7%和63.8%,P0.05);IVF组有24.5%周期的卵子全部不受精,高于ICSI组的9.7%(P0.05);而卵裂率、优质胚胎率、取消移植周期率和临床妊娠率两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。≥35岁、精液参数不正常时,ICSI组受精率高于IVF组(分别为83.9%和55.6%,P0.05);IVF组有34.8%周期的卵子全部不受精,高于ICSI组的14.3%(P0.05);而卵裂率、优质胚胎率、取消移植周期率和临床妊娠率,两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。≥35岁、精液参数正常时及35岁、精液参数正常或不正常时受精率、卵裂率、优质胚胎率、取消移植周期率和临床妊娠率,两组间的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论鉴于获卵数为1～2个的周期采用ICSI治疗并不能提高其优质胚胎率、临床妊娠率。因此我们不建议全部行ICSI治疗,男方精液参数正常或处于临界状态建议行IVF治疗。     

ICSI术改善前次IVF周期中多精受精的有效性研究

目的:探索ICSI术改善前次IVF周期中多精受精的有效性。方法:回顾性分析本中心2008年4月至2011年4月共37例患者,其IVF周期三原核合子的比例高于35%,重复周期采用ICSI术治疗。比较ICSI周期与IVF周期的双原核率、三原核率、正常胚胎数、移植周期临床妊娠率及胚胎种植率。结果:ICSI周期患者年龄显著高于IVF周期,而促性腺激素使用剂量、E2值与IVF周期无显著差异,ICSI周期hCG注射日卵泡数(≥14 mm)、获卵数及成熟卵子数均显著低于IVF周期。ICSI后双原核的比例显著高于IVF周期(74.24%vs34.42%;P<0.01),而三原核的比例显著低于IVF周期(11.57%vs 51.04%;P<0.01)。ICSI后获得正常胚胎数显著高于IVF组(3.83±2.08 vs 2.52±1.71;P<0.01)。IVF周期移植31例,4例妊娠,均为单胎。ICSI周期移植36例,14例妊娠,其中3例双胎,11例单胎。ICSI周期临床妊娠率及胚胎种植率均显著高于IVF周期(38.89%vs12.90%;28.33%vs 7.41%;P均<0.01)。结论:对于前次IVF多精受精比例较高的患者,重复周期采用ICSI术可以增加正常受精胚胎数,能有效改善重复周期患者多精受精的发生。     

ICSI对高龄非男性因素不孕患者生育结局的影响

目的回顾性分析高龄非男性因素不孕患者ICSI或IVF受精后的临床结局,探讨ICSI在这类患者中的应用。方法回顾性分析2016~2018年期间在重庆妇幼保健院因非男性因素不孕接受微刺激促排卵方案治疗的高龄女性患者(≥38岁)的临床资料,根据受精方式分为ICSI组(n=189,共334个周期)和IVF组(n=189,共325个周期)。比较两组之间周期取消率、2PN受精率、优胚率、流产率及活产率的差异。结果两组之间患者年龄和获卵数均无显著性差异(P>0.05);ICSI组MⅡ卵率(85.92%vs. 92.27%)显著低于IVF组,2PN受精率(77.87%vs. 71.77%)和卵裂率(98.53%vs. 96.27%)显著高于IVF组(P均<0.05);两组之间的周期取消率、优胚率、胚胎冷冻率、流产率及活产率均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 ICSI不能改善高龄非男性因素不孕患者胚胎质量和临床结局,此类患者首次助孕应选择IVF授精方式,而前次无2PN胚胎取消周期史的患者ICSI虽不能规避再次取消周期的风险但可有效改善其妊娠结局。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.