HCG、FSH联合治疗低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症29例报告

目的 探讨人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)和促卵泡激素(FSH)联合治疗男性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的有效性和安全性.方法 29例男性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症23例,Kallmann综合征6例.治疗方案:采用联合HCG 2000 IU,2次/周;FSH 75 IU,3次/周,肌肉注射,连续用药至少3个月. 结果治疗后所有患者体力改善,体质增强;22例患者出现胡须、阴毛和(或)腋毛.睾丸体积治疗前(2.68±1.44)ml,治疗后(8.93±3.24)ml(P<0.01);促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体激素(LH)和睾酮(T)水平有所提高(P<0.05);12例患者出现遗精现象,8例有精子生成.结论 对男性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症,用HCG和FSH治疗能促进青春期第二性征发育,并可使部分睾丸恢复产生雄激素和生成精子功能.     

男性Kallmann综合征的临床诊断与治疗分析

目的:探讨男性Kallmann综合征的诊断及治疗方法。方法:对12例Kallmann综合征患者的临床资料做回顾性分析。以男性不育就诊者3例,其余9例因第二性征发育不全及外生殖器发育异常就诊。12例均给予人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)、尿促性腺激素(hMG)及十一酸睾酮等治疗6个月³年。比较12例患者治疗前后第二性征的发育及血清生殖激素变化情况,分析治疗情况。结果:治疗9个月(3个疗程)后12例患者阴茎长度、睾丸体积、生殖激素水平较治疗前均有明显改善,有统计学意义(P﹤0.01),第二性征得到不同程度的发育。目前3例已婚者已恢复正常性生活,其中1例患者妻子已正常妊娠。结论:Kallmann综合征的临床特征为促性腺激素缺乏、性腺功能低下、嗅觉缺失或减退,hCG、hMG及雄激素替代治疗是有效的治疗方法。对嗅觉功能障碍暂无有效治疗方法。早期诊断并给予激素替代治疗可最大限度地缓解临床症状并获得生育能力。     

男性特发性低促性腺激素型性腺功能减退症的诊治分析

目的 探讨男性特发性低促性腺激素型性腺功能减退症( idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,IHH)的临床特点及诊治效果. 方法 回顾性分析2004年12月至2010年8月收治男性IHH患者92例资料,患者年龄(21.0±3.2)岁.伴有嗅觉减退或缺失(卡尔曼综合征,KS)52例,表现为部分青春期发育47例,无明显青春期发育45例,男性乳腺发育3例,单侧隐睾15例,双侧隐睾5例.92例染色体核型均为46,XY.血清甲状腺、肾上腺功能及糖脂代谢检测正常;92例患者血清黄体生成素(0.7±0.3)U/L,卵泡刺激素(0.8±0.4)U/L,睾酮(0.8±0.1)nmol/L,均低于正常值;6例行骨龄测定5例落后于实际年龄1～5年;头颅MRI检查显示52例KS患者均存在嗅球或嗅沟缺失或发育不良;92例患者均无下丘脑-垂体区占位性器质性病变.分别行绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG,2000 U肌内注射,1周2次)加或不加雄激素(十一酸睾酮40 mg口服,2次/d)替代疗法,疗程1～5年,每3～6个月随访1次. 结果 92例治疗后均有明显的第二性征发育,性功能改善,治疗后血清睾酮水平为(11.0±0.8)nmol/L,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).3例结婚,性功能评价正常,1例生育. 结论 根据第二性征发育异常患者合并的各种先天异常、病史、体格检查、染色体核型分析、性激素水平、MRI等可进行IHH的诊断与鉴别诊断,雄激素与HCG替代疗法是治疗该病的有效方法.     

高促性腺激素型男性性腺功能低下症的第二性征外科重塑(附光盘)

男性高促性腺激素型性腺功能低下症是各种原因导致的睾丸病变引起的性腺功能低下,其病因为各种先天或者后天因素导致睾丸功能低下,负反馈引起垂体分泌的卵泡刺激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH)水平显著增高。目前对于男性高促性腺激素型性腺功能低下症的患者常予以雄激素替代治疗,但雄激素替代治疗对部分成年男性阴茎大小及乳房发育症作用并不明显。本文将介绍男性高促性腺激素型性腺功能低下症相关病因及治疗,重点介绍高促性腺激素型性腺功能低下症的第二性征外科重塑方案。     

特发性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症不同治疗方案的研究进展

特发性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症(IHH)是临床上逐渐被认识的发育异常疾病,随着医学的不断发展,其治疗方法也逐渐趋于规范.对于IHH的治疗,男性的目前治疗方案主要包括睾酮替代、促性腺激素治疗和GnRH脉冲治疗.这三种方案可根据患者年龄、生活状态和需求进行选择,并可互相切换.女性在无生育需求时,予周期性雌、孕激素联合替...     

衰老对老年男性性腺功能的影响及其机理

在衰老过程中有相当比例的男性随着年龄的增长出现性腺功能减退的症状和体征，并伴有血清睾酮水平降低，称为老年男性雄激素缺乏(ADAM)或部分雄激素缺乏(PADAM)或男性更年期(andropause)。与腹型肥胖、血脂异常、骨质疏松、肌肉容积缩小、肌力减退、勃起功能障碍和抑郁及认知功能减退等疾病的发生与男性性腺功能减退相关。而且，睾酮补充治疗使血清睾酮水平在正常范围内，可以明显改善性激素缺乏的临床表现。因此衰老对男性性腺功能的影响及其发生机理越来越受到关注。     

GnRH脉冲泵治疗难治性低促性腺激素性男性不育4例报道

本文报道GnRH脉冲泵输注戈那瑞林治疗经双促性腺激素诱导精子失败后的低促性腺激素性男性不育患者的临床效果并文献回顾。4例患者均以低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退性不育为主要表现,均曾经过双促性腺激素(HCG+HMG)治疗7~18个月,未成功诱导出精子,改用GnRH脉冲泵输注戈那瑞林治疗2~7个月,促性腺激素和性激素水平明显上升,雄激素缺乏症状显著改善,4例患者均有精子生成,1例患者配偶自然妊娠,1例患者人工授精妊娠,2例期待自然妊娠或人工助孕。通过本文病例分析和复习文献资料发现,GnRH脉冲泵输注戈那瑞林不仅是低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退男性不育的有效治疗方法,还可以作为促性腺激素诱导精子失败后的补充疗法。     

男性青少年性腺功能减退症患者短期雄激素替代治疗对血脂和hsCRP水平的影响

目的 探讨性腺功能低减的青少年男性，短期雄激素替代治疗对血脂和超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）的影响。方法 本研究为前瞻性自身对照研究，共纳入33例性腺功能减退青少年男性。行短期（9个月）雄激素替代治疗，比较治疗前后血睾酮水平、第二性征发育程度、身高、握力、血红蛋白、血脂和hsCRP的差异。结果 （1）替代治疗后，睾酮水平明显升高，第二性征明显发育，身高、握力、血红蛋白显著增加（P值均〈0.05）；（2）短期雄激素替代治疗后，总胆固醇（TC），低密度脂蛋白（LDL-c），高密度脂蛋白（HDL-c）和甘油三酯（TG）部有所下降，但无统计学差异（P〉0．5）。超敏CRP显著下降（P=0.025）。结论 （1）性腺功能低减的青少年男性，短期雄激素替代治疗，可以促进第二性征发育，增加身高、握力和血红蛋白；（2）短期雄激素替代治疗，对血脂无显著性影响。但是，可以使hsCRP明显下降。     

脉冲式皮下注射黄体生成素释放激素治疗男性促性腺激素缺乏症(附14例报道)

目的　观察脉冲式黄体生成素释放激素 (LHRH)皮下注射对男性促性腺激素缺乏症的治疗效果。　方法　给予知情同意的男性促性腺激素缺乏症 14例患者LHRH脉冲式腹壁皮下注射 ,每 90min 1个脉冲 (每个脉冲 10 μg) ,治疗 3～≥ 12个月。　结果　除 2例无效外 ,余 12例 (86% )有效 ,表现为青春期发育加速 ,体力增强 ,睾丸明显增大 ,阴茎增长 ,阴毛和腋毛生长。 5例有遗精现象 ,2例精液常规中有精子生成 ,所有患者在治疗期间性激素水平改善。　结论　脉冲式LHRH皮下注射是符合生理的替代治疗 ,是对男性特发性促性腺激素缺乏症可取的治疗方式。     

睾丸退化的临床特征与鉴别诊断——附5例临床报告

目的总结睾丸退化患者的临床特征和鉴别诊断方法。方法回顾性总结了5例睾丸退化患者的临床表现、激素测定和性腺病理结果。结果睾丸退化患者社会性别均为女性,多数因外生殖器性别模糊或青春期后原发闭经而就诊,患者染色体核型为46,XY、盆腔检查无子宫和宫颈,青春期后缺乏女性第二性征发育、促性腺激素水平升高、性腺水平低下、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)刺激试验睾酮无增加,性腺均为发育不良的睾丸或条索状组织。结论睾丸退化患者临床较为罕见,其病因尚不清楚,临床上需注意与其他性发育异常患者鉴别。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.