SODIUM AND NORADRENALINE IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND BLOOD IN SALT-SENSITIVE AND NON-SALT-SENSITIVE ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION

1. The effects of dietary sodium on blood pressure and levels of sodium, other electrolytes and noradrenaline (NA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of 15 patients with essential hypertension were studied. The CSF and blood sampling was carried out after 7 days of a high salt intake (16-18 g/day) and after 7 days of a low salt intake (1-3 g/day). 2. Blood pressure and sodium concentrations in CSF and serum were significantly higher in the high salt period than the low salt period (CSF Na+ concentration: 147.7 +/- 0.4 mmol/L vs 145.3 +/- 0.5 mmol/L; P less than 0.001). Levels of CSF pressure and potassium or calcium concentrations were not different between the two periods. Plasma NA and plasma renin activity (PRA) were lower and CSF NA levels tended to be lower in the high salt period. 3. The levels and the changes in sodium and NA in CSF were not significantly different between the salt-sensitive (n = 8) and the non-salt-sensitive (n = 7) subjects, but the changes in plasma NA and PRA were smaller in the salt-sensitive subjects. 4. These results indicate that the sympathetic nervous system is less suppressed in salt-sensitive subjects during high salt intake. This may be due to altered neural responsiveness to sodium loading rather than being greater increases in sodium concentration in the central nervous system.     

A METHOD TO TAP LIQUOR CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID OF AWAKE OR SLEEPING CANINE BRAIN

Collection of CSF from canine brain ventricular cavities is achieved by an implanted lateral ventricular cannula in cisternal or lumbar regions. This allows tapping when the animal is asleep or awake.     

ALTERATIONS IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SODIUM AND OSMOLALITY IN RATS DURING ONE-KIDNEY, ONE-WRAP RENAL HYPERTENSION

Measurements of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sodium and osmolality were made throughout the course of one-kidney, one-wrap Grollman renal hypertension. Although the plasma sodium and osmolality did not rise after 28 days, CSF sodium and osmolality was increased significantly at 3 days postwrap. As a result, the CSF to plasma ratio for both sodium and osmolality was significantly elevated during the initial postwrap period. These observations suggest that an increase in CSF sodium may provide an initiating stimulus for an elevated arterial pressure in one-kidney, one-wrap renal hypertension.     

丙戊酸在动物体内血及脑脊液中药代动力学的比较研究

本试验用丙戊酸单剂量４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ顿服，研究了８只狗血和脑脊液中的药代动力学过程。药－时曲线表明符合二室模型，经计算机ＰＫＢＰ－Ｎ１程序包处理计算出各药代动力学参数值。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆和脑脊液中左氟沙星浓度及药代动力学研究

目的旨在测定左氟沙星药代动力学。用RP-HPLC法,以环丙沙星为内标,反相C₁₈为分析柱,10mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾—10mmol·L^-1溴化四丁铵—乙腈(45∶45∶10)为流动相,磷酸调至pH3.0,检测波长295nm,测定血浆和脑脊液中左氟沙星浓度,平均回收率分别为74.76%和82.43%,日内日间误差小于5%,最低检测浓度血浆10μg·L^-1,脑脊液6μg·L^-1。10名开颅手术病人单次口服左氟沙星片300mg的血液和脑脊液药代动力学特征均符合开放性一室模型。     

褪黑素对吗啡戒断大鼠脑脊液和血浆中cAMP水平抑制的影响

目的·· :探讨褪黑素(melatonin,MT)抑制吗啡戒断反应的作用及其与脑脊液(CSF)和血浆中cAMP含量的关系。方法··:建立吗啡依赖大鼠自然戒断模型 ,脑室插管及放免测定吗啡依赖大鼠CSF和血浆中cAMP含量。结果·· :(1)MT对大鼠吗啡戒断反应有明显的抑制作用;(2)吗啡依赖大鼠CSF中(20.07pmol·ml-1±s4.62pmol·ml-1)和血浆中(76.40pmol·ml-1±s8.71pmol·ml-1)cAMP含量均低于正常大鼠,P<0.01 ;吗啡戒断大鼠CSF中(38.19pmol·ml-1±s6.62pmol·ml-1)和血浆中(96.65pmol·ml-1±s5.32pmol·ml-1)cAMP含量则明显高于吗啡依赖大鼠,P<0.001;(3)MT可使吗啡戒断大鼠CSF中(23.28pmol·ml-1±s4.10pmol·ml-1)和血浆中(61.72pmol·ml-1±s3.49pmol·ml-1)cAMP含量明显降低,P<0.01和P<0.001。结论·· :MT可抑制大鼠吗啡戒断反应 ,并与MT降低CSF和血浆中cAMP的含量有关。     

LEAKAGE OF CATECHOLAMINES FROM RABBIT CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FOLLOWING INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION

The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of (-)-isoprenaline and the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor agonist, RO363, elicited reproducible dose-related increases in heart rate in unanaesthetized and anaesthetized rabbits. (-)-Isoprenaline produced vasodepressor effects in unanaesthetized animals, whereas both catecholamines decreased blood pressure in anaesthetized rabbits. Pretreatment with guanethidine sulphate (5 mg/kg i.v.) reduced but did not abolish the tachycardia elicited by i.c.v. RO363, whereas heart rate responses to i.c.v. (-)-isoprenaline were unaffected. Pretreatment of anaesthetized rabbits with hexamethonium bromide (10 mg/kg i.v.) did not markedly affect the tachycardia elicited by i.c.v. RO363 and reduced the response to i.c.v. (-)-isoprenaline in only one out of five experiments. The results suggest that there is a marked leakage of centrally administered catecholamines into the peripheral circulation and that the rabbit may be unsuited for examining centrally mediated cardiovascular effects of catecholamines.     

苯环利定对兔急性脑缺血损伤的保护作用——脑脊液中β-内啡肽免疫活性分析

结扎兔双侧椎动脉和颈总动脉,导致急性脑缺血。缺血30min后重新开放双侧颈总动脉,使再灌注。脑缺血30min再灌注2h后,脑脊液中β—内啡肽免疫活性物质含量比缺血前增加1.01±0.52mg/L。icv苯环利定20μg/kg组,脑脊液中β—内啡肽免疫活性物质含量比缺血前增加0.36±0.32mg/L。icv苯环利定80μg/kg组,脑脊液中β—内啡肽免疫活性物质含量比缺血前下降0.19±0.44mg/L。提示苯环利定能抑制脑缺血后脑内β—内啡肽释放,减轻脑缺血性神经损伤。     

CHANGES IN MONOAMINE METABOLITES CONCENTRATIONS IN RAT CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AFTER ACUTE AND LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF A SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR, TRAZODONE

In order to clarify the mechanism of the antidepressive effects of trazodone, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, we investigated the dynamics of monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of free-moving conscious rats by acute and long-term treatment with trazodone. When 100 mg kg-1 p.o. of trazodone were administered, a significant increase of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) concentration was soon observed in the light period of the light/dark cycle, and a significant decrease of dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) concentration was observed during the 2 days after administration of trazodone; in contrast, the homovanilic acid (HVA) level was increased. However, we detected no significant changes in the 5-hydroxy indole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration during the 3 days. In the case of long-term treatment with 50 mg kg-1, p.o. of trazodone, the levels of MHPG, DOPAC and HVA exhibited no difference when compared with values obtained during saline treatment in either the light or dark period, whereas the levels of 5-HIAA showed a significant increase during the light period. These findings suggest that a long-term treatment with trazodone enhances the serotonergic neurons.     

抗高热I号合剂对肺炎双球菌所致发热家兔脑脊液PGE、cAMP含量的影响

目的观察抗高热I号合剂(AFMI)对发热家兔脑脊液前列腺素E(PGE)、环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)含量的影响。方法用肺炎双球菌感染家兔,造成发热模型,提前应用AFMI合剂及以两种不同剂量于家兔体温达到高峰时应用,观测家兔脑脊液PGE、cAMP含量的变化并进行比较。结果发热家兔脑脊液PGE、cAMP含量异常升高(P<0.01),AFMI可显著降低发热家兔脑脊液中异常升高的PGE和cAMP的含量(P<0.01),最佳剂量为26.25 g*kg－1, 提前应用AFMI,可阻抑感染家兔脑脊液中PGE、cAMP的合成释放。结论AFMI具有良好的解热降温作用。     

生物体液中盐酸二氢埃托啡的测定

建立了生物体液中高效麻醉镇痛药盐酸二氢埃托啡(DHE)的气相色谱—质谱/选择离子监测(GC-MS/SIM)的分析鉴定方法。血、尿样品中的DHE经溶剂提取,用七氟丁酰咪唑衍生化生成单取代七氟丁酰衍生物,该衍生物具有较好的色谱质谱行为,其中的主要碎片离子和特征离子m/z609(M⁺),576,534,522和508稳定并具有较高的相对丰度。根据DHE单取代七氟丁酰衍生物的色谱峰保留时间、几个主要碎片离子及其相对峰强度等即可对生物样品中的DHE进行鉴定,最低检出限为1pg。该法已用于2例DHE中毒和成瘾者血、尿样品的测定,取得了令人满意的结果,初步解决了生物体液中DHE鉴定的问题。     

RENIN STIMULATION CAUSED BY BLOOD COLLECTION TECHNIQUES IN THE RAT

SUMMARY 1. Experiments were conducted in rats to determine the effects of various methods of blood collection upon plasma renin concentration (PRC).
2. Either restraint or anaesthesia during blood sampling resulted in PRC levels up to five times higher than in samples collected after decapitation.
3. A similar difference was observed in adrenalectomized rats, indicating that the PRC increase did not depend upon liberation of adrenal catecholamines.
4. In contrast, administration of propranolol abolished the difference in PRC between decapitated rats, and those sampled during ether anaesthesia, suggesting involvement of a β-adrenoreceptor mechanism in the stimulation of renin release by anaesthesia.
5. Despite high starting levels of PRC in ether-anaesthetized rats, the PRC response to water deprivation was proportionally the same (a 7-fold increase), whether sampling was carried out during ether anaesthesia or after decapitation.     

RITANSERIN AND SEROTONERGIC MECHANISMS IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND FLUID REGULATION IN SHEEP

1. In previous studies, exogenous serotonin (5-HT), administered intravenously, caused dose-related increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate in conscious sheep. The 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin (0.1 mg/kg per h, i.v.) was shown to lower blood pressure in the conscious sheep primarily through antagonism of alpha-adrenoceptors. 2. A newer 5-HT2 antagonist, ritanserin, is a more selective antagonist in vivo, as it attenuated or abolished pressor responses to exogenous 5-HT, but not to phenylephrine. 3. When infused alone, ritanserin (0.1 mg/kg per h, i.v.) failed to produce a decrease in blood pressure, suggesting that 5-HT antagonistic properties are not sufficient by themselves to lower blood pressure. 4. Ritanserin displayed a different metabolic profile to ketanserin, with a markedly decreased water intake. The mechanism of this effect is unresolved, but may imply a permissive role for 5-HT in the modulation of drinking responses in the sheep. 5. Ritanserin did not modify ACTH-induced hypertension in sheep.     

利凡诺引产时羊水中前列腺素水平的动态研究

利凡诺为一有效的中期引产药,但对其作用机制,迄无定论。本实验采用放射免疫测定技术,观察了10例孕妇在给利凡诺前、给药后10～15小时、宫缩开始时和流产前羊水中前列腺素水平的动态变化,其中PGE分别为213±54,553±138,968±243和1475±869(pg/ml);PGF_2α分别为369±104,392±167,1582±548和6006±2131(pg/ml)。结果表明,利凡诺引产的发动和进展,可能与内源性前列腺素的合成和释放增加有关。     

超临界流体萃取-高效液相色谱法测定何首乌中磷脂成分

目的：建立超临界流体萃取(SFE)中药何首乌中的磷脂类成分的方法。方法：采用系统观察法考察了SFE的提取工艺,并用反相高效液相色谱法进行分离测定。结果：在SFE中,通过对萃取条件的考察,确定萃取压力为31.5 MPa,温度50℃,改性剂加入量0.6 mL.g^-1,静态萃取时间5 min及动态萃取体积7 mL。在HPLC中,以Waters Symmetry C₁₈为固定相,甲醇—1.0%磷酸溶液(90∶10)为流动相,检测波长206 nm。结论：SFE-HPLC法测定何首乌中的磷脂类成分,为何首乌及其制剂的质量控制提供依据。     

超临界流体萃取法在中药材质量控制中的应用

用超临界流体萃取法(supercriticalfluidextraction,SFE)代替传统的溶剂萃取法对中药材马蓝(Strobilanthescusia)、菘蓝(Isatistinctoria)和蓼蓝(Polygonumtinctorium)中有效成分靛玉红(indirubin)的萃取条件进行了研究,并用微孔高效液相色谱法做了含量监测。结果证明:SFE省时、省力、经济、选择性可调的性能很强,与传统的溶剂萃取法相比,有独特的优点。     

FLUID AND SALT INTAKE DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS

1. In Sprague-Dawley rats, two-kidney, one-clip renal hypertension was induced, and the drinking behaviour as well as total fluid and sodium intake were studied before and for 16 days after the operation. 2. When water alone was offered as drinking fluid, the blood pressure reached values that were by about 20 mmHg higher than those in the rats which had free choice of drinking water or 2% saline. 3. In those rats which had water and 2% saline to drink, the total sodium and fluid intake rose transiently for three days, as compared with that of the sham-operated controls, and increased steeply starting from the 7th and 10th day, respectively. When a tighter stenosis of the renal artery was induced, the pressure rose more rapidly, and the total fluid and sodium intake increased continuously after the operation until the end of the experiment. 4. A positive correlation was demonstrable between the height of blood pressure and the total daily intake of fluid and sodium, respectively. 5. The relation between the total daily fluid and the total daily sodium intake followed a straight regression line. 6. The hypertensive rats which had a high total sodium intake responded to the withdrawal of the 2% saline solution, within 2 days, with increased water intake, decreased food intake, and loss of body weight, whereas the blood pressure remained high. 7. In the two-kidney, one-clip hypertension, no ‘critical level of blood pressure’ can be defined, beyond which the contralateral kidney starts to lose sodium.     

DL-111-1T对雌鼠肝脏及人羊膜细胞混合功能氧化酶活性的选择性诱导

以抗早孕药3-(2-ethylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole(DL-111-1T)20 mg/(kg.d)预处理♀大鼠2 d,即可使动物肝微粒体。     

PRORENIN AND ACTIVE RENIN CONCENTRATIONS IN OVARIAN FOLLICULAR FLUID INCREASE AFTER THE LH PEAK IN SUPEROVULATED HEIFERS

1. The aim was to analyse the in vivo variations with time of prorenin and active renin and their relationship to steroid hormones in ovarian follicular fluid during follicular growth in heifers. 2. Thirty one beef heifers were assigned to two groups after oestrous synchronization: an unstimulated and a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-treated (superovulated) group. Within each group, animals were slaughtered at different times of the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Ovarian follicular fluids were aspirated and analysed for the concentrations of active renin, prorenin, oestradiol-17β (E₂) and progesterone (P₄). 3. Prorenin and active renin concentrations in follicular fluid remained constant until the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak, after which time they increased four- and two-fold, respectively, in superovulated heifers. 4. In follicular fluid, prorenin and active renin correlated negatively with oestradiol and E₂/P₄ ratio but positively with progesterone during follicular growth in superovulated heifers. Prorenin also correlated negatively with oestradiol and E₂/P₄ ratio in unstimulated heifers. 5. The increase of renin concentrations in ovarian follicles after the LH peak and the correlations to steroid hormones suggest an important role of the ovarian renin-angiotensin system in bovine follicular growth and maturation.     

ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME AND SUBSTANCE P CHANGES IN BLISTER FLUID FOLLOWING AFFERENT NERVE STIMULATION IN THE RAT

We have examined the effect of electrical nerve stimulation on substance P and angiotensin converting enzyme activity in the interstitial fluid of rat skin using a blister model. Following sciatic nerve stimulation, blister fluid immunoreactive substance P (fmol/ml) was increased from 118 (unstimulated side, s.e.m. = 13, n = 15) to 197 (stimulated side, s.e.m. = 26, n = 15, P less than 0.0125, paired t-test, 14 d.f.). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity (nmol HL/ml per h) was reduced in blister fluid from 26.5 (unstimulated side, s.e.m. = 2.4, n = 12) to 22.4 (stimulated side, s.e.m. = 1.4, P less than 0.05, paired t-test, 11 d.f.). Electrical stimulation of afferent nerves inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme activity in vivo. This may contribute to the process of neurogenic inflammation.