闵行区新婚女性对避孕方法的知晓和使用情况调查

目的:了解闵行区新婚女性对避孕方法的知晓及使用情况,为进一步实施干预和提高育龄妇女的生殖健康水平提供依据。方法:采用面对面的方式对450名登记结婚的新婚女性进行避孕知识问卷调查。结果:调查对象对避孕套、口服避孕药的知晓率较高,达到95%以上,避孕率为83.33%;使用率最高的避孕方法是避孕套,满意率最高的是口服避孕药;避孕知识主要来源于报刊、杂志、书籍。结论:生殖健康服务要真正实现避孕知情选择,必须开展各种形式的健康教育,让人们全面、正确地掌握避孕知识和信息,提高其避孕知识水平和避孕意识。     

新疆生产建设兵团已婚育龄妇女避孕现状调查分析

目的：了解新疆生产建设兵团已婚育龄妇女避孕现状。方法：采用分层、四阶段、整群、概率比随机抽样方法,共调查已婚育龄妇女6823人,对影响避孕方法选择的因素进行单因素分析。结果：兵团已婚妇女的避孕率为86．57％,避孕方法使用比例居前3位的依次是宫内节育器（51．92％）、避孕套（21．35％）、女性绝育（17．56％）,妇女居住地、年龄、民族、文化程度、活产生育次数等是避孕方法选择的影响因素。结论：进一步加大对基层计划生育工作力度,推行避孕节育优质服务,坚持以人为本,合理选择避孕方法,促进生殖健康。     

梅县地区已婚育龄妇女二胎后避孕节育状况调查研究

目的探讨梅县地区已婚育龄妇女二胎后避孕节育状况。方法选取2017年10月至2018年10月625名梅县地区二胎后已婚育龄妇女,根据是否接受过避孕节育健康知识宣教分为对照组(312例,未接受过避孕节育健康知识宣教)与观察组(313例,接受过避孕节育健康知识宣教)。对受访者二胎后避孕节育保健知识掌握情况和避孕节育方式选择进行调查。结果两组避孕节育保健知识掌握情况方面,观察组显著优于对照组(P<0.05);两组避孕节育方法的选择情况,观察组显著优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组经避孕后非意愿妊娠发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论梅县地区二胎后已婚育龄妇女避孕节育总体情况良好,进行避孕节育健康知识宣教能提高已婚育龄妇女的避孕知识水平,避免意外怀孕,保护妇女身心健康,提高生活质量。     

外来已婚育龄妇女避孕现状调查

目的:了解外来已婚育龄妇女的避孕现状及对避孕节育相关知识的知晓率,为这一特殊人群提供针对性保健服务,降低重复流产,保障外来已婚育龄妇女的身心健康。方法:采用自制问卷,以自填方式为主,选择2011年1月～2011年8月在4所二级医院计划生育门诊要求人工流产的外来已婚育龄妇女进行调查分析,问卷内容包括调查对象的基本情况、人工流产的次数、人工流产的原因、避孕节育相关知识等方面。结果:外来已婚育龄妇女重复人工流产占比55.51%;人工流产的首要原因是避孕失败占56.75%;避孕失败的主要原因是使用安全套避孕占42.35%;未避孕的首要原因是侥幸心理占50.32%;大专及以上的文化程度对相关避孕知识的知晓率得分均数最高。结论:外来已婚育龄妇女重复人工流产比较高,对避孕节育相关知识匮乏。加强对外来已婚育龄妇女避孕节育的指导和宣教,提高这一弱势群体的自我保健意识,降低重复人工流产率,保障他们的生殖健康。     

北京市未婚人工流产女青年避孕知识、态度、行为的调查研究

目的：研究未婚人工流产（人流）女青年的避孕知识,态度、行为以及影响避孕行为的因素。方法：以Lawrence的PROCEDE-pROCEED健康促进计划模式为基础的调查问卷,对306例自愿要求人工流产,年龄在18－24岁的未婚女青年进行断面的调查。结果：近12个月以来,仅有13％和女青地持每次性行为都使用避孕方法,偶尔使用和从未使用者的比例分别为26％和275,在224例曾经用过避孕方法的女青年中,最常用的方法分别是避孕套（495）、体外排精（285）、安全期（165）,在从未使用任何避孕方法的女青年中,735认为没想到会怀孕是最主要的不避孕的原因。logistic 逐步回归分析显示,女青年对避孕知识的了解,对意外妊娠风险的认识,男友对避孕方法使用的态度。与男友讨论避孕方法,对占孕服务可及性的感受是影响女 年既往避孕行为的主要因素,结论亟需对未婚青年开展有关避孕知识的性教育,提高对意外妊娠风险和人工并发症的认识促进男性积极参与避孕,加强性伴侣之间有关避孕方法的交流。     

少数民族已婚育龄妇女生殖健康现状及影响因素调查分析

目的：调查少数民族已婚育龄妇女生殖健康现状,从社会、经济、文化等方面分析其影响因素。方法：2007年1～10月,在贵州省松桃、镇宁、三都、务川和玉屏5个少数民族自治县,随机问卷调查苗族、布依族、水族、仡佬族和侗族20～49岁已婚育龄妇女各110名。数据录入计算机,采用SPSS11．5分析软件进行分析处理。结果：有效问卷回收率94．6％。产前检查率和住院分娩率的影响因素有民族、户口、文化水平、生殖健康培训和职业。各种避孕方法现用率为94．8％,少数民族育龄群众选择避孕方法最看重的是方法的有效性、失败率,计划生育政策性要求也是其重要影响因素。生育和避孕意愿及原因在民族、户口间有显著差异。少数民族妇女健康意识低下,自报生殖系统患病率为48．2％,其影响因素有民族、户口、教育程度和家庭年收入。生殖健康知识水平受民族、户口、文化水平、家庭经济状况、生殖保健服务等影响。自我评价性生活满意率为72．6％,文化水平低和生殖系统疾病降低了育龄妇女的性生活满意度。结论：少数民族已婚育龄妇女的生殖健康状况受民族、文化水平、经济状况、社会生殖保健服务体系的影响,在生活方式、禁忌习俗与社会风尚方面,如何兴利除弊、因势利导和促进男女平等是改善各民族生殖健康状况的关键所在。     

北京市怀柔山区人户分离已婚育龄妇女避孕节育现状调查

目的:了解怀柔山区人户分离已婚育龄妇女避孕节育知识知晓程度和接受避孕节育服务情况,为改善服务质量提供依据。方法:采用随机数字表法,抽取3 900名居住在怀柔区2个街道及城区附近各镇的居(村)、但户籍在本区北部山区5个乡镇(喇叭沟门满族乡、长哨营满族乡、汤口镇、宝山镇、琉璃庙镇)的人户分离已婚育龄妇女为调查对象进行问卷调查。结果:有效问卷3 876份,调查对象在2009年度接受避孕节育知识教育比例89.04%,紧急避孕知晓率85.91%,其中对紧急避孕药的认知度高达95.07%,放置含铜宫内节育器进行紧急避孕的认知度仅为5.95%;避孕措施失败率为6.22%;对在社区可获得避孕药具的知晓率仅5.21%。结论:怀柔区人户分离已婚育龄妇女避孕节育服务参与率较高,但知识和政策知晓率较低。计划生育服务部门应针对人群特点,充分发挥社区卫生服务机构功能,开展避孕节育知识和政策的宣传教育。     

Breast-feeding and contraception in Peru

This retrospective study examined duration of breast-feeding and concurrent contraceptive use among 5,648 Peruvian women. Data were gathered during 1986-1992 as part of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). The women gave birth to 7,951 infants, 95% of whom were breastfed; 44% of the mothers used contraception while breastfeeding. Consistent with the literature, mothers using oral contraception breastfed for significantly less time than those using other methods. Unexpectedly, mothers using periodic abstinence or withdrawal breastfed longer (15.5 and 15.3 months) than those using other methods or non-contraceptors. Among mothers changing contraceptive methods while breastfeeding the same child, those changing to abstinence and withdrawal breastfed longest (18 months). The relationship of duration of breast-feeding with contraceptive use remained after controlling for other predictors of duration of breast-feeding. Additional data are needed to explain this phenomenon in Peru and perhaps elsewhere.     

上海市中心城区产后妇女避孕需求及产后避孕服务利用调查

目的:调查上海市中心城区产后妇女避孕节育现况及避孕相关生殖健康服务利用情况。方法:2019年8月至12月期间,采用横断面调查的方法对在上海市4个区（长宁区、静安区、普陀区、杨浦区）产后42 d健康检查门诊就诊和前往儿童保健门诊的妇女进行问卷调查。数据分析采用频率和logistic回归分析等方法。结果:调查的1170名产...     

Contraceptive knowledge, attitudes and practice among married women in Samaru community, Zaria, Nigeria

Contraceptive use and fertility rates vary substantially among developing countries. In some sub-Saharan African countries, fewer than 10% of married women use contraception. Despite all efforts by governments to ensure availability of the products, prevalence has remained low. We conducted a community-based study to examine contraceptive knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among married women in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to study 200 women in Samaru community of Zaria, Nigeria. Mean age of the respondents was 30.6 +/- 1.5 years. In this study contraceptive prevalence was 12.5% and respondents had a positive attitude towards family planning. Thirty years after Alma Ata of which one of the components is to ensure maternal and child health (MCH) and family planning, contraceptive use in most of the communities in Northern Nigeria is low. There is urgent need to step-up public awareness campaigns on family planning to ensure wide spread acceptability and utilization among women within reproductive age group.     

城市女性生殖健康知识现状调查

目的 了解城市女性卫生保健知识及相关行为、避孕知识及行为、性观念／行为和生殖健康服务需求。方法采用互联网调查的方式,对共25055名城市女性进行匿名问卷调查,应用SPSS11．5进行数据统计分析。结果对女性生殖道的生理特点、常见阴道炎（如霉菌、滴虫等）的预防保健知识“非常了解”的比例仅为14．21％和8．78％;在回答避孕知识相关问题的调查对象中,仅有16．13％的人对各种避孕知识和方法都“非常了解”;对于性行为,表示“一定要结婚才可以”的人只占回答此问题的调查对象的17．52％;面对生殖健康问题,受调查女性的就医意识和就医行为普遍偏低。结论城市女性拥有一定的生殖健康知识,但多停留在一般常识阶段,自我保健意识也有待提高,故医疗保健工作者在加大健康教育力度、倡导健康行为的同时,也要注意改进工作方式,提供更具优势的服务,以促使其主动利用正规的生殖健康保健服务。     

Family planning in Santiageo, Chile: the male viewpoint

To obtain the male viewpoint toward family planning in the Chilean population, 561 men (aged 18-54) in Santiago from upper, middle, and lower socioeconomic levels were interviewed on their birth control attitudes and practices and compared with a random probability sample of 240 men from a nearby rural village. Tabulation of the interviews showed that a majority of both unmarried and married men identified themselves as active participants in birth control discussions. Younger husbands tended to have had more experience with contraception than older husbands, and respondents in higher socioeconomic levels showed a greater use of contraception (75%) than men in the lower class or village sample (35%). 23% of those in the village sample who did not use contraception cited reasons such as lack of knowledge and money or fear of harmful effects, while only 2% of the upper class in the urban sample cited such reasons. Approval of abortion for their wives was expressed by around 40% of all respondents. Approval of abortion in general ranged from 81% in cases of probable fetal deformity to 31% in single girls. Questions on sexual relations revealed that the median age for the first sexual intercourse was 16 years. 91% of the unmarried men were sexually active at a median frequence of once every 2 weeks, and contraception, if used, was most frequently oral or male devices. Among married men, sexual relations occurred at a median frequency of once every 4 days, with contraception, if used, most likely being an intrauterine device. All of the respondents tended to favor dissemination of contraceptive information more readily to men than women. Approval of providing this information to single girls was directly related to economic status. The schools were readily accepted as a forum for contraceptive discussion. The father was by far the preferred principal source of information for a son (44%) rather than friends (6%), but the respondents themselves got their information from friends (41%) rather than their fathers (2%). Including single and married men in family planning counseling programs may increase contraceptive use and lower the abortion rate.     

Reproductive Health and Sexual Violence Among Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Young Women: Select Findings from the National Survey of Family Growth (2002)

Existing data on American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) has indicated high rates of unintended pregnancy, high-risk sexual behavior, and experiences of sexual violence. This study from the first analysis to examine AI/ANs and the urban AI/AN subgroup in the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) reports new findings of reproductive health and sexual violence among urban AI/AN young women. We examined 2002 NSFG data on urban AI/AN women ages 15–24 years for pregnancies/births, unintended pregnancy, sexual initiation and contraceptive use. We also examined non-voluntary first sexual intercourse among urban AI/AN women ages 18–44 years. Prevalence estimates and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. Findings include prevalence rates of risk factors among urban AI/AN women ages 15–24 years including unprotected first sex (38 %), first sex with much older partners (36 %), three or more pregnancies (13 %) and births (5 %) and unintended pregnancies (26 %). Seventeen percent of urban AI/ANs ages 18–44 years reported experiencing non-voluntary first sex. Sixty-one percent of urban AI/AN women ages 15–24 years were not using any method of contraception. Current contraceptive methods among those using a method included: injections/implants (23 %), contraceptive pills (32 %) and condoms (25 %). Findings describe reproductive health risk factors among young urban AI/AN women and highlight the need for enhanced surveillance on these issues. Those working to improve AI/AN health need these data to guide programming and identify resources for implementing and evaluating strategies that address risk factors for this overlooked population.     

城市已婚育龄妇女人工流产史及避孕知识态度和行为现况研究

目的:了解育龄妇女的人工流产史及其原因和有关避孕的知识、态度和行为现状,探讨如何提高避孕知识知晓 率和改善相关的态度和行为,以及减少避孕失败的措施。方法:采用整群抽样的方法对776例年龄为15~49岁的城市已婚育龄妇 女进行有关人工流产和避孕知识、态度和行为的问卷调查和妇女常见疾病检查,数据应用SPSS／PC 10.0软件进行统计分析。结果: 81.9％的妇女有人工流产史,其中人工流产3次及以上者达13.8％;有人工流产史的妇女其子宫内膜异位症或子宫腺肌病、痛经 和慢性盆腔炎的患病率明显高于无人工流产史者(P<0.01或P<0.05);54.8％的人不知道任何一种避孕方法的避孕原理;有 49.73％的妇女不知道人工流产手术对身体健康有不良影响;83.5％的人不知道有紧急避孕法。结论:迫切需要加强有关避孕知识 的健康教育,并将其作为提供优质生殖健康服务的内容,以降低人工流产率。     

武汉市黄陂地区农村已婚育龄妇女人工流产原因分析

目的:了解黄陂地区已婚育龄妇女流产原因。方法:采用结构式问卷对2006年8月～2007年10月到黄陂区、乡两级计划生育服务站做终止妊娠手术的农村已婚育龄妇女进行问卷调查。结果:被调查者受教育水平以初中为主72.95%,有近50%的妇女认为流产引产对身体没有什么影响(23.41%)或者说不清(21.89%)。流产次数最高可达9次(2人),未采取避孕措施而流产的有1302人次,占46.60%。避孕失败的原因中有30.14%是因使用宫内节育器失败,有25.16%是使用避孕套失败。流产原因中因未计划妊娠有1997人次,占71.81%,政策不允许669人次,占24.06%。结论:应提高妇女的科学文化素质,加强避孕知识的普及和宣传,提高农村妇女的避孕使用率,提高正确选择和使用避孕工具的比率,通过这些措施来降低黄陂地区已婚育龄妇女的流产率。     

初次非意愿性妊娠妇女避孕知识调查

目的:通过对非意愿性初次妊娠妇女避孕知识的调查,了解年轻妇女对于生育知识的掌握情况及途径。方法:对就诊于北京东四妇产医院的初次妊娠要求流产者进行问卷调查,共595名,并做统计学分析。结果:避孕知识掌握情况,已婚者好于未婚者,差异有统计学意义(x2=12·93,P<0·01),已婚参与婚检者与未婚检者相比,差异有统计学意义(x2=7·59,P<0·05)。避孕知识获得途径,未婚和已婚但未婚检者以媒体(48·0%,51·3%)、朋友(46·1%,31·9%)为主要获得途径,已婚参与婚检者以专业机构(100%)、媒体(40·9%)和朋友(36·4%)途径较多。结论:避孕生育知识的普及有待提高,媒体和朋友是避孕知识获得主要途径,婚前检查是进行避孕知识宣教的重要途径,应予提倡。     

Reproductive rights in contraceptive practices

In India, impoverished and illiterate women suffer from such low social status that they are unaware of their right to 1) experience a fulfilling sexual relationship free from fear of infection and disease; 2) choose whether or not to have children; and 3) receive family planning services, including safe abortion services. With only 37% married women of reproductive age using contraception, unwanted pregnancy is a major public health problem that leads to 5-6 million abortions each year, with many procedures carried out in unhygienic conditions. India's maternal mortality rate is 1/50 (as compared to 1/2700 in developed countries), and children under age 5 years have a doubled chance of death if their mothers die. Also, in order to promote healthy birth spacing and delay first births in young mothers, the practice of prolonged breast-feeding must be encouraged while appropriate contraceptives to increase birth intervals are introduced and new methods are developed for lactating women. Another challenge is to increase the use of male methods and develop a vaccine for male fertility regulation. Unmet need for contraception exists among 80% of married women in India, and efforts should be made to understand and respond to barriers to contraceptive adoption. In light of the rapid spread of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS, it is also important to study sex behavior, especially among adolescents, in order to devise appropriate prevention policies and programs.     

育龄妇女避孕套知识掌握情况的调查

目的了解避孕套知识在育龄妇女中的掌握情况,为十一五农村卫生适宜技术推广宣传避孕套提供依据。方法采用横断面调查法,对庄河市18乡50村2436名18—45岁育龄妇女进行问卷调查。结果不知道避孕套避孕方法的占4．8％,其中未婚占83．6％,已婚占16．4％;不知道避孕套可防性病的占48．7％,其中未婚占62．3％,已婚占37．7％;不能正确说出避孕套使用方法的占16．20％,其中未婚占69．5％,已婚占30．5％。结论在育龄妇女中,应加强宣传用避孕套有避孕和防病双重功效,并且把未婚女青年作为计划生育宣传教育工作的重点对象。     

Contraceptive practices in Armenia: Panel evaluation of an Information-Education-Communication Campaign

Induced abortion remains the major form of birth control among Armenian women, contributing to their excess mortality and preventable morbidity. Reliance on abortion is attributed to limited access to information concerning modern methods of contraception and to widely held misinformation among women regarding family planning and reproductive health. Based on the Steps to Behavior Change model, the Green Path Campaign for Family Health, an information-education-communication (IEC) campaign, was launched in June 2000. This multimedia campaign promoted greater awareness, knowledge, acceptance, and adoption of modern contraception through increased utilization of counseling and related services provided at underutilized family planning centers. A representative panel of 1088 married women aged 18-35 were surveyed on reproductive health/family planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices immediately prior to and immediately following the 6-month national campaign. Exposure to the campaign was associated with significant increases in factors associated with contraceptive behavior change: knowledge, favorable attitudes toward modern methods, favorable attitudes toward family planning services, and information seeking and utilization of family planning services. Women who were more educated, more affluent, and slightly older were more likely to use family planning services as well as modern contraceptive methods. New visits to family planning centers increased by 84%. Despite the usual 25% turnover among those using modern methods at the start of the study, use of modern contraceptive methods increased by 4.6%, significantly exceeding the projected 3% increase. The results document changes in underlying behavioral predictors consistent with the Steps to Behavior Change model and highlight the relatively untapped potential of media-based health promotion efforts in post-Soviet Republics.