CYP1B1基因突变与原发性开角型青光眼发病关系的研究进展

原发性青光眼包括原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）、原发性闭角型青光眼（PACG）及原发性婴幼儿青光眼（PCG）.目前认为原发性青光眼的发病是遗传因素、环境因素、生活习惯等多种因素综合作用的结果,其中遗传因素,尤其是基因突变,在青光眼的发病过程中起着重要作用.自1997年发现CYP1B1基因为PCG的致病基因以来,关于CYP1B1基因突变与青光眼发病关系的研究成为青光眼遗传和基因研究的热点.随着研究的逐渐深入,许多学者认为CYP1B1基因也是POAG致病基因的候选基因.本研究对近十余年来对CYP1 B1基因的结构和功能以及CYP1B1基因突变与POAG发病及进展关系的研究进展进行总结.     

原发性开角型青光眼疾病基因的研究进展

随着分子生物学技术在眼科领域的应用,目前已发现至少11个染色体位点与原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)发病有关。本文就POAG的相关基因,尤其是已确认的MYOC,OPTN,WDR36三种致病基因的定位、结构、功能和突变等方面进行综述。     

BIGH3相关性角膜营养不良的分子遗传学研究进展

BIGH3相关性角膜营养不良是临床上一种较常见的致盲性遗传眼病，大多为单基因常染色体显性遗传。其防治的关键在于通过揭示更多BIGH3基因的突变位点及其相关发病机制，以提供准确的临床诊断和基因治疗。近年来的研究表明，位于BIGH3基因4、11、12、14号突变位点外显子上的突变类型可能通过改变其表达蛋白（KE蛋白）的结构、诱导凋亡、影响蛋白的黏附爬行功能等机制引起角膜异常蛋白沉积而致病。就目前国内外该病分子遗传学方面的研究做一简要综述。     

POAG相关基因与中枢神经系统疾病的研究进展

近年来青光眼,特别是原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)的研究取得了很大进展。一方面,通过遗传连锁分析和全基因组关联研究(GWAS)发现并确定了一系列POAG相关基因,极大地推进了青光眼遗传学的研究。另一方面,最新的观点认为青光眼是一种中枢神经系统(CNS)疾病。大量临床基础研究已证明CNS疾病与青光眼关系密切,其中遗传学方面的发现尤为突出,本文综述主要的POAG相关基因及其与CNS疾病之间的联系。     

圆锥角膜遗传病因学的研究进展

圆锥角膜是常见的扩张性角膜疾病,以角膜圆锥状前凸、变薄导致的近视、不规则散光等视力损伤为特征.该病的影响广泛,但其病因尚不明了,遗传因素等可能参与了其发病机制.本文总结了近年来圆锥角膜遗传病因学的研究进展.对基于传统/全基因组连锁分析、全基因组关联分析以及角膜中央厚度筛选出的候选基因位点进行了综述.圆锥角膜发病机制的遗传学研究将有助于我们加深对该病的理解,并进一步推进治疗方法的发展.     

一个中国原发性开角型青光眼家系致病基因研究

目的:鉴定一个江苏省南通市原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)家系的青光眼致病基因,分析该基因的临床表型和致病机制。方法:于2020-01/12回顾并招募了一个POAG家系,该家系跨越5代共33名,有13名家庭成员参与了研究,其中4名诊断为POAG,1名诊断为高眼压症,剩余8名未受影响。详细询问病史并进行全面的眼科检查,采用高通量测序筛选可能的致病基因,Sanger测序验证候选致病基因。结果:该家系患者均在青年时期发现眼压升高并诊断为青光眼,需手术治疗控制眼压,先证者最高眼压(IOP)达55mmHg。全外显子测序在先证者LTBP2基因上发现了一个杂合突变(c.1197C>A, p.Phe399Leu),Sanger测序验证该突变位点与家系疾病并不分离。结论:LTBP2 (c.1197C>A)突变不是该家系POAG的致病基因。但是LTBP2突变在POAG病例中的致病作用值得研究。     

高度近视致病基因的研究进展

高度近视是成年人致盲的重要原因之一,遗传因素在其发病中起重要作用.本文总结近年来高度近视基因定位的研究进展,就高度近视的遗传因素、遗传方式、候选基因的筛查、相关基因定位的分子遗传学研究方法和进展加以综述.尽管尚未发现明确的致病基因,目前已肯定的高度近视基因位点有9个,包括MYP1～MYP5,MYP11、7.2q37.1、Xq23-q25和15q12-q13.     

原发性开角型青光眼三个致病基因的研究进展

原发性开角型青光眼（primary open angle glaucoma，POAG）是一种损伤视力及致盲性眼病。近年来越来越多的研究表明基因变异及遗传在POAG的发病中起重要作用。目前已知的POAG相关基因有20余种．包括3种明确的POAG致病基因：myocilin（MYOC），optineurin（OPTN）和WD repeat domain 36（WDR36）．本文就这3种POAG致病基因研究作一综述。     

我国东北地区两家系原发性开角型青光眼的OPTN基因新突变研究

目的 研究我国东北地区两家系原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)的致病基因并确定其基因突变位点.方法 病例对照实验.对两家系POAG患者进行临床研究和系谱分析.采集L家系6例患者和6例健康成员与C家系4例患者和4例健康成员的静脉血,提取基因组DNA.通过连锁分析,确定致病基因的染色体位点后,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增OPTN基因外显子,直接测序确定致病的基因突变位点.结果 L家系POAG患者的OPTN基因第10外显子发生错义突变,1274 位点AAA变为GAA,对应的赖氨酸替换为谷氨酸(Lys322Glu).L家系中健康成员、C家系全部成员及87名正常人均未发现该位点突变.结论 OPTN基因新突变(Lys322Glu)是L家系POAG的致病基因.     

先天性广泛性眼外肌纤维化综合征

先天性广泛性眼外肌纤维化（CFEOM）是一种罕见的常染色体遗传病,其临床表现各异,遗传方式不一,至今病因尚不完全清楚。目前从临床病理学及分子遗传学领域对CFEOM的发病机制进行了一些深入研究,发现该病是一种神经源性疾病,继发眼外肌组织被致密纤维组织代替。并发现3个遗传位点和1个致病基因。本文针对CFEOM的临床表型、发病机制及治疗的研究进行文献综述。     

原发性开角型青光眼的相关基因研究进展

原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)是以视野缺损和视神经损害为特征的致盲性眼病。最近几年越来越多学者的研究结果表明基因的变异及遗传在原发性开角型青光眼的发生发展中起非常重要的作用。现在已知的原发性开角型青光眼致病基因有20余种,现在就目前较为确定的原发性开角型青光眼的相关基因,尤其是已确认的MYOC、OPTN、WDR36及CAV1/CAV2基因的定位、结构及相关研究等方面进行综述,为在原发性开角型青光眼的遗传基因研究方面提供一点参考。     

青少年型开角型青光眼的遗传特征和基因研究进展

青少年型开角型青光眼(JOAG)是原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)的一个亚型,具有较高的致残率,严重影响年轻患者的生活质量。研究发现JOAG有着多样化的遗传方式,虽然JOAG通常被认为是一种常染色体显性遗传疾病,但在特定人群中,常染色体隐性遗传同样存在。而JOAG的多变遗传倾向可能是由多个关键致病基因共同调控的结果,其中包括MYOC、CYP1B1和CPAMD8等代表性基因。这些基因的突变通常与眼部组织的多种生物学过程密切相关,主要包括细胞代谢调控、氧化应激反应以及程序性死亡的异常诱导。因此,深入研究JOAG相关的致病基因至关重要,这将为揭示该疾病的发生、发展及临床表型的具体遗传背景,并且为早期识别和筛查高风险人群提供有力依据。文章旨在重点关注JOAG的遗传特征和基因研究。通过系统性回顾相关文献,总结了与JOAG疾病相关的致病基因及其突变,并探讨其在JOAG研究领域未来发展中的潜在应用和价值,为JOAG的诊断和治疗提供有益的见解。     

Current concepts on primary open-angle glaucoma genetics: a contribution to disease pathophysiology and future treatment

Glaucoma is a common, complex, heterogenous disease and it constitutes the major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma in all populations. Most of the molecular mechanisms leading to POAG development are still unknown. Gene mutations in various populations have been identified by genetic studies and a genetic basis for glaucoma pathogenesis has been established. Linkage analysis and association studies are genetic approaches in the investigation of the genetic basis of POAG. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are more powerful compared with linkage analysis in discovering genes of small effect that might contribute to the development of the disease. POAG links to at least 20 genetic loci, but only 2 genes identified in these loci, myocilin and optineurin, are considered as well-established glaucoma-causing genes, whereas the role of other loci, genes, and variants implicated in the development of POAG remains controversial. Gene mutations associated with POAG result in retinal ganglion cell death, which is the common outcome of pathogenetic mechanisms in glaucoma. In future, if the sensitivity and specificity of genotyping increases, it may be possible to screen individuals routinely for disease susceptibility. This review is an update on the latest progress of genetic studies associated with POAG. It emphasizes the correlation of recent achievements in genetics with glaucoma pathophysiology, glaucoma treatment perspectives, and the possibility of future prevention of irreversible visual loss caused by the disease.     

The vast complexity of primary open angle glaucoma: Disease genes,risks, molecular mechanisms and pathobiology

Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a complex progressive optic nerve neuropathy triggered by both environmental and genetic risk factors. Several ocular tissues, including the ciliary body, trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head, and perhaps even brain tissues, are involved in a chain of pathological events leading to POAG.Genetic risk evidence for POAG came from family linkage-studies implicating a small number of disease genes (MYOC, OPTN, WDR36). Recent Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) identified a large number of new POAG loci and disease genes, such as CAV1, CDKN2B and GAS7. In the current study, we reviewed over 120 family and GWA studies. We selected in total 65 (candidate) POAG disease genes and proceeded to assess their function, mRNA expression in POAG relevant eye tissues and possible changes in disease state. We found that the proteins corresponding to these 65 (candidate) POAG disease genes take part in as few as four common functional molecular networks. Functions attributed to these 4 networks were developmental (dys)function, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory processes. For the 65 POAG disease genes, we reviewed the available (transgenic) mouse models of POAG, which may be useful for future functional studies. Finally, we showed that the 65 (candidate) POAG genes substantially increased the specificity and sensitivity of a discriminative POAG risk test. This suggests that personal risk assessment and personalized medicine for POAG are on the horizon. Taken together, the data presented are essential to comprehend the role of genetic variation in POAG, and may provide leads to understand the pathophysiology of POAG as well as other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.     

Genetics of primary open angle glaucoma

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease and one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness, affecting over 60 million people worldwide. At the present time, glaucoma is clinically defined, but the exact etiology is unknown. Genetic studies are one approach to identify the molecules and pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. Familial aggregation of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) has long been recognized, and the analysis of POAG families with a Mendelian inheritance form of this disease has been employed to identify multiple loci linked to them. Some causative genes, such as myocilin, optineurin and WD repeat domain 36, have been identified. However, most cases of POAG are considered to be a prevalent, multifactorial disorder. Several association studies have been conducted for candidate genes, and genome-wide association studies recently identified new susceptibility loci for POAG, namely, S1 RNA binding domain 1 region on chromosome 2p21, the caveolin 1 and caveolin 2 regions on 7q31, transmembrane and coiled-coil domain 1 region on 1q24, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B antisense RNA on 9p21, the SIX1 and SIX6 regions on 14q24 and, possibly, the regulatory region of 8q22. Further analysis of clinical manifestations caused by specific genes and functional analysis of these genes will contribute to the development of new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of POAG.     

Genome-wide association studies in the hunt for genes causing primary open-angle glaucoma: a review

Genome-wide association studies are a powerful tool for the identification of genetic risk factors for complex disease. This methodology has been successfully applied to primary open-angle glaucoma through the analysis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) as well as specific subgroups of patients including those with normal tension glaucoma and advanced glaucoma. In addition, the analysis of quantitative traits important in POAG, including optic disc area and vertical cup-to-disc ratio has also identified genes important in POAG development. This review explores findings of genome-wide association studies for POAG and related traits.     

OPTN基因与POAG的分子生物学研究进展

原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）是以视野渐进性缺损为特点的遗传异质性的综合性神经退行性疾病。OPTN基因是近年来已被确认的POAG的致病基因,该基因的突变可导致其所表达蛋白Optineurin结构及功能的异常。Optineurin与一些特定蛋白配体偶联后发挥相应的分子生物学功能,当其结构异常时,将导致Optineurin不能与其配体偶联或者偶联后功能异常。本综述主要介绍OPTN基因的结构、定位,其表达蛋白Optineurin的结构,Optineurin与配体偶联后的分子生物学功能,以及OPTN基因突变后与POAG发病的关系等方面的研究进展。     

Myocilin and glaucoma: A TIGR by the tail?

In 1997, Stone and 14 colleagues from 7 laboratories reported the identification of a gene (TIGR) associated with juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG). Screening of adults with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) revealed that about 4% also carried a mutation of the coding region of this gene. The mutations were found through genetic linkage analysis of families with JOAG. Juvenile open-angle glaucoma was a logical starting point in the search for genetic causes of open-angle glaucoma: it shows a strong autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern, occurs at an early age, demonstrates obvious phenotypic signs (dramatic elevation of intraocular pressure and subsequent optic nerve damage), and is likely to be found in multiple generations as parents of affected children are still living. These factors, however, also serve to distinguish it from adult-onset POAG, which generally has a lower intraocular pressure and a less severe course. The discovery of the actual gene represented a true advance over previous studies that had mapped the gene to a segment of a chromosome but did not identify the specific gene. How the mutant gene causes glaucoma is unknown and is the subject of intense research. To date, 26 mutations in the TIGR gene sequence (the term TIGR has been replaced by the term myocilin, abbreviated MYOC) have been described, all associated with either JOAG or adult-onset POAG. A correlation between specific mutations in MYOC and the clinical course of glaucoma has been found. Not all cases of JOAG or POAG have mutations in the MYOC gene, however, indicating that more discoveries of other genes are yet to come. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:974-978