Cobb综合征的临床表现和比较影像学分析(附4例报告并文献复习)

目的:分析Cobb综合征的临床和影像学表现,并进行影像学方法比较。方法:4例患者临床表现为双下肢无力或瘫痪,查体主要见下肢肌力减退和皮肤血管瘤。4例均行64排螺旋CT和DSA检查,其中3例行MRI检查。结果:CT增强扫描可显示病变相应节段的髓内、髓外椎管内、椎旁及肌肉和皮下软组织内的血管畸形。多排螺旋CT血管造影可显示畸形血管团及其主要供血动脉和引流静脉,并可立体观察畸形血管与邻近结构的关系。MRI平扫可见髓内异常信号,T1WI呈低或等信号,T2WI呈高信号,椎管内外可见大量流空信号,呈迂曲状;肌肉和皮下软组织内可见相似病灶,增强后病变明显强化。DSA行选择性双侧椎动脉、甲状颈干和/或相应节段的肋间动脉及腰动脉造影,可清楚显示病变节段内畸形血管团、增粗扩张的供血动脉和粗大的引流静脉。结论:多排螺旋CT血管造影和MRI能无创、准确地显示Cobb综合征髓内、椎管内外、椎体和软组织内病变的形态及范围,结合皮肤表现可对该病做出确定诊断。     

64层螺旋CT血管成像诊断脊髓血管畸形的价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT 血管成像(CTA)对脊髓血管畸形的诊断价值.方法 经临床和MR检查拟诊为脊髓血管畸形的15例患者进行了CTA.所有患者均在1周内进行了DSA检查.其中4例行于术治疗.将CTA图像与DSA和手术所见进行对照,从判定畸形的类型、显示病变累及的范围、供血动脉、引流静脉和可能存在的瘘口等方面,对CTA图像进行评价.结果 15例脊髓血管畸形经DSA和手术确诊,分别为6例髓内动静脉畸彤、2例髓周动静脉瘘、3例硬脊膜动静脉瘘和4例Cobb综合征.CTA对15例患者的分类和对病变累及范围的判断与DSA结果一致.CTA清晰显示了病变的主要供血动脉和引流静脉.5例动静脉瘘中4例CTA判断的瘘口位置与DSA所见一敛,另1例为复杂血管畸形,瘘口难以辨别.CTA还清晰显示了4例Cobb综合征位于椎旁和皮下的畸形血管团.结论 64层螺旋CTA可以判定脊髓血管畸形的类型,快速、无创地显示其主要病变特征,可作为该病的筛查手段.     

大范围颈动脉MDCTA与DSA的对照研究

目的 通过比较MDCTA与DSA对颈动脉病变的诊断差异以期评价MDCTA的临床应用价值。材料与方法 （1）搜集经颈动脉DSA和MDCTA检查的临床病例19例。（2）随机选择实验动物猪10头,通过导丝损伤和外科手术建立猪颈动脉血管腔内、腔外狭窄模型,行DSA和MDCTA造影对照。根据国外采用的分类方法并结合血管外科手术与否的判断标准,以50％为界将狭窄程度分成两组,分别评价MDCTA诊断价值。数据分析采用诊断实验评价。结果 DSA检查正常13例中,MDCTA正常12例,1例误诊为轻度狭窄。狭窄血管56处,MDCTA漏诊3处。MDCTA对颈动脉狭窄程度的判断与DSA有很好的相关性,敏感性为94．6％,特异性为92．3％,准确性94．2％,阳性预测值为98．2％,阴性预测值为80．0％。其中,狭窄在50％以下者37处,CTA漏诊3处,敏感性为91．9％;狭窄超过50％者19处,MDCTA无漏诊,敏感性为100％。MDCTA显示病灶不规则内表面4例,斑块溃疡3例,均经病理标本证实,而DSA显示不规则2例,溃疡1例。结论 颈动脉MDCTA可以取代诊断用途的DSA。在显示血管狭窄的形态、斑块表面不规则、斑块溃疡以及重度狭窄后血管等方面,大范围颈动脉MDCTA更有优势。     

脊髓血管畸形的DSA检查与栓塞治疗

目的 探讨脊髓血管畸形的DSA检查与栓塞治疗。资料与方法 搜集脊髓血管畸形9例。临床均表现为进行性脊髓损害。经股动脉穿刺插管，对每一对肋间动脉和腰动脉进行造影，颈髓血管畸形者行双侧椎动脉，甲颈干及肋颈干造影，9例中，单纯栓塞6例。单纯手术2例。未治1例。结果 选择性脊髓血管DSA的病变显示率达100%。栓塞治疗的6例，临床症状均有明显改善。结论 选择性脊髓血管DSA是诊断脊髓血管畸形的可靠依据。栓塞治疗操作简便，创伤性小，并发症少，是非手术治疗脊髓血管畸形的优良方法。     

脊髓血管畸形的快速增强MRA与DSA诊断的比较研究

目的 评价椭圆形中心顺序(elliptic centric ordered)的快速增强磁共振血管成像(fastcontrast-enhanced MR angiography,CE-MRA)在脊髓血管畸形中的诊断和临床应用价值.方法 25例临床怀疑脊髓血管畸形的患者在1.5T MR机上接受了椭圆形中心顺序的快速CE-MRA检查,所有病例行选择性全脊椎动脉造影,18例施行了外科手术,其中2例术前行血管内栓塞,术后MRA随访了10例;以选择性全脊椎动脉造影为金标准,就病变诊断、供养动脉起源、供养动脉、瘘口或瘤巢、引流静脉和血管的图像质量(包括血管的连续性、强化程度和清晰度)进行MRA和DSA的比较.结果 经外科手术证实18例,包括脊髓动静脉畸形3例、髓周动静脉瘘5例、硬膜动静脉瘘7例、椎旁动静脉瘘1例、自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿2例;MRA显示脊髓血管畸形的诊断、供养动脉起源、供养动脉、瘤巢或瘘口、引流静脉与DSA的符合率分别为93.8%、92%、96.2%、100%和100%,MRA显示血管强化和清晰度类似于DSA(P＞0.05),DSA显示血管的连续性优于MRA(P＜0.05);9例MRA未见椎管内异常血管,与DSA完全符合.术后MRA随访的10例原异常血管未再显示.结论 椭圆形中心顺序的快速CE-MRA能够初步诊断脊髓血管畸形的亚型,能够显示脊髓血管畸形的供养动脉起源、供养动脉、瘤巢或瘘口、引流静脉,能够指导选择性脊椎动脉造影和手术治疗,是脊髓血管畸形术前诊断和术后随访的重要手段.     

颅底及颈段脊髓血管畸形的介入检查

目的 :为介入栓塞治疗及手术治疗提供重要依据 ,从而防止误诊、漏诊病例的发生。方法 :对我院近期 3 0例疑有颅底及颈段脊髓血管畸形患者的临床表现、MRI影像特点、介入检查资料进行分析。结果 :3 0例患者均具有颅底及颈段脊髓血管畸形的临床表现及磁共振影像特点 ,经行选择性全脊髓血管造影、必要时行全脑血管造影证实 2 9例为颅底及颈段脊髓血管畸形 (其中 2 7例畸形团来自颈部血管供血及胸段脊髓血管等多支血管供血 ;2例来自颈外动脉系统供血 )。另外 1例开始被误诊为颅底及颈段脊髓血管畸形 ,后进行全脑血管造影发现为由颈内动脉原始听动脉供血的硬脑膜动静脉瘘向脊髓髓周静脉引流而造成MRI的留空信号。结论 :为了防止误诊及漏诊病例的发生 ,应对双侧的锁骨下动脉、椎动脉、肋颈干、甲状颈干、上胸段肋间动脉或全脊髓血管及颈外动脉进行造影检查 ,必要时还应进行全脑血管造影。     

椎基底动脉开窗畸形的CTA和MRA诊断

目的 探讨椎基底动脉开窗畸形的影像学特点及其临床意义.资料与方法回顾性分析22例椎基底动脉系统开窗畸形的影像学表现和临床表现.22例中,15例行头颈联合CT血管造影(CTA)检查,6例行头部MR血管造影(MRA)检查,1例行颈部MRA检查,其中4例同时行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查.结果 22例椎基底动脉开窗畸形均为单发,9例位于椎动脉,其中5例位于颅外段,4例位于颅内段;其余13例均位于基底动脉近段.根据血管窗形态分型:10例为裂隙型,9例为凸透镜型,3例为重复型.所有病例均表现为椎基底动脉局限性重复,22例中4例伴有颅内动脉瘤,1例伴有左侧颈总动脉起源异常.结论 CTA和MRA可以准确显示椎基底动脉开窗畸形的位置、形态和毗邻关系,诊断开窗畸形时应注意有无伴发其他血管性病变.     

多层螺旋CT血管成像与外周动脉疾病治疗方案选择

目的：探讨以多层螺旋CT血管成像（MDCTA）为依据制定外周动脉闭塞性疾病（PAOD）治疗方案的可靠性。方法：对38例PAOD患者的MDCTA检查资料和其中20例数字减影血管造影（DSA）资料进行回顾性分析。由血管外科专家采用盲法分别根据MDCTA和DSA诊断结果为主要依据并结合临床症状、体征进行分析,对病变血管段制定出治疗方案。结果：通过CTA和DSA两种检查方法共评价了402段血管,两种方法选择的治疗方案差异无统计学意义,χ2=3.4,P=0.493。结论：MDCTA大范围血管成像是准确、无创的检查技术,以MDCTA发现为主要依据制定治疗方案是非常准确的。     

多排螺旋CT对Moyamoya病诊断及术后评价的价值初探

目的 初步探讨多排螺旋CT血管造影(MDCTA)对Moyamoya病诊断及术后评价的价值.方法 对14例Moyamoya病患者行MDCTA检查,9例为术前检查,5例为单侧脑硬膜动脉融通术后.所有患者均有DSA、MRA检查结果.采用小剂量试验性团注法获得扫描最佳延迟时间后行MDCTA检查,将1.0 mm/0.5 mm图像重组为MPR、Thin MIP和VR.将血管狭窄程度分为4级,分别由2名放射科医生和2名神经外科医生判断MDCTA、MRA与DSA血管狭窄程度,分别进行MDCTA与DSA、MRA与DSA一致性检验,并评价MDCTA、MRA的灵敏度、特异度和准确度.结果 MDCTA与DSA、MRA与DSA对血管狭窄分级在统计学上基本一致(P<0.0001).以DSA血管狭窄Ⅲ级为截断点,MDCTA的灵敏度为90.32%,特异度为93.94%,准确度为91.27%;MRA灵敏度为94.62%,特异度为87.88%,准确度92.86%.结论 MDCTA为Moyamoya病诊断和EDAS术后评价的经济、快速、有效的影像学方法.     

3D DSA在颅内动脉瘤诊疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨3D DSA在颅内动脉瘤诊断和血管内介入治疗中的临床应用价值.方法 11例蛛网膜下腔出血患者（经CT证实）,分别进行常规DSA与3D DSA造影,9例进行血管内介入治疗.结果 常规DSA一般能显示存在动脉瘤病变,极少数能明确显示瘤颈和载瘤动脉的关系.3D DSA能清晰显示颅内动脉瘤瘤体,瘤颈及其与载瘤动脉的关系,显示动脉瘤结构的能力比常规DSA明显提高,提示血管内介入治疗的可行性,并指导制定治疗方案.结论 3D DSA对颅内动脉瘤的诊断和血管内介入治疗具有较高的临床应用价值.     

Radiation exposure of multi-row detector spiral computed tomography of the pulmonary arteries: comparison with digital subtraction pulmonary angiography

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effective dose of multidetector computed tomographic angiography (MDCT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) studies for diagnosing a pulmonary embolus (PE). Radiation exposure was measured as computed tomography dose index (MDCT) or as dose-area product (DSA) and was subsequently expressed in the quantity effective dose. Effective doses were obtained in 27 patients who underwent MDCT and in 12 patients who underwent DSA for suspected PE. The MDCT angiography was performed on a Siemens Volume Zoom CT scanner and DSA on a Philips Integris V-3000 system according to standardized protocols. Average effective dose for MDCT angiography of the pulmonary arteries (27 patients) was 4.2 mSv (range 2.2–6.0 mSv). Pulmonary DSA gained an average effective dose (12 patients) of 7.1 mSv (range 3.3–17.3 mSv). Our results show that the effective doses in MDCT angiography studies for PE are moderate and even slightly lower in comparison with pulmonary DSA in a comparable patient group. Variations in patient dose are smaller for MDCT, probably because this procedure can be more strictly protocolized. Patient dose should not be restrictive in the discussion of CTA replacing DSA for diagnosing PE.     

64层螺旋CT数字减影术对头颈部动脉成像应用研究

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT数字减影技术对头颈部动脉成像的优势。方法:对25例怀疑头颈部血管病变患者行64层螺旋CT血管减影成像检查,用特殊头部固定装置固定头颅,先行平扫,然后以相同的扫描参数行增强扫描,将增强前后图像送至工作站进行减影,利用inspace从减影的图像中提取动脉,进行血管重组,其中15例同时行常规CTA检查,8例行DSA检查,比较减影CTA与常规CTA的成像速度、图像质量,并与DSA成像比较。结果:25例均能显示颈总动脉、颈内动脉、椎动脉及主要分支,其中17例颈椎及颅底骨质完全减去,血管显示良好,8例因检查时头部轻微动或做吞咽动作而造成部分颈椎骨及颅底骨未完全减去,但动脉仍能显示,减影CTA平均成像时间4.3min,常规CTA平均成像时间24.3min,2种成像技术比较,颈部动脉图像质量无明显差别,减影CTA对颅内动脉主干及更多分支的显示优于常规CTA,减影CTA与8例DSA比较图像完全相同。结论:64层螺旋CT血管减影技术省时省力、便捷灵活、图像质量好,值得在临床推广。     

Evaluation of renal arteries in living renal donors: comparison between MDCT angiography and gadolinium-enhanced 3D MR angiography

Purpose The purpose of this study was to clarify and compare the accuracy of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) angiography using multidetector-row helical CT (MDCT angiography) and gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography using three-dimensional Fourier transformation gradient-echo sequence (3D MR angiography) for preoperative evaluation of renal arteries in living renal donors. Materials and methods A total of 42 living renal donor candidates underwent both MDCT angiography and 3D MR angiography before digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Each MDCT angiogram and 3D MR angiogram was prospectively interpreted, and the findings were compared with the DSA results. Results MDCT angiography identified all of the 12 supernumerary arteries detected by DSA, whereas 3D MR angiography identified only 8. MDCT angiography identified all of the 19 proximal arterial branches detected by DSA, whereas 3D MR angiography identified only 16. Conclusion A more accurate depiction of renal arteries in living renal donors can be achieved with MDCT angiography than with 3D MR angiography.     

Accuracy of MDCT in the determination of supraaortic artery stenosis using DSA as the reference standard

PurposeAccurate stenosis quantification in the carotid arteries is of great clinical importance. We aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of multi-slice computed tomography angiography (CTA) to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the detection and grading of atherosclerotic lesions involving the supraaortic arteries.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 30 patients (10 women; mean age, 67 years). CTA was performed after administration of 100 ml Ultravist 370 (Bayer Schering, Germany), at a flow of 5 ml/s, using a Philips Brilliance 16MDCT scanner (Philips, Best, Netherland) at a collimation of 16 mm × 0.75 mm prior to DSA. The supraaortic arteries were divided into 17 segments, and, within each segment, the presence and severity of stenotic or occlusive lesions was determined, based on a four-point scale (0–49%, 50–69%, 70–99%, occlusion), by four independent readers using the NASCET criteria. Sensitivity and specificity of MDCT was calculated for the detection of moderate (50–69%) versus significant stenoses (70–99%) and occlusion.ResultsThere were 291 segments assessed with both methods. Thirteen lesions were “not assessable” on CTA. DSA identified 53 significant lesions, and CTA 56 significant lesions. With regard to significant lesions, CTA overrated six lesions and underestimated six lesions, resulting in a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 86.4%, 97.6%, and 95.9%, respectively. For the detection of stenoses greater than 50%, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 90.2%, 95.8%, and 94.8%, respectively.ConclusionsCompared to DSA, CTA shows high accuracy in the detection and grading of lesions involving the supraaortic arteries enabling its use in the detection and treatment planning for stenoses of the supraaortic vessels.     

CTA诊断糖尿病下肢动脉病变的临床应用评价

目的探讨CTA在诊断糖尿病下肢动脉病变的应用价值。方法回顾分析了45例临床诊断2型糖尿病伴下肢动脉病变患者CTA影像,其中31例患者同期进行了血管造影检查,对比其DSA结果,评价CTA的准确性。结果 CTA可清晰显示病变的位置、范围,与DSA结果相比,总符合率为93.15%。其中髂动脉、股动脉及月国动脉符合率为100%,股深动脉为93.54%,胫前动脉96.77%,胫后动脉90.32%,腓动脉87.09%,与总符合率对比,无显著差异(P>0.05)。足背动脉符合率为77.42%,与总符合率对比有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论 CTA诊断糖尿病下肢动脉病变有较高的准确性,而且具有无创、可重复性等特点,可基本替代DSA成为首选检查方法。     

Multidetector–row CT angiography of renal artery stenosis in 50 consecutive patients: prospective interobserver comparison with DSA

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to establish the diagnostic value of multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for detection and quantification of both main and accessory renal artery stenosis in patients with secondary hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients scheduled for DSA were considered candidates for MDCT angiography. In all patients, MDCT angiography of the abdominal aorta was performed before DSA. For the purpose of interpretation, the arteries were separately interpreted either with DSA or MDCT angiography in order to provide qualitative and quantitative information. For qualitative evaluation, one experienced reader graded the opacification of renal arteries as excellent, good or poor; for quantitative evaluation, MDCT and DSA were independently evaluated for the number of renal arteries and the presence, location and degree of stenosis in random order by three readers. On the basis of consensus readings, calculations of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for detection of degree of stenosis were made by using DSA findings as the standard of reference. Interobserver variability was also assessed. RESULTS: With regard to qualitative analysis, arterial enhancement was considered excellent in 39 patients and good in 11. For quantitative analysis, 73 arteries were classified as normal with DSA. Although 72 of these were also classified as normal with CT angiography, one was overestimated by one grade; at DSA, 16 arteries were classified as moderately stenotic; in two arteries, there was an overestimation of one grade. Perfect correlation was achieved for the diagnosis of occlusion. In two patients, all three readers detected multiple severe stenoses on both modalities, with a "string-of-beads" appearance typical of fibromuscular dysplasia. Accessory arteries were correctly identified as such by all three readers on either DSA or MDCT. Levels of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy regarding degree of stenosis were 100%, 98.6% and 96.9%, respectively, with PPV and NPV of 97.6% and 100%, respectively. When we considered significant arterial stenosis (50%-100% luminal narrowing), sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 100%, 97.3% and 97.8%, respectively, with a PPV and NPV of 98.2% and 97.8%, respectively. For all observers, interobserver agreement was almost perfect (k=0.81-1) for both MDCT and DSA, with a k value between 0.82 and 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: MDCT angiography is very accurate and robust, even for the assessment of renal artery stenosis, and has the potential to become a viable substitute, in most cases, for diagnostic catheter-based DSA.     

下肢动脉闭塞性病变的320层CTA与DSA对照研究

目的对照DSA,评价320层螺旋CT血管造影（CTA）对诊断下肢动脉闭塞性病变的临床应用价值。方法对30例下肢动脉闭塞性病变的患者行320层CTA及DSA检查。CT数据在东芝工作站处理,采用最大密度投影、容积重建及多平面重建技术。DSA采用步进跟踪造影技术或分段DSA进行下肢血管检查,分析CTA与DSA结果。将肾动脉水平以下腹主动脉及单侧下肢动脉分为15个节段,本组病例共900节段,进行盲法评估。结果在全部900个动脉节段中,2种检查诊断Ⅲ及Ⅳ级病变准确率、灵敏度及特异度分别为98％、99％、98％。在评估主动脉、髂动脉节段的准确率、灵敏度及特异度分别为98%、100％、99％。在评估股动脉、胭动脉节段的准确率、灵敏度及特异度分别为98％、100％、99％。在评估胭动脉以下水平的动脉节段的准确率、灵敏度及特异度分别为98％、97％、99％。另有1个节段在320CTA显示不清,49个节段在DSA显示不清,无法评估。结论320层CT血管造影对下肢动脉闭塞性病变诊断准确率较高,较DSA能显示更多节段,可为制订介入治疗方案及临床治疗计划提供较准确的参考依据。