老年胆石症118例外科治疗

本文报告我院自１９８６年５月￣１９９５年４月手术治疗老年胆石症１１８例，结果显示：年龄本身并不是胆道手术的禁忌证。强调病情重，情况差而又伴严重并存病者，力求快速，简便，有效的解除胆道梗阻力原则，抢救病人生命，减少并发症和死亡率。     

应用内窥镜逆行胆管内引流术恶性梗阻性黄疸

本文介绍我院自１９８９年８月以来开展内镜逆行胆管内引流术（ＥＲＢＤ），治疗因恶性肿瘤引起的肝外胆道阻塞性黄疸１９例的经验，ＥＰＢＤ是一种姑息性的治疗方法。通过内窥镜将一根直径１２Ｆｒ的胆道内支撑引流管置入胆道狭窄部位。从而有效地解除了胆道的梗阻，咸轻了黄疸，消除了患者的临床症状，使食欲增加，营养状改善，为手术创造了良好的条件。短期的术前胆道减压能明显降低患者后并发症的发生率及死亡率。本组有９例在术     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治体会

目的：报告本院１９９６年１２月～２００２年１月施行的１７例肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊治体会,探讨其发生的主要原因及防治方法。方法：终末期肝病合并症肝功能衰竭（部分合并肾功能衰竭）１７例。男∶女,８∶９;年龄３２～６５岁;原发病：原发性胆汁性肝硬化６例,肝炎后肝硬化４例,酒精性肝硬化一例,Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ＇ｓ病２例,多囊肝合并多囊肾２例,原发性肝癌一例,遗传性毛细血管增生症一例;肝功能状态：均为Ｃｈｉｌｄ　Ｃ。结果：１７例病人中１４例获得长期存活,生活质量良好,３例术后短期生存。２例术后发生胆道梗阻并发症,均经再次手术治愈。结论：肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断主要依靠Ｂ超、胆道造影等影像学方法。针对病因,确保胆道系统的血供,是预防肝移植术后胆道并发症的主要手段。在治疗上应视具体情况,争取切除梗阻部位、重建胆流通道。     

70岁以上老年人胆道疾病的外科处理

目的探讨７０岁以上老年胆道疾病的外科治疗方法及效果。方法回顾性总结１９９２年１月～１９９７年１２月间１０３例７０岁以上老年人胆道疾病手术治疗情况。结果本组有合并症６４例，占６２１％。胆囊切除５４例，胆囊切除及胆总管探查３９例，胆肠内引流５例，左肝外叶切除、胆囊造瘘各１例。术后发生并发症２４例（２３３％），其中急诊手术组为４０％，择期手术组为１４７％。总死亡率３９％。结论虽然７０岁以上老年人合并症多，但在全面了解病情，充分术前准备后，适时进行手术治疗，并采取合适的手术方式，可提高手术成功率，降低并发症率和死亡率。     

不能切除的胆管癌的胆道引流术

目的：了解胆道引流治疗不能切除的胆管癌的治疗效果。方法：分析经胆道引流手术治疗的不能切除的胆管癌８０例的临床资料及生存情况。其中肝门部胆管癌４９例，胆总管中上段癌９例，胆总管下段癌２２例。手术方式包括胆肠吻合的内引汉术，Ｕ或Ｔ管外引流，或两者联用。结果：１５％的病例术后早期出现并发症，手术死亡率为１０％。     

老年胆石病128例临床分析

目的：探讨老年胆石病的术式选择和围手术期处理。方法：回顾19900－2001年手术治疗的60岁以上胆石症病人128例，分析病人的疾病种类、并存病、术式的选择和治疗结果。结果：81．2％的病人存在不同类型的并存病；手术并发症发生率18．0％；手术治疗死亡率1．6％，急诊手术死亡率4．2％。结论：老年不是胆道手术禁忌，做好围手术期处理及合理选择手术方式是关键。     

老年胆道外科疾病手术适应证与时机问题

目的 研究胆道疾病手术适应证和手术时机，减少术后并发症，降低死亡率。方法 160例60岁以上老年胆道疾病患者全部行外科手术治疗．择期手术87例(54．37%)；急诊手术73例(45.63%)。术前伴随一种并存病88．75%(三种以上并存病20．63%)。结果 术后并发症32．75%，死亡率6．25％．6例ACST术后死于MODF．4例胆道肿瘤衰竭死亡。结论 掌握手术的适应证和手术时机．处理并存病，争取择期手术．避免急诊手术盲目性是外科治疗老年胆道疾病，减少并发症，降低死亡率的关键。     

应用ERCP术外科治疗良、恶性胆道梗阻患者173例

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在外科胆道梗阻性疾病治疗中的价值。方法应用ERCP术治疗良、恶性胆道梗阻性疾病173例。并对其临床资料进行回顾分析。结果行ERCP术治疗胆道梗阻性疾病173例，其中2例插镜失败，1例引流无效，其余均获得良好的临床治疗效果，并无严重并发症。ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率8．67％，病死率0．58％。结论ERCP术在外科治疗胆道梗阻性疾病中具有创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快、退黄效果好等特点，是有效解除胆道梗阻，争取进一步择期手术时机的极好方法。与传统的开腹手术相结合，能有效降低术后并发症，提高术后安全性。     

老年急性重症胆管炎38例诊治体会

目的：总结老年重症胆管炎治疗经验。方法：结合老年人病理生理特点与ACST的关系，对38例患者进行分析。结果：治愈30例，治愈率78．9％；死亡8例，死亡率21．1％。结论：老年ACST患者，合并症多，死亡率高；及时就诊，完善了手术期处理，选择适宜手术方法，解除胆道梗阻是提高治愈率的关键。     

老年急性肠梗阻的临床特点及其治疗(附150例报告)

目的：探讨老年急性肠梗阻的临床特点及其治疗，寻找降低死亡率的有效方法。方法：回顾性总结分析150例经手术证实的60岁以上的急性肠梗阻患者的病因、临床特点及其治疗方法。结果：引起肠梗阻的病因中，肿瘤75例（50.0％），肠粘连27例（18.0％），腹外疝11例（7.3％0肠扭转10例（6.7％），其它原因导致梗阻27例（18.0％）。绞窄性肠梗阻34例，术后有并发症35例，死亡12例。结论：老年急性肠梗阻的主要病因为肿瘤，加强围手术期处理、重视老年合并疾病、早期诊断及手术可有效减低术后死亡率。     

老年胆囊切除术后综合征患者的诊治分析

目的探讨老年患者胆囊切除术后综合征(postcholecystectomy syndrome,PCS)的临床特点、发病原因、诊断和治疗措施。方法回顾性分析30例老年患者发生PCS的临床资料,其中急性单纯性胆囊炎8例,急性胆囊炎并胆囊结石27例,急诊手术17例,择期手术13例。结果本组引起PCS原因:胆囊管残留结石2例,予保守治疗后好转出院;胆总管结石的13例,其中8例行内镜下乳头括约肌切开取石,6例治愈,2例无效而行开腹手术,另5例予保守治疗后好转出院;肝内胆管结石6例,均经保守治疗好转,其中2例因出院后1年症状再发分别行左肝部分切除和肝内胆管取石术后好转。胃十二指肠溃疡3例,均转消化科保守治疗后治愈。冠心病3例,转心内科专科治疗后症状缓解。胃癌1例,住院期间再次行胃癌根治术好转出院,术后1.5年因远处转移死亡。急性胰腺炎1例,予保守治疗后好转出院。肾结石1例,行体外震波碎石治疗后治愈出院。结论老年患者PCS最常见原因是胆道系统本身的病变,完善术前准备,注重术中操作是降低胆囊切除术后综合征的关键。     

肝脏肿瘤动脉栓塞化疗术后胆管狭窄

目的 分析肝脏经导管动脉栓塞化疗(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1994年6月至2010年3月在浙江省人民医院及上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院行肝脏TACE治疗后出现胆管狭窄的15例患者的临床资料.7例为原发性肝癌,5例为肝脏血管瘤,3例为转移性肝癌,原发疾病分别为结肠癌2例和胰腺癌1例.肝脏TACE后出现梗阻性黄疸的时间为5～16个月,中位时间为9个月.结果 15例胆管狭窄病例均出现不同程度的梗阻性黄疸,13例经外科手术或经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)+放置胆管支架,2例仅行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD).术后梗阻性黄疸均获得明显缓解.5例肝血管瘤状况良好;2例原发性肝癌TACE后梗阻性黄疸随访2年,无胆管梗阻再发和肿瘤复发;其余8例随访3～18个月,均死于原发病恶化.结论手术或介入手段治疗肝脏TACE术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸可获得良好的治疗效果,应根据原发病和胆管梗阻的部位、范围决定治疗方式.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the treatment of obstructive jaundice caused by bile duct strictures after hepatic transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in hepatic tumor patients. Methods A retrospective review (Jun 1994 - Mar 2010) of databases at two institutions (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine) identified 15patients with obstructive jaundice caused by liver bile duct stricture after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. There were 7 cases of primary liver cancer, 5 patients of liver hemangioma, 3 cases of metastatic liver cancer including 2 cases of colonic cancer and one of pancreatic cancer. Obstructive jaundice appeared in a period of 5 months to 16 months after TACE. The median time was 9 months. Results The obstructive jaundice was relieved by surgically constructed hepatobiliary drainage or PTC+stenting treatment in 13 cases and PTCD in 2 cases. All patients of hepatic hemangioma were doing well after treatment. Two cases of primary liver cancer patients with obstructive jaundice after TACE were followed up for 2 years with no recurrence of hepatic carcinoma and bile duct obstruction. The other 8 patients were followed up from 3months to 18 months until to their death from primary disease progress. Conclusions Surgery and or PTCD plus stent can effectively relieve the obstructive jaundice caused by TACE in benign or malignant liver tumors.     

肝脏肿瘤动脉栓塞化疗术后胆管狭窄

目的 分析肝脏经导管动脉栓塞化疗(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1994年6月至2010年3月在浙江省人民医院及上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院行肝脏TACE治疗后出现胆管狭窄的15例患者的临床资料.7例为原发性肝癌,5例为肝脏血管瘤,3例为转移性肝癌,原发疾病分别为结肠癌2例和胰腺癌1例.肝脏TACE后出现梗阻性黄疸的时间为5～16个月,中位时间为9个月.结果 15例胆管狭窄病例均出现不同程度的梗阻性黄疸,13例经外科手术或经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)+放置胆管支架,2例仅行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD).术后梗阻性黄疸均获得明显缓解.5例肝血管瘤状况良好;2例原发性肝癌TACE后梗阻性黄疸随访2年,无胆管梗阻再发和肿瘤复发;其余8例随访3～18个月,均死于原发病恶化.结论手术或介入手段治疗肝脏TACE术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸可获得良好的治疗效果,应根据原发病和胆管梗阻的部位、范围决定治疗方式.     

肝脏肿瘤动脉栓塞化疗术后胆管狭窄

目的 分析肝脏经导管动脉栓塞化疗(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1994年6月至2010年3月在浙江省人民医院及上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院行肝脏TACE治疗后出现胆管狭窄的15例患者的临床资料.7例为原发性肝癌,5例为肝脏血管瘤,3例为转移性肝癌,原发疾病分别为结肠癌2例和胰腺癌1例.肝脏TACE后出现梗阻性黄疸的时间为5～16个月,中位时间为9个月.结果 15例胆管狭窄病例均出现不同程度的梗阻性黄疸,13例经外科手术或经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)+放置胆管支架,2例仅行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD).术后梗阻性黄疸均获得明显缓解.5例肝血管瘤状况良好;2例原发性肝癌TACE后梗阻性黄疸随访2年,无胆管梗阻再发和肿瘤复发;其余8例随访3～18个月,均死于原发病恶化.结论手术或介入手段治疗肝脏TACE术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸可获得良好的治疗效果,应根据原发病和胆管梗阻的部位、范围决定治疗方式.     

Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: primary and long-term results from a single institution

Background Iatrogenic bile duct injury carries high morbidity. After the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy the incidence of these injuries has at least doubled, and even after the learning curve, the incidence has plateaued at the level of 0.5%. Methods A total of 32 patients sustained biliary tract injuries of the 3736 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in and around Turku University Central Hospital between January 1995 and April 2002. The data concerning primary treatment and long-term results were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results The overall incidence for bile duct injuries, including all the minor injuries (cystic duct leaks and bile duct strictures), was 0.86%; for major injuries alone the incidence was 0.38%. Nineteen percent of the injuries were detected intraoperatively. All the cystic duct leaks were treated endoscopically with a 90% success rate. Of the bile duct strictures 88% were treated successfully with endoscopic techniques. Ninety-three percent of the major injuries, including tangential lesions of common bile duct and total transections, were treated operatively. The operation of choice was either hepaticojejunostomy or cholangiojejunostomy in 69% of the cases; the rest were treated with simple suturing over a T-tube or an endoscopically placed stent. The long-term results, with a median follow-up period of 7.5 years, are good in 79% of the operated patients and in 84% of the whole study population. Mortality rate was 3% and acute or chronic cholangitis was seen in 13% of the patients during follow-up. Conclusion Most of the minor bile duct injuries, including cystic duct leaks and bile duct strictures, are well treatable with endoscopic techniques, whereas most of the major injuries require operative treatment, which at optimal circumstances gives good results.     

Unusual causes of benign biliary strictures with cholangiographic features of cholangiocarcinoma

Focal strictures occurring at the hepatic duct confluence, or within the common hepatic duct or common bile duct in patients without a history of prior surgery in that region or stone disease, are usually thought to represent cholangiocarcinoma until proved otherwise. However, not uncommonly, patients undergo surgical exploration for a preoperative diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, based on the cholangiographic appearance of the lesion, only to find histologically that the stricture was benign in nature. Despite sophisticated radiographic, endoscopic, and histologic studies, it is often impossible before laparotomy to distinguish malignant from benign strictures when they have the characteristic radiographic appearance of cholangiocarcinoma. Even at the risk of overtreating some benign cases, most agree that aggressive surgical resection is the treatment of choice, given the serious consequences resulting from a failure to diagnose and adequately treat cholangiocarcinoma. Four patients who presented to our institution between February 1991 and June 2000 underwent laparotomy for a preoperative diagnosis of biliary tract malignancy based on clinical presentation and cholangiographic findings. The final pathology report in all patients showed marked fibrosis and inflammation of the biliary duct without evidence of malignancy. A review of the patient data and the relevant literature identified benign causes of focal extrahepatic biliary strictures associated with concomitant disease processes in two of the four patients. We present these cases and discuss the benign etiologies with emphasis on the role of surgery in both diagnosis and treatment.     

Choledochoduodenostomy, Choledochojejunostomy or Sphincteroplasty for Biliary and Pancreatic Disease

Choledochoduodenostomy, choledochojejunostomy, or sphincteroplasty are used in the treatment of selected patients with retained, recurrent, and impacted bile duct stones; strictures of the bile ducts; stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi; pancreatitis associated with biliary disease; choledochal cysts; fistulas of the bile duct; and biliary obstruction, either benign or malignant. From a group of approximately 1600 patients operated on for biliary and pancreatic disease during the 17-year period, 1962 to 1979, 153 patients who had choledochoduodenostomy, choledochojejunostomy or sphincteroplasty were identified. Follow-up information was available for 146 patients (95%). Overall, 84% of the patients had good results, 10% had fair results, and 3% had poor results. A 3% postoperative mortality rate was found, all in patients with unresectable malignancies. Treatment of bile duct obstruction, benign or malignant, was equally effective by choledochoduodenostomy or choledochojejunostomy. Jaundice resolved in all patients; three patients with benign strictures required reoperations for recurrent stricture formation, two after choledochoduodenostomy, and one after choledochojejunostomy. Recurrent cholangitis heralded the development of another stricture. Both choledochoduodenostomy and sphincteroplasty were used for patients with retained, recurrent or impacted duct stones. Pancreatitis did not occur in any patient after sphincteroplasty; the sump syndrome was not seen after choledochoduodenostomy. This review supports the view that choledochoduodenostomy is a safe and effective procedure. All three operative procedures were effective for the problems for which they were used; each procedure has a place in the treatment of recurrent or complicated biliary and pancreatic diseases. The procedures are complementary, not competitive. For certain problems, the operation performed depends upon the surgeon's preference and experience. The indications for and results of these operative procedures are discussed.     

Acute cholangitis.

The features of cholangitis were analyzed in 99 consecutive cases treated in the last ten years. The disease was severe and refractory in half the cases due to malignant stricture, and in 20% of those due to gallstones. Benign strictures, sclerosing cholangitis, and most cases of choledocholithiasis were associated with less severe cholangitis, which responded promptly to antibiotic therapy. High fever, a serum bilirubin level above 4 mg/dl, and hypotension characterized the most severe refractory cases in which emergency surgery was mandatory. Patients without manifestations were nearly always controlled successfully with antibiotics. We conclude that the term "suppurative cholangitis" is an unsatisfactory synonym for severe cholangitis, because the correlation between biliary suppuration and clinical manifestations in cholangitis is inexact; some patients with severe sepsis do not have pus in the bile duct, and a few patients with suppurative bile are only moderately ill.     

The long-term outcome of hepaticojejunostomy in the treatment of benign bile duct strictures.

OBJECTIVE: The authors review the treatment and outcome of patients with benign bile duct strictures who underwent biliary enteric repair. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The authors conducted a retrospective review of all clinical records of patients referred for treatment of benign bile duct strictures caused by surgery, trauma, or common bile duct lithiasis or choledochal cyst. The authors performed univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical and pathologic factors in relation to patient outcome and survivals. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with documented benign bile duct strictures underwent hepaticojejunostomy, choledochojejunostomy, and intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy during a 15-year period (January 1975 to December 1989). Morbidity, mortality, and patient survival rates were measured. RESULTS: Early and late outcomes correlated neither with demographic and clinical features at presentation nor with etiologic or pathologic characteristics of the stricture. Best results correlated with high biliary enteric anastomoses and degree of common bile duct dilatation independently of bile duct stricture location. CONCLUSIONS: High biliary enteric anastomosis provides a safe, durable, and highly effective solution to the problem of benign strictures of the bile duct. Transanastomotic tube stenting is unnecessary. Endoscopic and percutaneous transhepatic dilatation seems more appropriate for the treatment of patients in poor condition and those with anastomotic strictures.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查382例

目的 :探讨运用腹腔镜联合胆道镜术中诊断治疗肝外胆管疾病。方法 :根据病史及术前B超检查结果 ,对可疑胆道疾病患者在LC术中行胆道镜检查 ,明确胆道情况。结果 :同期行LC手术 10 396例 ,术中胆道镜检查 382例 ,占 3 6 %,胆道系阳性发现 10 2例 ,占 2 7%,占同期LC手术的 0 9%。其中胆道结石6 7例 ,胆总管下端良性狭窄 2 6例 ,Mirrizzi综合征 5例 ,壶腹部癌 2例 ,肝门部胆管癌、胆道内蛔虫各 1例。结论 :LC术中联合胆道镜检查成功率高 ,显像清晰 ,可观察到术前常规检查不易发现的胆道内疾病 ,并可同时进行定位及定性诊断 ,提供合理的术式 ,有效地预防LC术后并发症的发生。