隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为隐神经营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法:灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本30侧,解剖观测大隐静脉隐神经营养血管及其吻合关系。结果:小腿内侧下1/3段有胫后动脉肌间隙支2～3支,外径(1.1±0.3)mm;骨皮穿支1～2支,外径(1.0±0.3)mm;内踝前动脉踝前内侧穿支外径(0.6～0.8)mm;胫前动脉踝上穿支外径(0.8±0.3)mm。上述穿支吻合构成前、中、后3条纵向的血管丛以及骨膜、深筋膜和神经浅静脉3个层面的血管丛。结论:小腿内侧下1/3段有明显的多源性供血,皮肤、筋膜、骨膜、大隐静脉和隐神经等的营养血管同源,可以设计以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂的小腿内侧隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣。     

以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣的显微解剖

目的:为踝管区动脉穿支隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法:30侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观测踝管区动脉穿支、胫后动脉肌间隙支及邻近动脉吻合。结果:踝管区近侧筋膜穿支2支,外径(0.8±0.3)mm(0.4~1.3mm),中侧筋膜穿支0~2支,外径(0.8±0.2)mm(0.4~1.2mm),远侧筋膜穿支2~3支,外径(1.0±0.4)mm(0.5~2.0mm),共同构成踝管区浅深筋膜及皮肤营养血管。在小腿内侧下1/3段,胫后动脉肌间隙支2~3支,平均外径(1.1±0.3)mm(0.5~2.5mm),骨皮穿支1~2支,平均外径(1.0±0.3)mm(0.4~2.0mm)。上述穿支形成隐神经、大隐静脉营养血管及深、浅筋膜血管网。结论:踝管区筋膜穿支支数较多,与胫后动脉肌间隙支吻合丰富,以踝管区筋膜穿支为蒂的隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣,旋转点在内踝平面,可用于转位修复足前部的软组织缺损。     

腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的解剖学研究

目的:为腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提出解剖学依据.方法:30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观测腓动脉肌间隔穿支、腓肠外侧动脉肌皮穿支与腓肠神经-小隐静脉、腓肠肌外侧头、比目鱼肌以及腓骨营养血管的关系;小隐静脉浅深交通支.结果:腓动脉肌间隔穿支6～10支,外径0.5～1.6 mm,最远的动脉穿支距外踝尖上(1.0±1.3)cm,外径(0.6±0.2)mm.穿支分出骨膜动脉、肌支,营养腓骨和比目鱼肌外侧半.穿支穿深筋膜时,发深筋膜支、皮支、皮神经浅静脉血管,构成腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管链.腓肠外侧动脉发2～5支外径0.2～1.2 mm肌皮穿支,营养腓肠肌外侧头及相应区域皮肤.小隐静脉浅深交通支距外踝尖上(3.4±0.9)cm,外径(1.7±0.5)mm.结论:腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以腓动脉的肌间隔动脉终末穿支远端蒂复合瓣,旋转点近外踝尖平面,可覆盖前足创面.     

踝前区的应用解剖

目的：为大隐静脉切开术及隐神经、腓浅神经阻滞麻醉的顺利进行提供形态学资料。方法：在64例成人整尸的128侧下肢观察大隐静脉、隐神经和腓浅神经等结构在踝前的位置及与邻近结构的关系；测量大隐静脉、足曳动脉等血管的外径，隐神经等神经的厚度、宽度及深度，它们与内、外踝、胫骨前肌腱等结构的距离及彼此之间的距离。结果与结论：（1）大隐静脉经内踝前外侧上行至小腿，在内踝平面位置表浅而恒定，是理想的静脉切开的部位；大隐静脉距内踝前缘最突出点约1cm，距胫骨前肌腱约1．5cm，且关系较恒定，可以此二结构作为大隐静脉的标, 数情况静脉通过此二结构连线内侧2／5与外侧3／5交点的深面。（2）腓浅神经均于浅筋膜内经踝关节前方下行分布于足背；趾背皮肤，在踝前均行于足背动脉外侧，可用动脉搏动点作为神经阻滞定位标志；多数情况为排浅神经的两终支经踝关节前方下降，故阻滞时最好在踝间连线平面从动脉搏动点进针向外踝方向注药同时阻滞两个终支。（3）排深神经虽然分布于皮肤的范围很窄，但可能与腓浅神经有吻合，故作腓浅神经阻滞时最好同时阻断腓深神经；腓深神经与足背动脉伴行，阻滞时以动脉作标志即可。（4）足背动脉在踝前位置较恒定，恰位于两踝间中点，可作为踝前神经阻滞的标志点。     

踝部血管网对小腿远端蒂皮瓣的供血作用

目的：研究踝部血管网对小腿远端蒂组织瓣的供血作用。方法：通过10例小腿铸型标本和3例新鲜标本的解剖，观察踝部血管网的构成及其与小腿筋膜皮肤血管网的交通吻合。结果：踝部血管网有众多的血供来源，并形成错综复杂的各方吻合。踝部血管网与小腿前侧，内侧，前外侧和后外侧的纵向筋膜血管丛及神经皮静脉血管丛，分别在踝前伸肌支持带，内踝，外踝前和外踝后的部位相交汇，吻合丰富而明显。结论:桌中血管网吻合充分，丰富，设计宽约3cm的筋膜下组织为蒂，可为小腿带皮神经和皮静脉血管丛的远端蒂筋膜皮瓣提供丰富血供。     

带隐神经内踝前动脉穿支蒂皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨带隐神经内踝前动脉穿支蒂皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法以内踝前动脉穿支为旋转点,以隐神经相伴行的大隐静脉为轴线,根据受区大小、部位及旋转点的位置设计带隐神经内踝前动脉穿支蒂皮瓣,修复8例足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面。皮瓣切取范围为：3cm×4cm-5cm×8cm,血管蒂长4-6cm,血管蒂旋转部位于内踝上1-3cm。结果 8例皮瓣全部成活,随访12-36个月,皮瓣无皮肤破溃,皮瓣质地优良,外观基本满意,行走正常,术后1年两点辨别觉为1.0-1.2cm。结论带隐神经内踝前动脉穿支蒂皮瓣切取简便快捷,血供可靠,不牺牲主干血管,皮瓣切取面积大,逆转距离短,能恢复一定的足踝部感觉,是一种修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面的理想皮瓣。     

前臂桡侧头静脉-皮神经的营养血管的解剖学

目的：为前臂桡侧头静脉-皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法：动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测头静脉-前臂外侧皮神经下1/3段营养血管的来源、分支及其与桡骨膜血管的关系。结果：头静脉-前臂外侧皮神经下1/3段的营养血管来自：桡动脉皮支,掌浅支皮支,桡骨茎突返支皮支和桡动脉肌间隙骨皮支。上述诸支血管发皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支、神经-浅静脉营养血管,形成皮神经-头静脉血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网。结论：前臂桡侧缘头静脉-皮神经营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以桡骨茎突返支为蒂的远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,可用于手部远处组织缺损修复。     

前臂外侧皮神经-头静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的应用解剖

目的为前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础.方法30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测前臂外侧皮神经下1/3段营养血管的来源、分支及其与桡骨膜血管的关系.结果前臂外侧皮神经下l/3段的营养血管来自桡动脉皮支6～11支,外径(0.7±0.3)mrn;掌浅支皮支2～6支,外径(0.5±0.3)mm;桡骨茎突返支皮支1～2支,外径(0.8±0.1)mm;鼻烟壶皮支1～2支,外径(0.6±0.2)mm.在桡骨茎突上8.0～15.0 cm之间,桡动脉肌间隙骨皮支1～3支,外径(1.1±0.2)mm,骨膜支分布桡骨体部中下段的裸露区,皮支外径(0.8±0.2)mm.上述穿支血管发皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支、神经--浅静脉营养血管,形成皮神经-头静脉血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网.结论前臂外侧皮神经-头静脉营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以桡动脉皮支为蒂前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,可用于手部远处组织缺损修复.     

足背内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复足远端创面应用解剖

目的：为远端蒂足背内侧皮伸经浅静脉营养血管皮瓣修复足远端皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在31侧成人下肢标本f：解削观察足背内侧皮神经分支分布特点，6侧新鲜足标本观测皮神经血供分规律。结果：足背内侧皮神经及其分支恒定的血供来源，近端主要来自胫前动脉末端或足背动脉发m的皮支，外径0．8～1．0mm，内、外侧支远端来自南足底内侧动脉的皮支和第2跖背动脉末端的皮支，皮动脉外径在0.5—0．8mm。皮动脉分支营养神经及神经及浅静脉，在神经和静脉旁分支间形成链式吻合，与筋膜皮肤的血管互相吻合。结论：足背内侧皮神经浅静脉营养血管足背皮瓣可设计两种远端蒂修复足远端创面，(1)以第1跖趾关节内侧近端1．3～1．5cm为旋转轴点。(2)以距第2趾蹼游离缘1．5cm为旋转轴点。     

前臂后皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的应用解剖

目的:为前臂后皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法:30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测前臂后皮神经营养血管的来源、分支、吻合及其与尺、桡骨膜血管的关系。结果:前臂后皮神经营养血管来自:桡侧副动脉皮支2～6支,外径(0.6±0.3) mm;骨间后动脉皮支6～9支,外径(0.7±0.3) mm;骨间前动脉腕背支皮支3~5支,外径(0.8±0.2) mm;尺、桡动脉腕背支皮支2~6支,外径(0.6±0.1) mm。尺骨中上段骨膜血管来自骨间后动脉的肌骨膜支6～8支,外径0.3～1.0 mm;骨间后动脉桡侧骨皮支与桡骨中段裸区骨膜血管吻合。上述支发出皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支和神经营养血管,形成皮神经干血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网。结论:前臂后皮神经营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,其远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,适宜手背远处的组织缺损修复。     

The medial malleolar network a constant vascular base of the distally based saphenous neurocutaneous island flap

Based on 30 fresh cadaver dissections a detailed anatomic study of the medial malleolar network is presented with particular attention to the anastomoses between the latter and the vascular axis that follows the saphenous nerve. The medial malleolar network is formed by the anterior medial malleolar artery, branches from the medial tarsal arteries, the posterior medial malleolar artery and branches from the medial plantar artery. A distinct anterior medial malleolar artery and posterior medial malleolar artery could be identified in 80 and 20%, respectively, as well as constant additional small branches arising from the anterior tibial or posterior tibial artery. A constant anastomosis was found between the arcade formed by the medial tarsal arteries and the medial plantar a. in 60%, and the medial branch of the medial plantar artery in 40%, respectively. This anastomosis always gave rise to branches to the medial malleolar network. In the perimalleolar area and with regard to the great saphenous v. a larger anterior and a smaller posterior branch of the saphenous nerve was found in 100 and 90%, respectively. In all dissections, for both branches of the saphenous nerve two to four small, but distinct anastomoses between the medial malleolar network and the perineural vascular axis were identified. These constant anastomoses represent a new and reliable vascular base for the distally-based saphenous neurocutaneous island flap. Thus, the pivotal point of the flap can be chosen in the area of the medial malleolus without respecting the most distal septocutaneous anastomosis between the perineural vascular axis and the posterior tibial artery. Additionally, an illustrative clinical case is presented.     

以内踝前血管为蒂胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的：为内踝前血管胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣移位术提供解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红乳胶成年下肢标本，观测内踝前动脉的来源、走行、分支分布、邻近吻合及胫骨远端内侧面的骨膜血管结果：内踝前动脉起于胫前动脉或足背动脉，紧邻胫骨前肌腱内侧行向前内，在楔骨内缘与足底内侧动脉浅支．或跗内侧动脉后行支形成吻合。动脉滞途发出3～6支外径为03～1．0mm的内踝骨膜支，分布内踝区骨膜，并与其它来源的胫骨远端内侧而骨膜动脉相吻合。结论：以内踝前血管为蒂的胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣，顺行移位可修复胫骨远端骨不连，顺行或逆行移位可用于修复距骨颈骨折和距骨体缺血性坏死。     

小隐静脉解剖和多普勒超声活体观察在远端蒂皮瓣的意义

目的:探讨小隐静脉与远端蒂皮瓣静脉回流.方法:以腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣为例.(1)解剖观察40侧小隐静脉.(2)用多普勒超声检查60侧人的小隐静脉.结果:解剖观察外踝尖水平上 3～4 cm小隐静脉体表投影与皮瓣轴线基本一致,两者相差(0.5±0.3)cm.40侧中有12侧各有1支与腓静脉的交通支,距外踝尖(3.0±0.7)锄,外径(1.2±0.5)mm;彩超检杳外踝尖水平上3～4cm小隐静脉内径为(2.3±0.7)mm,距体表(3.2±1.0)mm,78.3%正常人的小隐静脉能较显著将远侧的静脉血导入近侧.若足踝部大隐静脉回流障碍,小隐静脉引流将加剧.结论:(1)结扎小隐静脉消除了浅静脉干对远端蒂皮瓣的倒灌,可改善皮瓣静脉回流.(2)经超声定位,在外踝尖水平上3～4cm行0.5～1 cm的纵向小切口能准确结扎小隐静脉,操作简单,不会损伤蒂部穿支血管和血管网.     

带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：提供带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的形态学依据。方法：在３２侧成人下肢标本上,观测了腓浅神经及其营养血管、周围皮肤的血供情况。结果：腓浅神经（皮下段）近侧的血供为腓浅动脉深支的皮动脉、第１支肌间隔动脉,起始处外径分别为０．８ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ;第１支肌间隔动脉穿出深筋膜前长为１．８ｃｍ。远侧则为腓动脉穿支之升支、降支的皮支和足背动脉皮支,起始处外径分别为０．９ｍｍ、０．７ｍｍ和０．８ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长分别为１．２ｃｍ、０．７ｃｍ和０．８ｃｍ。其神经支在神经干内或旁彼此吻合,构成纵向链式血管网,并借分支与皮肤、皮下及筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位软组织缺损     

内踝上穿支皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤缺损

目的　报道以内踝上胫后动脉为蒂的穿支皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。 方法　2003年2月～2010年2月,对22例足踝部皮肤软组织缺损患者,采用以内踝上胫后动脉为蒂的穿支皮瓣修复术。皮瓣面积10 cm×7 cm～15 cm×11 cm,供区采用下腹部全厚皮片植皮。 结果　术后22例患者皮瓣均一期成活,供区伤口一期愈合。经随访6～36个月,平均随访12个月。皮瓣质地优良,外观不臃肿,感觉恢复S2~S3+,足部行走功能恢复满意。供区植皮者植皮区松软,外观可,无瘢痕挛缩。 结论　内踝上以胫后动脉为蒂的穿支皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损,具有解剖恒定,手术操作安全、简便,可满足踝部部创面覆盖的需要。     

Enlarged perforating branch of peroneal artery and extra crural fascia in close relationship with the tibiofibular syndesmosis

We found an extremely large perforating branch of peroneal artery in an 89-year-old female cadaver’s left ankle. The anterior tibial artery could not reach to supply the ankle and dorsum of the foot. The perforating branch of peroneal artery continued as the dorsalis pedis after giving off an anterior lateral malleolar artery branch. The posterior tibial artery was thinner than usual. On the anterior side of the ankle, there was an extra crural fascia in addition to the regular crural fascia, under the anterior crural muscles. This strong fascia was tightly overlying the perforating branch of peroneal artery and anterior tibiofibular ligament. It is important to know the relationship of these vessels to the surrounding structures. Surgeons must be careful while dissecting this area since the perforating branch of peroneal artery might be anomalously enlarged as well as crossing in front of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in order to prevent vascular injury.This study presented as poster presentation at “22nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists and 4th Joint International Meeting with the British Association of Clinical Anatomists July 20–23, 2005, New York City, NY, USA”.     

Arterial supply of the soleus muscle: anatomical study of fifty lower limbs

Soft tissue defects of the lower limb are a formidable challenge to the plastic surgeon but a soleus muscle flap often provides the solution. Various types of soleus muscle flap have been described, based mainly on the vascular supply. The arterial blood supply of the soleus muscle was studied in 50 cadaveric lower limbs. The blood vessels and their branches to the muscle were dissected. The distance of the origin of the perforators was measured from fixed bony landmarks. Branches of the popliteal artery trunk, the posterior tibial artery, and the peroneal artery supplied the soleus muscle. The number of branches to the soleus muscle from these main arteries were analyzed. The medial part of the muscle was supplied throughout its length by perforators arising from the posterior tibial artery. This constant feature makes the medial part of the muscle reliable as a proximally or distally based flap. The average distances of the lower perforators arising from the posterior tibial artery were 6.5 cm, 11.6 cm, and 16.8 cm from the medial malleolus. The branches of the peroneal artery were mostly distributed in the upper half of the muscle. These large pedicles allow a composite transfer of the soleus muscle with the fibula. Lower perforators were demonstrated to arise from the peroneal artery in 60% of the limbs but the scarcity of perforators in this region limits the clinical usefulness of an inferiorly based lateral hemisoleus flap. The study demonstrates the distribution of arteries entering the soleus muscle and how the information may be used in the design of soleus muscle flaps. The average numbers of the perforators arising from the vessels and their distribution have been highlighted.     

小腿逆行筋膜皮瓣在足踝部软组织缺损修复中的应用

目的：报道足踝部软组织缺损修复的方法和体会。方法：应用小腿逆行筋膜皮瓣修复足踝部缺损62例，其中腓肠神经营养血管蒂小腿后侧逆行筋膜皮瓣34例，腓动脉穿支小腿外侧逆行筋膜皮瓣20例（21块皮瓣），胫后动脉穿支小腿内侧筋膜皮瓣8例。结果：58块皮瓣完全成活，4块部分坏死、1块完全坏死者经补充植皮治愈。随访1～6a，外形及功能恢复良好。结论：该组筋膜皮瓣血供良好、操作简单，不损伤小腿主要血管，尤其适合修复足跟及踝部缺损。