可视化荧光成像技术的胸部外科应用

可视化荧光成像是一种新兴的外科辅助技术，近年来被广泛应用于多个外科领域。荧光染料具有实时可视化成像特性，可以显示患者的肿瘤、血供、淋巴、神经等不同解剖结构，从而提高手术的准确性和术后恢复，并可能由此改变手术方法。针对胸部疾病，可视化荧光成像技术在肺结节检出定位，肿瘤切缘和残留识别，胸腔镜手术中肺段间平面识别，预防食管切除术后吻合口瘘，辨认术中胸导管和治疗术后乳糜漏，绘制前哨淋巴结等方面具有良好的临床指导意义。为了评估在不同手术场景下对荧光引导的不同需求，我们分别阐述了成像技术和荧光剂的临床前研究和临床应用进展，至此标志着可视化荧光成像技术的日趋成熟，以及在胸部外科中广泛的应用前景。      

经尿道输尿管镜处理医源性损伤后输尿管漏尿

目的 探讨医源性损伤后输尿管漏尿的治疗方法 .方法 运用输尿管镜经尿道置入双J管治疗12例医源性损伤后输尿管漏尿.结果 11例治愈,漏尿分别于术后1～3周停止,术后2、3个月.6个月～1年复查静脉肾盂造影(IVU)患侧输尿管通畅.1例失败改开放手术.结论 经尿道输尿管镜双J管置入术是处理医源性损伤后输尿管漏尿的有效治疗方法 .     

双镜顺逆结合法输尿管支架置入治疗医源性输尿管瘘13例

目的：探讨双镜顺逆结合法输尿管支架置入术治疗医源性输尿管瘘的临床效果。方法对2006年5月—2013年1月我院收治的13例医源性输尿管瘘行双镜顺逆结合法输尿管支架置入术,手术方法：先经皮肾穿刺微造瘘,留置可撕开鞘,置入输尿管镜寻及肾盂输尿管出口后顺行置入泥鳅导丝,导丝引导下置入肾造瘘管;改截石位,输尿管镜逆行进入梗阻段输尿管,将导丝拉出体外并留置输尿管支架。结果13例均成功置入输尿管支架,平均手术时间76(49~132)min,术中失血量<25 ml,术后6~72 h 漏尿停止。术后3个月更换输尿管支架并拔出肾造瘘管,12个月拔出输尿管支架复查静脉肾盂造影,患侧肾显影良好,输尿管通畅。1例造影示输尿管狭窄经输尿管镜下扩张术恢复正常。随访15~36个月,无并发症发生。结论盆腹腔手术尤其是腹腔镜或输尿管镜手术易造成医源性输尿管瘘,双镜顺逆结合法输尿管支架置入术治疗输尿管瘘操作简单、微创、安全性好、成功率高,并可避免二次开放手术。     

医源性输尿管损伤16例原因分析

目的：探讨医源性输尿管损伤的原因、处理和预防。方法：医源性输尿管损伤16例中保守治疗行输尿管逆行插管（双J管）2例,输尿管修补术1例,输尿管端端吻合术3例,输尿管膀胱吻合术7例,肾造口术3例,其中2例后期再次行管状膀胱瓣输尿管吻合术。结果：所有患者肾功能均恢复正常。结论：了解与输尿管有关的解剖位置,细致规范的手术操作是预防医源性输尿管损伤的关键。早期发现正确处理,对减少并防止并发症具有重要意义。     

医源性输尿管损伤25例诊治分析

目的:分析医源性输尿管损伤的特点,探讨医源性输尿管损伤的早期诊断和最佳治疗方法.方法:对1993-2008年问25例医源性输尿管损伤患者的致伤原因、治疗方法及治疗效果进行回顾性研究.结果:25例医源性输尿管损伤中,妇产科21例(84%),普外科4例(16%).25例患者中,23例手术获成功,2例发生尿瘘需行引流术.21例随访6个月～10年,静脉尿路造影和B超检查,输尿管通畅无狭窄,无肾积水.结论:医源性输尿管损伤的部位、时间和类型决定治疗方案,如患者一般情况较好,均应争取尽早手术修复.     

严重医源性输尿管损伤的诊治分析

目的:探讨严重医源性输尿管损伤发生原因及诊治方法.方法:回顾性分析2002-2010年我院诊治的43例严重医源性榆尿管损伤患者的临床资料.结果:43例患者中妇产科手术损伤34例,泌尿外科6例,普外科3例.37例行输尿管镜下放置双J管术,23例(62.2%)获得治愈,其中有4例先后行了2次输尿管镜下放置双J管术后获得治愈.7例行输尿管端端吻合术、5例行输尿管膀胱再植术、6例行输尿管膀胱瓣吻合术及1例回肠代输尿管术均获得治愈.1例行患肾切除术.随访3～33个月(平均10.2个月).无明显并发症出现.结论:熟悉局部解剖、细致规范手术是预防严重医源性输尿管损伤的关键:根据严重医源性输尿管损伤的部位、时间和类型,分别采用输尿管镜下放置双J管、输尿管端端吻合、输尿管膀胱再植、输尿管膀胱瓣吻合、回肠代输尿管等方法处理,疗效满意.     

医源性非泌外手术致输尿管损伤的延迟诊治对策

目的探讨医源性输尿管损伤的延迟诊断、治疗时机及预防措施。方法回顾性分析总结2012年8月至2018年3月,遵义市第一人民医院收治的19例非泌外手术所致的医源性输尿管损伤患者,左侧损伤11例,右侧损伤8例;断裂4例,破损15例;术后至确诊时间1~23d。结果行输尿管内置双J管8例,输尿管膀胱吻合术4例,输尿管端端吻合术7例,19例患者术后均痊愈,随访3~6个月,输尿管通畅,无明显肾积水。结论非泌外手术所致医源性输尿管损伤更易漏诊误诊,需尽早判断,以把握早期手术时机。     

输尿管损伤早期诊断与治疗42例临床分析

目的:探讨输尿管损伤的原因、诊断、治疗和预防措施。方法:42例输尿管损伤患者中39例为医源性所致(双侧损伤2例,单侧37例),3例为外伤所致(均为单侧损伤),给予单纯松解粘连、剪除缝线、输尿管损伤段切除端端吻合、输尿管膀胱再植术、Boari瓣输尿管膀胱再植术、输尿管膀胱再植腰大肌固定术等方法治疗。术后28 d内发现输尿管损伤39例患者37例一期修复输尿管损伤,2例因感染且无明显梗阻,未及时行尿流改道,4个月后一期手术修复输尿管成功;3例手术28 d后发现损伤者,先行经皮微肾镜肾造瘘术,3～12个月亦行一期修复输尿管手术。结果:无1例肾脏切除。42例一期修复输尿管损伤;40例随访6个月～9年,伤侧肾盂、输尿管无积水,肾功能未见异常。结论:输尿管损伤一期修补可达到良好的治疗效果。医源性输尿管损伤可预防,并可早期发现。     

双平面荧光成像技术在膝关节运动学研究中的应用

膝关节运动学是运动医学的研究热点。双平面荧光成像技术(dual fluoroscopy imaging technique,DFIT)是一种使用X线测量关节运动的精确无创技术,同时不受皮肤和软组织干扰,对运动无干扰。DFIT近年来被广泛应用于研究膝关节前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)、后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)、半月板、髌股关节、胫股关节等结构损伤及术后的运动学改变。DFIT提供了精确的生物力学信息,具有重要的临床意义和应用前景。     

输尿管支架置入术治疗孕期输尿管结石50例临床分析

目的探讨输尿管支架置入术在治疗孕期输尿管结石中的应用价值。方法对50例输尿管支架置入术治疗的孕期输尿管结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。50例患者均经辅助检查证实输尿管结石,同时合并肾绞痛,经药物保守治疗无效,其中右输尿管结石25例、左输尿管结石22例、双侧输尿管结石3例,31例位于输尿管中、上段,19例位于输尿管下段。结果 50例患者中37例表面麻醉后膀胱镜下置管成功;12例膀胱镜下置管失败,改用输尿管镜下置管成功;1例逆行置管失败后局部麻醉行经皮肾顺行置管成功。所有患者术中、术后均未出现先兆流产,术后肾绞痛得到明显缓解,肾积水情况均有不同程度减轻。术后复查48例提示输尿管支架位置好,1例输尿管支架上端位于输尿管上段,1例患者输尿管支架术后3d拔除尿管时滑脱,经重新置管后位置佳。结论输尿管支架置入术操作简单、疗效确切,是治疗孕期输尿管结石的一种安全可靠的治疗方法。     

Near-infrared ray catheter and indocyanine green via nephrostomy in delayed robotic reconstruction of injured ureter: A case report

Delayed surgical reconstruction of iatrogenic ureteral injuries is often a challenging procedure because spreading scar tissue impedes accurate identification and dissection of the injured ureter. We report a novel real-time navigation system using a ureteral near-infrared ray catheter (NIRC) and indocyanine green (ICG) via nephrostomy in delayed robot-assisted ureteral reconstruction. A female patient presented with complete obstruction of the right upper ureter after gynecological surgery with extensive lymphadenectomy. A nephrostomy tube was urgently placed, and surgical repair was performed. A straight NIRC was placed in the right ureter up to the obstruction point. ICG was administered via nephrostomy. Near-infrared light could clearly visualize the ureter and renal pelvis encased in scar tissue. The ureter and renal pelvis were dissected and successfully anastomosed. We found that near-infrared navigation using ureteral NIRC and ICG via nephrostomy was valuable for delayed laparoscopic reconstruction of the injured ureter.     

Urinomas caused by ureteral injuries: CT appearance

BACKGROUND: We report the computed tomographic (CT) features of urinomas caused by ureteral injuries which are often not clinically suspected, causing delay in diagnosis. METHODS: CT studies of 12 patients with ureteral injury were reviewed. Ureteral injuries were iatrogenic in 9 patients and traumatic in the remaining three. CT was performed between 2 and 139 days (average = 33 days) after the insult. The most common presenting symptoms were severe abdominal pain and fever. All CT studies were performed before and after intravenous contrast administration. In 11 of 12 cases, delayed scanning was added 15 min to 5 h later. RESULTS: The sites of injury were the proximal ureter in two patients, the middle ureter in three, the distal ureter in two, and the ureteral anastomosis in five. The urinomas appeared as confined water-density fluid collections in seven patients, as free fluid (urinary ascites) in two, and as both in three. Extravasation of contrast from the ureter was observed on early scans in six patients and on delayed scanning only in the other six. The density of the opacified urinoma measured 80-200 HU. Ipsilateral hydronephrosis was observed in seven patients. Ureteral injuries were treated conservatively in eight patients and surgically in four. CONCLUSION: Ureteral injuries after iatrogenic or penetrating trauma often are diagnosed with considerable delay. The presence of ascites or localized fluid collections in symptomatic patients after abdominal surgery or penetrating trauma should raise the possibility of a ureteral injury and prompt delayed scanning.     

Targeted Radionuclide and Fluorescence Dual-modality Imaging of Cancer: Preclinical Advances and Clinical Translation

In oncology, sensitive and reliable detection tumor tissue is crucial to prevent recurrences and to improve surgical outcome. Currently, extensive research is focused on the use of radionuclides as well as fluorophores to provide real-time guidance during surgery to aid the surgeon in the identification of malignant tissue. Particularly, dual-modality approaches combining radionuclide and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging have shown promising results in preclinical studies. Radionuclide imaging allows sensitive intra-operative localization of tumor lesions using a gamma probe, whereas NIRF imaging allows more accurate real-time tumor delineation. Consequently, both radionuclide and NIRF imaging might complement each other, and dual-modality image-guided surgery may overcome limitations of the currently used single-modality imaging techniques. In this review, a comprehensive overview on recent preclinical advances in tumor-targeted radionuclide and fluorescence dual-modality imaging is provided. Subsequently, the clinical applicability of dual-modality image-guided surgery is discussed.     

Robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloureterostomy for ureteropelvic junction rupture sustained in a traffic accident: A case report

BACKGROUNDUreteral reconstruction is a highly technical type of laparoscopic or open surgery. The incidence of ureteral injury is low; however, ureteral injuries tend to be overtreated. Robotic surgery for urinary reconstructive surgery is growing in popularity, which has made procedures such as pyeloplasty, ureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy possible, with minimal damage to the patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloureterostomy in Korea, in a 17-year-old female patient with a ureteral injury.CASE SUMMARYThe patient, a 17-year-old girl without previous medical history, was presented at the emergency room and complained of abdominal and back pain. Tenderness in the right upper quadrant was observed on physical examination. Hemorrhage in the right perirenal space was observed without abdominal organ injuries on the initial enhanced abdomen computed tomography (CT) scan. Ureteral injury was not suspected at this time. The patient was stabilized via conservative treatment, but complained of right flank pain 3 wk later and revisited the emergency room. An enhanced abdominal CT scan revealed a huge urinoma in the right perirenal space with hydronephrosis of the right kidney. Retrograde and antegrade pyelography were performed. Extravasation and discontinuity of the ureter were found. A rupture of the ureteropelvic junction was diagnosed and reconstructive surgery was performed. After 3 mo, the patient did not complain of any symptoms without any abnormal radiologic findings.CONCLUSIONThis case report discusses the safety and effectiveness of this minimal invasive procedure as an alternative to conventional open or laparoscopic surgery.     

An unusual complication of urinary stone disease: Spontaneous ureteral rupture

Spontaneous ureter rupture (SUR) is a rare condition that can present mimicking many acute abdominal diseases. There is no probable explanation of the theoretical mechanism of spontaneous ureter rupture in the literature. Mostly calculus can cause spontaneous ureter rupture with ureteral obstruction. If left untreated, it can lead to life-threatening complications. Herein we report a case of SUR that was occurred due to urinary stone disease in a male patient who presented with abdominal pain. A non-contrast enhanced and a late phase contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) demonstrated the urinary stone disease and contrast extralumination from the proximal part of the left ureter. We also aimed to emphasize the clinical and CT imaging findings of SUR.     

医原性输尿管损伤25例临床分析

【目的】分析医原性输尿管损伤的原因、诊断、治疗和预防方法。【方法】回顾性分析本院妇科手术和恶性肿瘤介入治疗及普通外科、泌尿外科手术出现25例输尿管损伤的临床资料。【结果】医原性输尿管损伤术中诊断19例，术后诊断6例，占妇科开腹手术的0．366％；占妇科恶性肿瘤介入治疗的6．74%；占直肠癌根治术的1．18％；占膀胱镜逆行插管术的0．432％。经恰当的处理，除1例再发漏尿外，其余均恢复良好。【结论】熟悉输尿管的解剖位置、易损伤部位和妇科恶性肿瘤的影像学表现，熟练手术操作技巧，超选供应靶器官血管栓塞是预防医原性输尿管损伤的关键；一旦出现损伤力争及时发现，尽快修复，仍可取得良好疗效；介入治疗损伤输尿管可在3～4周内手术，获得补救措施。     

16层螺旋CT血管分析技术在输尿管狭窄诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨16层螺旋CT血管分析技术在输尿管狭窄诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析53例经手术或膀胱镜证实的输尿管狭窄16层螺旋CT尿路成像检查并经16层螺旋CT血管分析技术显示的检查结果，且与手术或膀胱镜结果及静脉尿路造影结果对照分析。结果16层螺旋CT血管分析技术能清晰直观显示狭窄段输尿管的管壁和管腔内的直接CT征象，并可拉直准确测量狭窄段输尿管的长度，诊断符合率为95．24％。诊断静脉尿路造影阳性结石伴输尿管炎性狭窄24例，诊断符合率为91．67％；诊断静脉尿路造影阴性结百伴输尿管炎性狭窄11例，诊断符合率为90．91％；诊断输尿管炎性狭窄10例，诊断符合率为90．00％；诊断输尿管癌性狭窄8例，诊断符合率为75．00％；在诊断输尿管狭窄的病因及测量狭窄段输尿管的长度方面明显优于静脉尿路造影。结论16层螺旋CT血管分析技术是在其尿路成像基础上的一种分析技术，可极大地提高对输尿管狭窄的诊断准确率，对临床治疗有重要的指导意义。     

Application of the indocyanine green fluorescence imaging method in laparoscopic resection of a solitary retroperitoneal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma: A case report

Fluorescence image-guided surgery has improved intraoperative identification of anatomic structures including visualization of vascular anatomy. Herein, indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging was applied to identify of a recurrent small tumor of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) during laparoscopic surgery. The patient underwent left laparoscopic radical nephrectomy via the retroperitoneal approach for RCC (clear cell carcinoma, pT1bN0M0) at the age of 39 years. A solitary retroperitoneal mass (14 mm in diameter) was identified in a computed tomography scan 6 years after surgery. We performed laparoscopic resection with the application of the ICG angiography, because RCC is recognized as one of the most hypervascular cancers. The tumor was clearly visualized by fluorescence. Histopathological diagnosis of the resected tumor was recurrent RCC (low grade, G1). The patient remained free of disease at 2 years after surgery. The ICG fluorescence imaging would be a useful method for identification of metastatic small lesions of RCC during laparoscopic surgery.     

Ureteral injuries: CT diagnosis.

Ureteral injury is a rare, yet very serious, complication of various abdominal, pelvic, and even spinal procedures. It is often clinically unsuspected as symptoms are nonspecific and the patient may present weeks and even months after the injury. Therefore the diagnosis of ureteral injury is often delayed, leading to more serious morbidity. A ureteral injury may be first diagnosed on CT in a patient evaluated after surgery. A high index of suspicion is essential and a CT study should then include a delayed scan in order to establish the diagnosis of ureteral injury resulting in a urinoma. This may obviate the need for additional invasive imaging studies or unnecessary exploration.