应用Ilizarov技术治疗手腕部瘢痕挛缩畸形临床观察

目的 观察Ilizarov技术治疗手腕部瘢痕挛缩畸形的临床效果。 方法 2017年4月~2020年1月,应用Ilizarov技术治疗7例手腕部瘢痕挛缩畸形患者,男3例,女4例;年龄12~52岁,平均24岁;左手部2例,左腕关节1例,右腕关节4例;创面感染致瘢痕增生2例,开水烫伤致瘢痕增生1例,火焰烧伤致瘢痕增生4例。瘢痕形成6月~34年,平均7年。根据Mayo评分法评估手腕部功能,术前患者手腕部功能可5例,差2例。 结果 腕关节畸形均获得矫正,以腕关节中立位为0°测量,腕关节掌屈可达到55~70°,背伸可达0~55°,无明显疼痛及麻木感,手指活动灵活。患者均无针道感染、肢端感觉麻木等并发症。术后随访5月~24月（平均15月）,末次随访时评估手腕部功能,良4例、可3例,较术前显著改善。 结论 应用Ilizarov技术治疗手腕部瘢痕挛缩畸形安全有效,可为烧伤后肢体功能重建提供一种新的疗法。     

蒙娜丽莎之谜

<正>500多年前,意大利人达芬奇创作出历史上最负盛名的肖像画杰作《蒙娜丽莎》。19世纪中叶,"她"正式入驻世界上最著名的艺术博物馆——法国的卢浮宫,刚开始被该馆收藏,"她"的知名度还不是很高,后来到了1911年,该馆的一个油漆     

个体人格类型与气味偏好的关系

目的：探讨气味偏好与个体人格之间的初步关系。为在行为层面上研究人格提供新的路径。方法：以艾森克的现代人格理论模型为框架，采用人格问卷和实验结合的方法进行研究，通过实验法在控制的条件下得到个体的气味偏好数据，通过人格问卷得到同一群体的人格各维度分值。结果：不同人格特征的个体在气味偏好上存在显著差异。结论：气味偏好和人格之间存在一定的联系。     

肾结核病灶中淋巴细胞趋化因子的表达

目的:探讨淋巴细胞趋化因子在正常肾脏和肾结核中的表达以及淋巴细胞趋化因子和浸润CD4 、D8 T细胞在肾脏结核病灶中的分布特点.方法:6例正常肾脏和10例肾结核病变组织,经匀浆后,采用RT-PCR法扩增人淋巴细胞趋化因子(hLptn)的含编码区序列的cDNA;扩增cDNA的克隆至pGM-T Easy T载体,测序;应用免疫组织化学方法检测正常肾脏和肾结核中的hLptn的表达和结核病灶中的CD4、CD8分子的表达.结果:正常肾脏和肾结核组织均表达hLptn mRNA,应用RT-PCR法克隆的cDNA序列与GenBank中U23772的序列一致;hLptn在正常的肾小球、肾小管中和结核病变中残存的肾小球、肾小管中均有表达;结核病变中有散在的CD4和CD8分子阳性细胞,与hLptn的分布无重叠.结论:淋巴细胞趋化因子在肾脏的肾小球和肾小管中呈结构性表达,肾结核肉芽肿中淋巴细胞的募集可能非依赖于hLptn的作用.     

GKT测谎模式研究

犯罪知识测试（Guilty Knowledge Test，简称GKT），是Lykken在1959年引入的一种测谎测试程序。本文就GKT测试的认知原理一定向反应有关理论的发展及其与GKT测试的关系进行了介绍，并以此为起点，对GKT测谎研究的四种范式进行了分析与探讨，最后指出GKT测谎模式还存在的问题、相关的扩展性研究以及发展趋势。     

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敬告作者

本刊编辑部自2011年6月起不再向论著类作者提供纸质单行本,如有需要者可向本刊索取文稿的电子版数据(PDF格式),或登录本刊网站(http://www.cjcep.com)自行下载。     

非实验因素对人体核磁共振代谢组学检测结果的影响

代谢组学被认为是未来诊断疾病和评价患者机能状况的有力手段,但目前的研究结果表明,很多非实验因素,如饮食、运动、环境以及个体差异等均会影响临床实验结果,为保证不同核磁共振(Nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)实验数据之间的可比性,很有必要在实验设计和数据分析过程中对这些因素进行合理的控制.     

腺病毒介导的肝癌靶向SEA-CD80基因治疗及免疫学机制的初步研究

目的: 观察肝癌靶向性葡萄球菌肠毒素A (SEA)/CD80基因重组腺病毒载体对肝癌的疗效,并对其免疫学机制进行初步研究.方法: 利用AdEasy腺病毒系统分别构建并制备甲胎蛋白(AFP)启动子和增强子Ⅰ调控的SEA和/或CD80基因重组腺病毒载体, 然后采用瘤体内直接注射的方式对小鼠皮下移植性肝癌进行治疗, 采用RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测腺病毒注射部位的SEA和CD80 mRNA和蛋白的表达情况; 采用ELISpot方法和LDH释放实验分别检测脾脏淋巴细胞中肝癌特异性IFN-γ分泌细胞的频数和细胞毒性T细胞(CTLs)对Hepa1-6细胞的特异杀伤活性; 通过观察荷瘤小鼠经治疗后肿瘤体积的变化及生存时间, 评价重组腺病毒对肝癌的治疗作用.结果: 我们构建的腺病毒能够使SEA和/或CD80 mRNA和蛋白靶向地在肝癌组织中表达; 与空载体组和PBS对照组相比, 双基因组和单基因组分泌IFN-γ的T细胞数量均明显增多, CTL对Hepa1-6细胞的特异性杀伤作用均明显增强, 荷瘤小鼠肿瘤体积明显减小, 生存期明显延长; 双基因组的疗效和对免疫系统的激活作用明显高于单基因组; CD80 和SEA的组之间、空载体和PBS组之间无明显差异.结论: 我们制备的肝癌靶向性重组腺病毒对肝癌有良好的治疗作用, 联合基因治疗优于单个基因治疗.     

太行山猕猴距骨的性别判别分析

太行山猕猴主要分布在太行山南坡中条山南端,是我国黄河以北分布最集中、数量最多、面积最大的猕猴自然分布种群。在形态、行为、遗传、食性、骨学方面均具有其特殊性。踝关节的距骨作为最坚固的骨骼之一,在国内有关该部位的研究报道较少。本研究主要对太行山猕猴距骨进行测量统计分析,找出两性间差异较大的变量,建立判别函数,为太行山猕猴的基础研究和生物学研究积累资料。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.