心肌梗死后心力衰竭小鼠心肌组织内质网应激相关凋亡途径的研究

目的:探讨心肌梗死后心力衰竭小鼠心肌组织内质网应激介导的凋亡途径。方法:结扎小鼠左冠状动脉前降支建立心肌梗死后心力衰竭(心衰)模型,32只小鼠利用随机数字法分4组:假手术组、心肌梗死后2周组、4周组和6周组,采用超声心动图检查观察心室扩张及心功能变化情况,Western blotting检测内质网分子伴侣GRP78蛋白以及内质网应激相关凋亡蛋白CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白ε(CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinε,CHOP)、c-Jun氨基端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)及其磷酸化水平、caspase-12及其活性剪切片段的表达。采用TUNEL法观察心肌细胞的凋亡情况。结果:与假手术组相比较,心肌梗死后心力衰竭的小鼠左心室扩大,心功能下降。小鼠心肌组织GRP78、CHOP蛋白表达增高(P0.05)。JNK、caspase-12蛋白表达没有明显变化,但其活化形式磷酸化JNK及剪切后的caspase-12表达增高(P0.05)。TUNEL染色显示心肌梗死后心力衰竭的小鼠心肌组织凋亡明显增多(P0.05)。结论:心肌梗死后心力衰竭诱导内质网应激反应,并伴随着其相关的CHOP、JNK、caspase-12三条通路的激活,提示内质网应激可能参与了心梗后心衰中心肌细胞的凋亡。     

Atorvastatin inhibits myocardial cell apoptosis in a rat model with post-myocardial infarction heart failure by downregulating ER stress response

Objective: To determine the effect of atorvastatin on rat heart failure after myocardial infarction and to investigate the underlying mechanism of atorvastatin-mediated myocardium protection.Methods: Thirty-eight rats were randomly divided into three groups: a heart failure model group (model group), a heart failure plus atorvastatin treatment group (atorvastatin group) and a sham-surgery group (control group). The rat heart failure model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending of coronary arteries (LADs). Changes in hemodynamics parameters were recorded after the final drug administration. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histological diagnosis was achieved by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson''s trichrome staining. The expressions of 78kDa glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), caspase-12 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP, also known as GADD153) in myocardial cells and cultured cardiac myocytes were examined by Western blot. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to evaluate myocardial cell apoptosis, and flow cytometry was performed to examine the cell apoptosis of cultured cardiac myocytes.Results: In the atorvastatin group, myocardial cells were lined up more orderly and myocardial fibrosis level was decreased compared to the model group. The expressions of GRP78, caspase-12 and CHOP in myocardial cells were decreased in atorvastatin group. Moreover, in the atorvastatin-treated group the cell apoptosis rate was reduced and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was activated in response to heart failure and angiotensin II(Ang II) stimulation.Conclusions: By down-regulating GRP78, caspase-12 and CHOP expressions in myocardial cells in rat heart failure after myocardial infarction, atorvastatin treatment decreased the apoptosis of myocardial cells, suggesting the possible mechanism by which atorvastatin functions in protecting against heart failure.     

Involvement of hypoxia-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress in outlet obstruction-induced apoptosis in the urinary bladder

In bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), mechanical stress and ischemia/hypoxia are implicated in structural and functional alterations of the urinary bladder. Because mechanical stress and hypoxia may trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we examined involvement of ER stress in the damage of the bladder caused by BOO. An experimental model of BOO was established in rats by complete ligature of the urethra for 24 h, and bladders were subjected to northern blot analysis and assessment of apoptosis. Isolated urinary bladders and bladder-derived smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) were also exposed to mechanical strain and hypoxia and used for analyses. To examine involvement of ER stress in the damage of the bladder, the effects of a chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Outlet obstruction for 24 h induced expression of ER stress markers, GRP78 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), in the bladder. It was associated with induction of markers for mechanical stress (cyclooxygenases 2) and hypoxia (vascular endothelial growth factor and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). When isolated bladders and BSMCs were subjected to mechanical strain, induction of GRP78 and CHOP was not observed. In contrast, when BSMCs were exposed to hypoxic stress caused by CoCl2 or thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA), substantial upregulation of GRP78 and CHOP was observed, suggesting involvement of hypoxia in the induction of ER stress. In the bladder subjected to BOO, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells increased in the epithelial cells and BSMCs. Similarly, treatment with TTFA or CoCl2 induced apoptosis of BSMCs, and 4-PBA significantly attenuated ER stress and apoptosis triggered by these agents. Furthermore, in vivo administration with 4-PBA significantly reduced apoptosis in the bladder subjected to BOO. These results suggested that outlet obstruction caused ER stress via hypoxic stress in the bladder and that hypoxia-triggered ER stress may be involved in the induction of apoptosis in BOO.     

内质网应激介导蜕皮甾酮对H2 O2 诱导的心肌细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨蜕皮甾酮(EDS)如何通过调节内质网应激对过氧化氢(H2 O2 )诱导的心肌细胞损伤起保护作用。方法:大鼠H9c2 心肌细胞随机分为对照(Control)组,正常心肌细胞;H2 O2 组,不同浓度H2 O2(1*10-3 、1*10-4 、1*10-5 mol/ L)诱导损伤细胞;EDS 组,在H2 O2 组基础上,加入不同浓度的EDS(25、50、100 μmol/ L)处理。MTT 法和流式细胞术分别检测实验各组细胞活力及细胞凋亡率。Western blot 检测各组细胞中Bcl-2、Bax、cleaved-caspase-3、caspase-4、caspase-7、caspase-12、 GRP78 和CHOP 的蛋白水平,同时检测各组细胞中丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果:与Control 组相比,H2 O2 组的细胞活力减弱,凋亡率升高,MOD 含量升高,SOD 活性降低,GRP78 和CHOP 的表达升高(均P<0.05)。H2 O2 组加入EDS 处理后,细胞活力提升,凋亡率下降,MOD 含量降低,SOD 活性升高,GRP78 和CHOP 的表达降低(均P<0.05)。结论:通过抑制内质网的应激过程,蜕皮甾酮能减轻H2 O2 诱导的心肌细胞损伤。     

微波辐照诱导内质网应激致心肌微血管内皮细胞损伤

目的探讨微波辐照致心肌微血管内皮细胞损伤与内质网应激之间的关系。方法取培养3~4代心肌微血管内皮细胞随机分为对照组和辐照各组。1.分别采用10mW/cm2,30mW/cm2、50mW/cm2微波辐射心肌微血管内皮细胞,辐照时间均为6min。于照射后24h收集细胞。2.细胞被暴露于30mW/cm2微波6 min,继续培养1 h、3 h或24 h之后,内皮细胞被收集,对照组于24 h结束实验。以膜联蛋白V-碘化丙啶双染法检测细胞凋亡;鬼笔环肽染色法观察微血管内皮细胞骨架的变化,评价微血管内皮细胞的损伤情况;免疫印迹法检测内质网应激分子钙网蛋白(CRT)、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)和CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)的蛋白表达,评价微波辐照是否引起微血管内皮细胞内质网应激。结果内皮细胞凋亡率的量效研究发现,微波辐照之后,10mW/cm2、30mW/cm2、50mW/cm2照射组的细胞凋亡率分别为(2.34±0.15)%、(2.72±0.96)%、(2.62±0.34)%,与对照组(0.88±0.32)%比较差异显著(P0.05)。时效研究则发现,30mW/cm2照射后1h、3h和24h细胞凋亡率分别为(1.12±0.15)%,(1.49±0.54)%和(1.85±0.45)%。与对照组(1.10%±0.28)%比较,照射后1h组差异不显著(P0.05),照射后3h组和24h组差异显著(P0.05);内质网应激分子的检测发现,30mW组CRT、GRP78、CHOP的蛋白表达分别较对照组升高124%,76%,256%。50mW组CHOP的蛋白表达分别较对照组升高52%,189%。与对照组相比,30mW组CRT、GRP78、CHOP GRP78、及50mW组GRP78、CHOP表达差异显著(P0.05)。10mW组CRT、GRP78、CHOP及50mW组CRT蛋白表达与对照组相比差异无显著性(P0.05)。对照组内皮细胞表现出很少的肌动蛋白纤维。内皮细胞暴露于微波引起的丝状肌动蛋白应力纤维数量的急剧增加。最大应力纤维的形成发生在内皮细胞受到照射后3h或照射功率为30mW。结论微波辐照可诱导严重内质网应激反应,造成大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞损伤。     

抗衰老Klotho蛋白减轻大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤

目的:观察抗衰老Klotho蛋白对大鼠乳鼠原代心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(H/R)损伤的作用并探讨其作用机制。方法:建立大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞H/R模型,并将心肌细胞分为正常对照组、H/R模型组和不同浓度(0.1μmol/L、1μmol/L和10μmol/L)Klotho作用H/R组。观察各组心肌细胞H/R前后搏动频率变化,利用MTT方法检测细胞存活率;测定各组心肌细胞H/R后LDH、CK、AST的漏出量及MDA含量、SOD活性;流式细胞术检测各组心肌细胞的凋亡率;real-time PCR检测各组心肌细胞中内质网应激标记及凋亡相关分子GRP78、CRT和CHOP和caspase-12 mRNA的表达情况;Western blot法检测心肌细胞内内质网应激凋亡蛋白CHOP和caspase-12蛋白表达及Akt磷酸化水平。结果:与正常对照组相比,H/R模型组中心肌细胞搏动频率和细胞存活率显著下降,细胞凋亡率显著升高(P0.05);LDH、CK、AST和MDA含量升高而SOD活性显著降低(P0.05);GRP78、CRT、CHOP和caspase-12 mRNA表达显著增高(P0.05);CHOP和caspase-12蛋白表达随之增高而Akt的磷酸化水平显著降低(P0.05)。与H/R模型组相比,抗衰老Klotho蛋白作用H/R心肌细胞后,心肌细胞搏动频率和细胞存活率显著升高,细胞凋亡率逐渐降低(P0.05),LDH、CK、AST和MDA含量下降而SOD活性显著增高(P0.05),GRP78、CRT、CHOP和caspase-12 mRNA的表达逐渐降低(P0.05),CHOP和caspase-12蛋白表达也随之降低,而Akt磷酸化水平显著增加(P0.05)。结论:抗衰老Klotho蛋白能够提升H/R损伤后心肌细胞的存活率,抑制细胞凋亡,通过抵抗氧化应激和过度内质网应激反应发挥作用,并与激活Akt磷酸化有关。     

附子多糖保护缺氧/复氧乳鼠心肌细胞及其抗内质网应激的机制研究

目的: 观察附子多糖对缺氧/复氧后心肌细胞的保护,并探讨附子多糖的保护机制是否与其抑制内质网应激反应有关。方法: 建立乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧模型,将乳鼠心肌细胞分为正常对照组、缺氧/复氧组(缺氧3 h后复氧6 h)和不同浓度附子多糖(0.1 g/L、1 g/L、10 g/L、20 g/L)+缺氧/复氧组。MTT法测定心肌细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡率,Western blotting分析葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)及caspase-12的表达,荧光定量PCR进一步检测CHOP及caspase-12 mRNA表达。结果: 缺氧复氧后,心肌细胞中内质网应激反应标志蛋白GRP78表达增加,内质网应激凋亡相关蛋白CHOP及caspase-12蛋白和mRNA表达亦明显升高。与缺氧/复氧组相比较,附子多糖预处理24 h后可以有效抑制缺氧/复氧引起的GRP78、 CHOP和caspase-12的表达上调,增加心肌细胞的存活率,抑制心肌细胞凋亡的发生。附子多糖的保护效应呈剂量依赖形式,10 g/L剂量时达到峰值。结论: 附子多糖保护缺氧/复氧后心肌细胞的可能机制与其抑制内质网应激所介导的细胞凋亡途径相关。     

PERK通路在吗啡保护心肌H9c2细胞过程中的作用

目的:探讨吗啡(morphine)是否通过PERK通路降低内质网应激,阻止线粒体膜通透性转换孔(mPTP)开放,从而保护氧化应激损伤的心肌细胞。方法:体外培养大鼠心肌H9c2细胞,用H2O2建立氧化应激模型,随机分为对照组、H2O2组、H2O2+morphine组、H2O2+morphine+PERK通路抑制剂GSK2656157组、morphine组和GSK2656157组。免疫组化法检测吗啡对氧化应激引起葡萄糖调节蛋白(GRP)78和GRP94表达的影响;Western blot法检测PERK信号通路相关蛋白的水平;利用共聚焦显微镜观察吗啡对氧化应激所致mPTP开放及内质网的影响;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和MTT试剂盒分别检测细胞毒性和细胞活力。结果:与对照组相比,H2O2组GRP78和GRP94蛋白为强阳性表达,棕黄色颗粒明显增加,吗啡明显抑制此过程。与对照组相比,不同浓度GSK2656157使PERK的磷酸化明显减少,其中2μmol/L的作用效果最为显著(P<0.05)。氧化应激使GRP78、GRP94、p-PERK和CHOP的蛋白水平明显增加,使糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)磷酸化明显减少;线粒体TMRE和内质网ER-Tracker Red红色荧光强度均明显减少;细胞毒性明显增强,细胞活力明显减弱。吗啡明显抑制H2O2引起的改变,而GSK2656157可进一步加强吗啡的作用(P<0.05)。结论:吗啡通过抑制PERK通路降低内质网应激,使GSK-3β失活,进而阻止mPTP开放,保护受氧化应激损伤的心肌H9c2细胞。     

Kaempferol protects ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac damage through the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress

This study examined whether or not the ER stress and Bcl-2 proteins are linked to the protective effect of kaempferol, a phytoestrogen, on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced cardiac damage. In order to determine if kaempferol modifies the I/R-induced response in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells, the cells were exposed to kaempferol followed by ischemia 12h/reperfusion 4h. kaempferol had a protective effect on the apoptosis induced by I/R in the cardiac muscle cells. The Kaempferol treatment significantly increased the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, but decreased the level of the pro-apoptotic protein, bax. Kaempferol down-regulated the expressions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins, GRP78, ATF-6alpha, XBP-2, IRE1-alpha, phosphor-eIF-2alpha and CHOP. In ex vivo-Langendorff experiment, the kaempferol treatment regulated the expression of ER stress proteins-CHOP and GRP78. The kaempferol also improved the post-ischemic LVEDP and LVDP significantly after 20, 30, 40 and 50 min of reperfusion compared with the untreated control hearts, which shows that kaempferol offers protection against I/R-associated cardiac dysfunction.     

Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis in a heart failure model induced by chronic myocardial ischemia

Apoptosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic myocardial ischemia (CMI) and heart failure (HF). Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is one of the newly defined signaling pathways which initiate apoptosis. Previous studies have shown that ERS-associated apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of HF induced by pressure-overload and acute myocardial infarction. Also, in?vitro experiments have proved that ischemia is a strong stimulus of ERS. This study aimed to demonstrate whether ERS-associated apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of CMI-induced HF. We established a HF model induced by CMI in mini pigs via placement of an ameroid constrictor around the proximal anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LAD). Furthermore, we used myocardial perfusion imaging, echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated DNA nick-end labeling staining to identify the existence of myocardial ischemia and cardiac dysfunction and of enhanced apoptosis in the ischemic heart. We performed immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR to analyze the hallmark of ERS glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). The ERS-associated apoptotic pathways, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase?1 (JNK1) were also examined. We found that all three of these pathways were activated and that GRP78 protein and mRNA levels were significantly enhanced in the myocardium of HF mini pigs induced by CMI. These results suggest that ERS is present in the CMI-induced HF pig model, and that ERS-associated apoptosis is involved in the pathophysiology of HF induced by CMI.     

β_1-肾上腺素受体自身抗体通过激活内质网应激诱导心肌细胞凋亡

目的:探讨内质网应激在β_1-肾上腺素受体自身抗体(β_1-AA)引起心肌细胞凋亡中的作用。方法:采用β_1-肾上腺素受体细胞外第二环抗原肽段主动免疫大鼠,应用SA-ELISA法检测大鼠血清中β_1-AA的水平,TUNEL染色检测心肌组织的凋亡水平,Western blot法和免疫组化法检测心肌组织中葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)及caspase-12的蛋白表达。利用亲和层析法纯化的β_1-AA处理H9c2心肌细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞活力,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡;采用内质网应激抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(4-PBA)预处理H9c2心肌细胞,再给予β_1-AA干预,CCK-8法和流式细胞术分别检测细胞活力及凋亡的变化情况。结果:与对照组相比,主动免疫大鼠血清中β_1-AA水平在免疫2周时显著增加,进一步增加至8周,并且主动免疫2周大鼠心肌组织凋亡率明显升高,持续升高至8周。与对照组相比,主动免疫大鼠心肌组织中GRP78、CHOP及caspase-12的蛋白表达在免疫4周和8周时均明显增加。β_1-AA引起H9c2心肌细胞活力持续降低,凋亡明显增加。与β_1-AA单独处理组相比,内质网应激抑制剂4-PBA预处理H9c2心肌细胞可以有效逆转β_1-AA诱导的细胞凋亡增加和活力下降。结论:β_1-AA可以通过激活内质网应激诱导心肌细胞凋亡。     

PERK通路参与了缺氧心肌细胞的内质网应激及凋亡

目的:观察缺氧对原代培养的Wistar乳鼠心肌细胞的损伤,探讨内质网应激在缺氧心肌损伤发生发展过程中起的作用及PERK通路是否参与其信号转导过程。方法:将原代培养的乳鼠心肌细胞随机分为正常对照组和缺氧1h、4h、8h、12h、24h组,通过测定细胞ATP含量反映细胞活力;高内涵分析细胞成像系统检测多参数凋亡;采用免疫细胞化学和蛋白印迹方法检测以内质网为靶点的分子伴侣(GRP78和钙网蛋白)的表达,PERK通路(PERK和eIF2α)的磷酸化水平,以及其下游分子(ATF4和CHOP)在缺氧不同时点蛋白的表达变化特征。采用PERK通路激活型药物salubrinal处理原代培养的Wistar乳鼠心肌细胞,观察药物是否对缺氧损伤的心肌细胞有保护作用。结果:缺氧引起心肌细胞凋亡,缺氧早期(约1h)钙网蛋白和GPR78的表达上调;缺氧中期(4h)p-PERK、p-eIF2α和ATF4的表达上调;缺氧后期(12h)CHOP的表达上调。Salubrinal对缺氧心肌有保护作用。结论:在培养的心肌细胞中,缺氧可激发内质网应激。在缺氧早期激活PERK通路保护机体对抗缺氧损伤,后期激活细胞凋亡通路。     

Kaempferol Protects Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Cardiac Damage Through the Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

This study examined whether or not the ER stress and Bcl-2 proteins are linked to the protective effect of kaempferol, a phytoestrogen, on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced cardiac damage. In order to determine if kaempferol modifies the I/R-induced response in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells, the cells were exposed to kaempferol followed by ischemia 12h/reperfusion 4h. kaempferol had a protective effect on the apoptosis induced by I/R in the cardiac muscle cells. The Kaempferol treatment significantly increased the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, but decreased the level of the pro-apoptotic protein, bax. Kaempferol down-regulated the expressions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins, GRP78, ATF-6alpha, XBP-2, IRE1-alpha, phosphor-eIF-2alpha and CHOP. In ex vivo-Langendorff experiment, the kaempferol treatment regulated the expression of ER stress proteins-CHOP and GRP78. The kaempferol also improved the post-ischemic LVEDP and LVDP significantly after 20, 30, 40 and 50 min of reperfusion compared with the untreated control hearts, which shows that kaempferol offers protection against I/R-associated cardiac dysfunction.     

Peptide-binding heat shock protein GRP78 protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced apoptosis

Myocardial ischemia is a severe stress condition that causes extensive biochemical changes triggering cardiac cell death. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), a heat shock protein present in all cells and a widely used marker of endoplasmic reticulum stress, functions in controlling the structural maturation of nascent glycoproteins. However, GRP78 was also found to be expressed on the cell surface of several cells such as endothelial cells, macrophages, and tumor cells where it functions as a receptor for a variety of ligands in signaling pathways. Recently, we have identified peptides from two different sources that specifically bind GRP78 protein. We have shown that binding of these peptides to endothelial cell surface GRP78 resulted in angiogenesis. In this study, we first established the presence of cell surface GRP78 on cardiac myocytes. Analysis of cardiomyocytes under hypoxia determined the significant increase in cell surface GRP78 in addition to gene expression and total protein. Apoptosis that was significantly increased in cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions was inhibited by the presence of the peptide-binding GRP78 during hypoxia. Inhibition of apoptosis was mediated by the binding of the peptide to cardiomyocytes cell surface GRP78 resulting in blocking caspase-3/7 activation. Silencing GRP78 RNA that reduced GRP78 receptor abrogated the peptide activity. Apoptosis of cardiac cells induced by myocardial infarction in a mouse model was also significantly inhibited by the administration of the peptide to mouse hearts. Our findings may make ADoPep1 a useful therapeutic tool for relieving of ischemia.     

柚皮素对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠PI3K/AKT信号通路和内质网应激及其相关凋亡通路的影响

目的:观察柚皮素对缺血/再灌注(I/R)大鼠心脏损伤的影响,并探讨柚皮素的作用是否涉及PI3K/AKT信号通路和内质网应激及其相关凋亡通路.方法:48只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分成假手术组(sham组)、模型组(I/R组)、柚皮素处理组(NAR组)和柚皮素处理+LY294002组(NL组).结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支30 ...     

ABCG1 deficiency promotes endothelial apoptosis by endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent pathway

The present study was focused on whether ABCG1 deficiency was involved in endothelial apoptosis and its possible mechanism. Human umbilical artery endothelial cells were transfected with ABCG1 siRNA and/or ABCG1 expression plasmid. We observed that silencing of endothelial ABCG1 reduced cholesterol efflux to HDL and increased intracellular lipid content. Moreover, reduction of ABCG1 promoted endothelial apoptosis and expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related molecules GRP78 and CHOP. In contrast, transfection of ABCG1 overexpression plasmid reversed endothelial apoptosis and intracellular lipid accumulation as well as decreased expression of GRP78 and CHOP in ABCG1-deficient endothelial cells. Furthermore, endothelial apoptosis and ER stress-related molecules were induced by repletion of endothelial cells with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin, otherwise endothelial apoptotic response and expression of GRP78 and CHOP were suppressed by depletion of cellular cholesterol in ABCG1-deficient endothelial cells. The present results suggest that reduction of ABCG1 induces endothelial apoptosis, which seems associated with intracellular free cholesterol accumulation and subsequent ER stress.     

CHOP在索拉菲尼联合辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸诱导人肝癌细胞MHCC97L凋亡中的作用

目的:探讨CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)在索拉菲尼联合辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(SAHA)诱导人肝癌细胞MHCC97L凋亡中的作用。方法:采用CCK-8法检测索拉菲尼联合SAHA对MHCC97L细胞活力的影响;采用流式细胞术检测索拉菲尼联合SAHA对细胞周期及细胞凋亡的影响;应用Western blot法检测索拉菲尼联合SAHA对MHCC97L细胞中内质网应激相关分子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(PERK)、p-PERK、活化转录因子4(ATF4)及CHOP蛋白表达的影响。此外,应用CHOP siRNA沉默CHOP后,采用流式细胞术观察索拉菲尼联合SAHA对MHCC97L细胞凋亡的影响。结果:索拉菲尼联合SAHA可使MHCC97L细胞活力明显下降(P<0.05),细胞周期结果显示细胞生长被阻滞在G 1期;Western blot结果显示索拉菲尼联合SAHA可显著上调上述内质网应激凋亡通路中相关蛋白的表达,同时流式细胞术检测发现索拉菲尼联合SAHA可显著促进MHCC97L细胞凋亡(P<0.01);CHOP siRNA能显著抑制索拉菲尼联合SAHA诱导的细胞凋亡。结论:索拉菲尼联合SAHA可显著抑制MHCC97L细胞生长并诱导其凋亡,机制可能与上调内质网应激凋亡通路中CHOP的表达有关。     

PI3K/Akt信号通路及内质网应激在肝纤维化大鼠肝细胞凋亡中的作用

目的观察磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶(PI3K/Akt)信号通路及葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、生长停滞及DNA损伤基因(CHOP/GADD153)在四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的肝纤维化中的表达并探讨其可能的作用。方法将30只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、肝纤维化模型(皮下注射40%CCl4橄榄油溶液)4及8周组。HE染色法观察肝组织病理形态学;用real-time PCR技术检测肝脏内GRP78及CHOP mRNA的表达;用Western blot检测肝脏内PI3K/Akt信号通路中Akt1、磷酸化Akt1及内质网应激相关蛋白GRP78及CHOP的表达;用原位末端转移酶标记(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡。结果与正常组大鼠比较,肝纤维化模型4及8周组大鼠肝脏内GRP78及CHOP mRNA和蛋白表达均明显升高(P0.05),而肝脏内Akt1和磷酸化Akt1蛋白的表达则较正常大鼠显著降低(P0.05);与正常组大鼠比较,肝纤维化模型4及8周组大鼠肝细胞凋亡显著升高(P0.05)。结论 PI3K/Akt信号通路及内质网应激可能在肝纤维化大鼠肝细胞凋亡中发挥了重要作用。     

内质网应激参与低浓度DNA加成性损伤剂诱发的细胞应答反应

目的：研究内质网应激在DNA损伤剂/致癌物诱发的细胞应答反应中的作用。 方法: 选择3种引起不同DNA损伤类型的DNA损伤剂/致癌物，烷化性DNA损伤剂N-甲基-N’-硝基-N-亚硝基胍（MNNG），大块加成性DNA损伤剂苯并［a］芘-7,8-9-二氢二醇-9,10-环氧化物（BPDE，环境致癌物苯并［a］芘在体内代谢形成的终致癌物）以及交联性DNA损伤剂丝裂霉素C（MMC）对人羊膜细胞FL系内质网应激反应的影响。采用SDS－PAGE 和免疫印迹法检测内质网应激蛋白GRP78/BiP, GADD153/CHOP的表达改变和定位于内质网的半胱天冬酶-12(caspase-12)的激活。 结果： 低浓度MNNG（0.25 μmol/L和1 μmol/L）和BPDE（5 nmol/L和50 nmol/L）均能引起FL细胞中GRP78/BiP和GADD153/CHOP的上调和caspase-12的激活；3种浓度的MMC（5 μmol/L、50 μmol/L和500 μmol/L）均引起GRP78/BiP的下调，不伴有GADD153/CHOP水平的改变和caspase-12的激活，更低浓度的MMC（5 nmol/L 和50 nmol/L）对此并无影响。 结论： 低浓度MNNG和BPDE可诱发暴露细胞的内质网应激，而MMC则导致在内质网应激反应诱发过程中起介导作用的GRP78/BiP蛋白的下调，从而可能改变细胞对内质网应激原的反应性。内质网应激在DNA损伤剂/致癌剂诱发的细胞应答反应中有一定作用。     

H2S调节miR-21表达抑制内质网应激介导肺成纤维化细胞凋亡

目的：探讨H2S是否可调节miR-21表达抑制内质网应激介导肺成纤维细胞凋亡。方法：体外培养小鼠成纤维细胞(NIH3T3),随机分为对照组、TGF-β1组和NaHS干预组。采用CCK-8分别检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪检测NIH3T3凋亡率;qRT-PCR法和Western blot分别分析葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)和caspase-12的表达;检测miR-21是否参与H2S抑制ERS介导的肺成纤维化细胞凋亡,将其随机分为3组：对照组、miR-21激动剂(miR-21 agomir)组和miR-21拮抗剂(miR-21 antagomir)组。miR-21激动剂组和miR-21拮抗剂组分别给予40 μmol/L的NaHS 预处理,再进行TGF-β1处理,检测GRP78、CHOP 及caspase-12的表达。结果：与对照组比较,NaHS干预组小鼠肺成纤维化细胞的增殖率、细胞凋亡率、miR-21蛋白及mRNA的表达均明显降低;与TGF-β1组比较,NaHS可明显降低内质网应激相关因子GRP78、CHOP及 caspase-12蛋白和mRNA表达;与阴性对照组比较,miR-21 agomir组GRP78、CHOP 及caspase-12的蛋白及mRNA表达均显著升高。而与miR-21 agomir组比较,miR-21 antagomir组结果则与之相反。结论：H2S可通过调节miR-21的表达,调控TGF-β1诱导小鼠肺成纤维化细胞的ERS稳态减少细胞凋亡,发挥其内源性的保护作用。