宁波市江东区社区居民急性胃肠炎流行病学调查研究

目的掌握宁波市江东区社区居民急性胃肠炎的患病及诊疗情况,为急性胃肠炎防控提供理论依据。方法 2013年8月至2014年7月采用入户问卷方式对选定的社区居民过去4周急性胃肠炎发病情况开展调查,统计患病率、发病率,同时对不同水平进行比较。采用SPSS 17.0软件,患病率比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果本次调查共收回问卷2 400份,发生急性胃肠炎56例,人口标化后4周患病率为2.54%;年发病率为0.33次/人年。不同月份之间急性胃肠炎的患病率差异有统计学意义(χ2=54.831,P0.05),其中8月患病人数最多。各季节间患病率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=45.344,P0.05),秋季患病率高于其他季节。不同年龄组间患病率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);家庭人口≥3人家庭与1~2人家庭的急性胃肠炎患病率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.070,P0.05);急性胃肠炎患者中食源性的比例为64.29%,主要可疑食物为动物性食物,获取食物的地点主要在家中;急性胃肠炎的就诊率32.14%(18/56),药物使用率67.86%(38/56)。结论宁波市江东区急性胃肠炎的流行状况与国内外其他地区的共同点:发病率较高、低龄人群为高危人群、秋季是高发时段、食源性比例较高;不同点:果蔬及水产品是急性胃肠炎的重要媒介,就诊率偏低。     

南京市社区居民急性胃肠炎疾病流行特征及负担评估

目的了解南京市社区居民急性胃肠炎的流行特征,并对疾病负担进行初步评估。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法抽取调查对象,进行面对面问卷调查。结果共调查3600人。南京市社区人群急性胃肠炎月患病率为3.9%,年发病率为0.55次/人年。0~4岁年龄组月患病率最高,为2/20(10.0%)。不同文化程度人群月患病率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=37.192,P0.01),小学文化组人群最高,为36/449(8.0%);不同职业人群间月患病率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=32.041,P0.01),失业人群组最高,为24/279(8.6%);城市和农村人群月患病率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=3.951,P0.05),农村[41/762(5.4%)]高于城市[107/2838(3.8%)]。发病高峰出现在10月和3月。46.6%的患者怀疑发病由受污染的食物引起,其中肉与肉制品占比最高,为63.8%。患者就诊率44.6%,就诊者中71.2%选择街道或社区卫生服务中心就诊,医院就诊和自行服药者中分别有71.4%和59.3%的患者服用过抗生素。就诊者门诊治疗费用人均为133.7元/人次,未就诊患者治疗费用人均为16.1元/人次。结论南京市社区居民急性胃肠炎的疾病负担较重。急性胃肠炎的病例多以散发为主,发病高峰出现在春、秋季节,近半数病例可能与进食不洁食物有关。     

杭嘉湖地区居民自报急性胃肠炎现况研究

目的了解浙江省杭嘉湖地区居民自报急性胃肠炎的患病状况及人群分布。方法采用多阶段抽样方法按人囗容量比抽取调查户,于2010年7月—2011年6月每月入户按生日确定调查其中1名家庭成员在近四周内急性胃肠炎发生情况及其就诊等情况。结果共调查居民9 548人,急性胃肠炎四周患病率为2.95%,发病率为0.39次/人年。推算杭嘉湖地区全年有587.56万人次感染急性胃肠炎。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,女性四周患病率高于男性;7月和8月患病率较高;未到入学年龄人群急性胃肠炎四周患病率最高;农村患病率高于城市;家庭居住户人口数≥3人的月患病率高于居住人口数为1~2人户。56.38%的病例患病时曾去医院就诊,54.67%的病例服用抗菌药物;13.48%的病例因病误工,另有2.13%的病例因病误学。结论杭嘉湖地区人群自我报告急性胃肠炎患病率2.95%,自我报告患病率与性别、文化程度、月份(季节)、城乡居住地和家庭户人口数有关。     

北京昌平区社区居民急性胃肠炎患病状况分析

目的了解北京市昌平区急性胃肠炎患病情况、流行特征、治疗及就诊情况。方法 2012-04/2013-03,采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,在昌平区抽取50个居/村委会共1 800户居民进行入户面对面调查。结果昌平区急性胃肠炎加权月患病率为1.70%,其中4~9月居民月患病率为2.44%,高于其他月份月患病率0.56%;66.67%的病例发病与食物有关;急性胃肠炎病例就诊率为14.81%。结论北京市昌平区急性胃肠炎发病与季节有关,发病原因以食物源型为主,应加强社区居民主动监测并扩大监测范围,获取更加真实、客观的监测数据,制定干预措施并加以评估。     

上海金山区小儿肛裂流行病学调查研究*

目的 了解上海市金山区小儿肛裂的患病率、发病规律及就诊情况。方法　2017年9月1日—2018年9月1日时间内,对1 088名幼儿园及前往社区卫生服务中心体检并符合年龄要求（≤7周岁）的儿童进行体检及针对其监护人进行问卷调查。结果 （1）接受调查儿童1 088人, 检出小儿肛裂患儿194例, 患病率为17.83%,其中男童占小儿肛裂患病率的33.51%,女童占患病率的66.49%,女童患病率明显高于男童,差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.86 , P＜0.05)。 （2）肛裂患病率最高的是1～2岁及5～6岁年龄段,分别为47.13%和44.68%,不同年龄段之间患病率差异有统计学意义（χ2=99.09, P＜0.05）。（3）来自城市的儿童发生肛裂的有108例,来自农村儿童发生肛裂有86例,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.224, P＞0.05）。（4）小学、初中、高中、本科/大专、硕士及以上学历父母对应的儿童患肛裂构成比不同,差异有统计学意义（χ2=13.498, P＜0.05）。（5）多因素logistic 回归分析显示,影响儿童肛裂发生的危险因素有大便干硬、儿童性别、挑食与否、大便哭闹、父母的文化程度及就诊科室。（6）参与调查问卷者中,50.2%对于小儿肛裂不甚了解,知晓率为49.08%,仅31.25%调查者会将患儿送至肛肠科就诊。结论　上海市金山区小儿肛裂患病率呈上升趋势,知晓率偏低,就诊科室不够明确。     

荥阳市居民膳食营养与健康状况调查分析

摘要：目的 分析荥阳市居民膳食营养和健康状况，为制定卫生政策、干预措施提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，选取2020年9—11月荥阳市1 500户家庭15岁以上常住居民作为调查对象，对所有调查对象进行面对面问卷调查和身体测量。结果 本次调查共抽取调查对象3 147人，有效人数3 034人，有效率为96.41%。调查对象人均每日蔬菜摄入量为（421.94±44.67）g，男性人均每日蔬菜摄入量高于女性，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。调查对象人均每日畜禽肉摄入量为（43.26±21.44）g，男性人均每日畜禽肉摄入量高于女性，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。调查对象人均每日水果摄入量（87.84±20.91）g，男性人均每日水果摄入量低于女性，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。调查对象平均体质量指数（BMI）为（24.23±1.86）kg/m2，肥胖率为14.57%，高血压患病率为29.63%，高血压知识知晓率为23.50%，不同性别调查对象BMI、肥胖率、高血压患病率、高血压知识知晓率比较，差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 荥阳市居民膳食营养结构不均衡，肥胖率和高血压患病率较高，高血压知识知晓率较低。建议政府部门要及时制定切实可行的干预措施，改善居民不良饮食习惯，降低居民肥胖及高血压发生风险。     

2012年湖北省社区人群急性胃肠炎流行特征

目的 分析湖北省社区人群急性胃肠炎的发病趋势和流行特征。 方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样法对湖北省社区人群急性胃肠炎患病情况进行回顾性调查,2012年1-12月每月入户进行面访,内容包括调查对象过去28 d急性胃肠炎的发生情况、临床表现、可疑饮食史等。 结果 共完成3 891份调查问卷,人群急性胃肠炎月患病率为4.06%(95%CI: 3.44%～4.68%),加权月患病率为4.87%(95%CI: 4.19%～5.55%)。自述食源性病例比例为56.96%,主要可疑食品种类为肉类(40.00%)和果蔬类(21.11%),可疑食品来自家庭的比例(61.11%)最高,其次是街头摊点(13.33%)。5岁以下幼儿、家庭常住人口数在3人以上的、家庭成员中有未成年人的、有外出史的人群急性胃肠炎患病率明显较高。 结论 湖北省社区人群急性胃肠炎患病情况比较严重,应尽快建立和完善食源性疾病监测体系,有针对性的降低社区人群急性胃肠炎的疾病负担。     

贵阳市云岩区主要慢性非传染性疾病的现况调查

[目的]了解贵阳市云岩区主要慢性非传染性疾病（NCDs）的流行现状.[方法]采用整群随机抽样法,对云岩区1个街道办事处中15岁及以上常住人口进行主要NCDs的患病率的现况调查.[结果]贵阳市云岩区15岁及以上常住人口主要NCDs的患病率为10.5%,男性10.6%,女性10.3%,男女间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,其中高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、脑血管病和肿瘤的患病率分别为7.4%、2.3%、2.0%、1.7%和0.5%,并且患病率均随年龄增加而显上升趋势（P＜0.01）,脑血管疾病患病率男性高于女性,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其余NCDs患病率与性别差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,除肿瘤外,其他NCDs患病率随受教育程度的降低而显上升趋势（P＜0.01）,5种NCDs的患病率均随体重指数（BMI）的升高而显著增高（P＜0.01）.[结论]高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、脑血管病和肿瘤等慢性非传染性疾病已成为本地区影响人民健康的主要公共卫生问题.     

云南省楚雄市中学生健康素养影响因素分析

摘要:目的　了解影响云南省楚雄市中学生健康素养水平的因素,为当地开展有针对性的健康教育提供依据。方法　采用横断面调查方法,应用中国健康教育中心编制的《中国公民健康素养调查问卷》及自制问卷,对云南省楚雄市区8所中学的非毕业年级14403名中学生进行调查。结果　楚雄市中学生达到具备健康素养标准的人群比例是13.5%,城市学生与农村学生相比、汉族学生与其他民族学生相比,其具备健康素养的情况均为前者明显高于后者（P＜0.01）。学生中家庭成员有从事医疗卫生工作的,具备健康素养的比例明显高于没有的（P＜0.01）;学生具备健康素养的水平随着学习成绩的升高而升高（P＜0.01）;随着父母文化程度的升高而升高（P＜0.01）;随着家庭平均月收入的升高而升高（P＜0.01）;父母患有疾病的调查对象,具备健康素养的比例高于父母未患病的,其中父母患慢性病的比患传染病或患遗传病的,具备健康素养的比例高,但该差异不具有统计学意义;听过健康教育讲座的学生,具备健康素养的比例高于没有听过的（P＜0.05）。结论　影响楚雄市中学生的健康素养的主要因素为居住地、民族、学习成绩、家庭成员从事医疗卫生工作、父母文化程度,以及听健康讲座,当地应针对这些特征对重点人群开展健康教育以促进其健康素养水平的全面提高。     

2004年济宁市中小学生常见病与营养状况调查

[目的]了解中小学生常见病患病现状,以便更好地开展预防工作.[方法]2004年5～7月,抽取济宁市辖区城乡中小学校6所,对2 607名学生的患病情况进行调查.[结果]调查学生2 607名,视力低下率为39.9%,龋患率为29.3%,沙眼患病率为2.1%,营养不良率为3.0%,肥胖率为11.1%.视力低下率城区学生高于农村学生,女生高于男生,高中生最高（P＜0.01）;沙眼患病率农村学生高于城区学生,小学生最高（P＜0.01）;龋患率农村学生高于城区学生,女生高于男生,小学生最高（P＜0.01）;营养不良率小学生最高（P＜0.01）;肥胖率城区学生高于农村学生,男生高于女生（P＜0.01）.[结论]济宁市中小学生视力不良、龋齿和肥胖患病率较高.     

2014 - 2015年河南省居民急性胃肠炎流行病学负担研究

目的 掌握河南省居民急性胃肠炎的流行病学负担,为制定合理、有效的卫生政策提供科学依据。方法 选择周口市、郑州市、濮阳市作为监测点,2014年4月 - 2015年3月开展为期12个月的社区人群入户调查,询问调查对象过去4周的急性肠胃炎发病情况。结果 获得有效调查问卷共5 433份,河南省急性胃肠炎加权月患病率为1.23%,年发病率为0.13次/人年;就诊率为70.64%;住院率、病原检测率为零;85.33%的患者服用抗生素;66.74%的患者自诉曾食用过受污染食物。结论 河南省居民急性胃肠炎发病率低于全国平均水平,在就医过程中存在病原检测率过低和抗生素不规范使用的问题;为获取高质量的食源性疾病监测数据,应进一步建立健全食源性疾病监测体系。     

Burden of Self-reported Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Cuba

Acute gastrointestinal illness is an important public-health issue worldwide. Burden-of-illness studies have not previously been conducted in Cuba. The objective of the study was to determine the magnitude, distribution, and burden of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness in Cuba. A retrospective, cross-sectional survey was conducted in three sentinel sites during June-July 2005 (rainy season) and during November 2005–January 2006 (dry season). Households were randomly selected from a list maintained by the medical offices in each site. One individual per household was selected to complete a questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. The case definition was three or more bouts of loose stools in a 24-hour period within the last 30 days. In total, 97.3% of 6,576 interviews were completed. The overall prevalence of acute gastrointestinal illness was 10.6%. The risk of acute gastrointestinal illness was higher during the rainy season (odds ratio [OR]=3.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.18-4.66) in children (OR=3.12, 95% CI 2.24-4.36) and teens (OR=2.27, 95% CI 1.51-3.41) compared to people aged 25-54 years, in males (OR=1.24, 95% CI 1.04-1.47), and in the municipality of Santiago de Cuba (OR=1.33, 95% CI 1.11-1.61). Of 680 cases, 17.1-38.1% visited a physician, depending on sentinel site. Of the cases who visited a physician, 33.3-53.9% were requested to submit a stool sample, and of those, 72.7-100.0% complied. Of the cases who sought medical care, 16.7- 61.5% and 0-31.6% were treated with antidiarrhoeals and antibiotics respectively. Acute gastrointestinal illness represented a substantial burden of health compared to developed countries. Targeting the identified risk factors when allocating resources for education, food safety, and infrastructure might lower the morbidity associated with acute gastrointestinal illness.Key words: Cross-sectional studies, Developing countries, Diarrhoea, Epidemiology, Public health, Retrospective studies, Risk factors, Seasonal variation, Sentinel sites, Cuba     

The burden of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness in Italy: a retrospective survey, 2008-2009

A retrospective telephone survey (n = 3490) was conducted in Italy between 2008 and 2009 to estimate the occurrence of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) and to describe subjects' recourse to healthcare, using a symptom-based case definition. Three hundred and ten AGI cases were identified. The annual incidence rate was 1.08 episodes/person-year (95% confidence interval 0.90-1.14). The proportion of subjects consulting physicians was 39.5% while only 0.3% submitted a specimen for laboratory investigation. Risk factors for AGI and medical care-seeking were identified using logistic regression analysis. Females, children and young adults had a significantly higher incidence rate of AGI. Factors associated with medical care-seeking were age <10 years, presence of fever, diarrhoea, and duration of illness >3 days. Our results provide a relevant contribution towards estimating the global burden of AGI using standard methods that ensure a good level of comparability with other studies.     

Incidence of self-reported acute gastrointestinal infections in the community in Poland: a population-based study

A retrospective cross-sectional survey of self-reported acute gastrointestinal infection (AGI) incidence in the community was performed in Poland, from December 2008 to November 2009. The aim of the study was to estimate the magnitude and distribution of self-reported AGI, in order to calibrate the routine AGI surveillance system in Poland. The study population were randomly selected residents of all Polish regions, having a fixed telephone line. An equal number of telephone interviews were collected each month, requesting the interviewee to identify gastrointestinal symptoms that had occurred in the previous 4 weeks. The international AGI case definition was used. In total 3583 complete interviews were obtained. The compliance ratio was 26%. Of 3583 respondents, 240 (6.7%) individuals fulfilled the AGI case definition. The annualized incidence of acute gastroenteritis was 0.9/person-year (95% confidence interval 0.8-1.0). Comparison of the obtained annual AGI estimate (33.3 million infections) with the number of cases reported to national surveillance during the corresponding period (73 512), yielded an underreporting factor of 453 cases occurring in the community for each reported case. Of the 240 AGI cases, 30.4% consulted a general practitioner, and 4.6% were admitted to hospital. Samples for microbiological confirmation were collected from four (1.6%) cases. This first population-based study in eastern Europe has confirmed that AGI places a high burden on Polish society, which is underestimated by national surveillance data. Efforts are necessary to improve AGI reporting and diagnostic practices in order to increase the effectiveness of the Polish surveillance system in detecting threats related to new AGI pathogens, new routes of transmission or the potential for international spread.     

江苏省2012年急性胃肠炎负担调查情况分析

目的了解江苏居民急性胃肠炎(AGI)负担情况及危险因素。方法 2012年,在江苏10个监测点每月采取整群随机的抽样方式,开展回顾性的横断面调查,并采用多因素非条件logistic回归评估潜在的危险因素。结果共调查12 003名居民,AGI月患病率3.5%,相当于0.50次/人年;秋季最高(4.5%),冬季最低(3.1%);<5岁儿童的患病率最高(10.8%),25~44岁最低(2.9%);38.3%的患者就诊,药物治疗病例中78.4%报告使用抗生素,32.9%使用止泻药。多因素回归分析显示,年龄、季节、监测点和旅游是AGI的影响因素。结论江苏省AGI负担重,使用抗生素、止泻药比例较高。     

江苏省食源性非伤寒沙门菌疾病负担

目的了解江苏省食源性非伤寒沙门菌的感染负担。方法对江苏省食源性疾病哨点医院2010年7月-2011年6月主动监测和社区人群调查结果,综合急性胃肠炎发病率及各项乘数,获得食源性非伤寒沙门菌的发病率。结果全省累计采集2 328例食源性疑似病例粪便或者肛拭标本,检出非伤寒沙门菌阳性菌株22株;全省调查10 959人,急性胃肠炎的月患病率为4.7%,年发病率为0.63次/人年;推算出江苏省沙门菌的食源性感染发病率为560/10万。结论非伤寒沙门菌食源性感染是江苏省重要的疾病负担之一,应加强以实验室为基础的主动监测系统。     

Drinking Water Quality and the Geospatial Distribution of Notified Gastro-Intestinal Infections

Introduction

Even brief episodes of fecal contamination of drinking water can lead directly to illness in the consumers. In water-borne outbreaks, the connection between poor microbial water quality and disease can be quickly identified. The impact of non-compliant drinking water samples due to E. coli taken for regular monitoring on the incidence of notified acute gastrointestinal infections has not yet been studied.

Methods

The objective of this study was to analyse the geographical distribution of notified acute gastrointestinal infections (AGI) in Slovenia in 2010, with hotspot identification. The second aim of the study was to correlate the fecal contamination of water supply system on the settlement level with the distribution of notified AGI cases. Spatial analysis using geo-information technology and other methods were used.

Results

Hot spots with the highest proportion of notified AGI cases were mainly identified in areas with small supply zones. The risk for getting AGI was drinking water contaminated with E. coli from supply zones with 50–1000 users: RR was 1.25 and significantly greater than one (p-value less than 0.001).

Conclusion

This study showed the correlation between the frequency of notified AGI cases and non-compliant results in drinking water monitoring.     

成都市某区高中生艾滋病知识认知情况调查分析

目的 了解成都市某区高中生艾滋病知识知晓情况,为修订完善中学生艾滋病健康教育体系提供参考依据。方法 采用分层抽样对成都市某区1 347名高中生进行问卷调查,采用SPSS 23.0统计软件对数据进行χ2检验等。结果 被调查的1 347名学生对国艾办制定的“新国八条”知晓率为75.7%,远低于国家95.0%的目标;不同年级和不同关注程度对艾滋病知识知晓率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);学生对艾滋病流行趋势知晓率较低(60.2%);对艾滋病非传播途径知晓率有待提升,仅有53.0%的学生知晓唾液不会传播艾滋病;学生获取艾滋病知识的主要途径为成都市学校安全教育平台(82.0%),通过同伴、家庭获取艾滋病知识的比例较低(29.1%、35.6%)。结论 成都市该区高中生艾滋病知识知晓率低于国家要求,应以学生需求为导向采取多样化的教育方式来加强艾滋病宣传。成都市学校安全教育平台在艾滋病教育中发挥了重要作用,值得广泛推广。     

Use of a health information telephone line, Info-santé CLSC, for the surveillance of waterborne gastroenteritis

The increasing frequency of waterborne outbreaks demonstrates that classic indicators used for the surveillance of the microbiological quality of drinking water have several gaps and that routine public health surveillance seems insufficient to allow for the rapid detection of these outbreaks. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using a regional health information telephone line, 'Info-Santé CLSC' (Info-Health Local Community Health Centre), for the surveillance of waterborne gastroenteritis. This study measured the incidence rate of calls for acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) placed to the Info-Santé CLSC line, investigated the relationship between the frequency of calls for AGI placed to the Info-Santé CLSC line and the turbidity of the treated water in the Quebec City drinking water plant and evaluated the relevance and the conditions of use of the Info-Santé CLSC system for the surveillance of waterborne enteric illness. A relationship between the turbidity and the calls for AGI placed to Info-Santé CLSC line was observed. Significant time lags (11, 15 and 17 days prior to the outcome) were identified in the final model derived from a Poisson model using generalized additive models (GAM) as a time series analysis. Some recommendations to improve the system were formulated even though the system already seems to be useful for the surveillance of waterborne enteric diseases.     

The association between farming activities,precipitation, and the risk of acute gastrointestinal illness in rural municipalities of Quebec,Canada: a cross-sectional study

Background  

Increasing livestock density and animal manure spreading, along with climate factors such as heavy rainfall, may increase the risk of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI). In this study we evaluated the association between farming activities, precipitation and AGI.