Therapeutic strategies for the management of delayed gastric emptying after pancreatic resection

BACKGROUND: Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is one of the most troublesome postoperative complications following pancreatic resection. Not only does it contribute considerably to prolonged hospitalization, but it is also associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We performed an electronic and manual search of the international literature for studies dealing with the treatment of DGE following pancreatic resection using the Medline database. The search items used were "delayed gastric emptying," "pancreaticoduodenectomy," "Whipple procedure," "pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy," and "complications following pancreatic resection" in various combinations. RESULTS: A number of studies were identified regarding possible therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of DGE. From the class of prokinetic regimens, most studies seem to support the use of erythromycin. However, its use has not gained wide acceptance. Regarding the operative technique, both standard Whipple and pylorus-preserving pancreatic resection carry similar rates of DGE. Billroth II type-like gastrointestinal reconstruction is the most widely accepted method and is associated with lower rates of DGE. Reoperations for managing severe DGE were very rarely reported. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of DGE in high-volume centers specialized in pancreatic surgery is well below 20%, thus following the improved rates that have been reported in the last decade regarding mortality and length of hospital stay after pancreatic surgery. DGE mandates a uniform definition and method of evaluation to achieve homogeneity among studies. Standardization of the operative technique, as well as "centralizing" pancreatic resections in high-volume centers, should aid to improve the occurrence of this bothersome postoperative complication.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空障碍危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的 分析胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空障碍的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析中日友好医院1994年1月至2008年1月间101例胰十二指肠切除术病例,以手术后是否发生胃排空障碍为因变量,对病人临床资料进行单因素及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 该组胃排空障碍发生率为27.7%(28/101),单变量分析结果表明手术方式、术中输血量、术后血糖、术后腹腔感染、术后胰胆肠瘘发生是胃排空障碍发生的危险因素.多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,术后腹腔感染、手术方式、术中输血量、术后高血糖是胃排空障碍发生的独立危险因素,相对危险度(OR)分别为7.892、7.071、5.882和2.882.结论 术后并发腹腔感染、PPPD术后、术中输血量多、术后高血糖病人易发生胃排空障碍.     

保留幽门胰十二指肠切除术后发生胃排空延迟的影响因素分析

目的 探讨保留幽门胰十二指肠切除术（PPPD）后胃排空延迟（DGE）的影响因素及预防措施。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2006年7月42例PPPD与同期104例标准胰十二指肠切除（SPD）围手术期并发症,对可能影响PPPD术后发生DGE的原因进行分析。结果 PPPD与SPD手术时问、失血量相当,PPPD组术后胰瘘明显少于SPD组,两组术后死亡率差异无统计学意义。PPPD组DGE发生率为35．7％,显著高于SPD组的18．3％（P=0．024）。与手术时间〈6h者相比,手术时间〉6h者DGE发生率明显增加（17．2％对76．9％,P〈0．05）。结肠后十二指肠空肠吻合术后DGE的发生率显著高于结肠前十二指肠空肠吻合者（50％对20％,P=0．043）。多因素分析显示,术后胰瘘、胆瘘等腹腔并发症并非导致DGE的危险因素,预防性使用生长抑素也无预防DGE的效果。结论 PPPD术后DGE是其最常见的并发症,缩短手术时间、采取结肠前十二指肠空肠吻合可有效降低其发生率,目前尚无确切药物预防方法。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后发生胃排空延迟的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年1月期间在我院接受胰十二指肠切除术的患者69例临床资料,分析性别、年龄、BMI、基础疾病、临床症状、血清白蛋白水平、手术情况、胰瘘、腹腔积液及切口感染对胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的影响。结果 单因素分析结果显示,BMI≥25kg/m2、术后发生胰瘘、腹腔积液的患者胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的发生率显著升高（P＜0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,BMI≥25kg/m2、术后发生胰瘘、腹腔积液均是胰十二指肠切除术后发生胃排空延迟的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 BMI≥25kg/m2、术后胰瘘、腹腔积液均是胰十二指肠切除术后发生胃排空延迟的危险因素,临床应及早采取防治策略,以降低胃排空延迟的发生率。     

Braun enteroenterostomy during pancreaticoduodenectomy decreases postoperative delayed gastric emptying

Background

Modified digestive reconstruction during pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) may affect the postoperative incidence of delayed gastric emptying (DGE). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Braun enteroenterostomy following PD can reduce the incidence of DGE.

Methods

Four hundred seven patients who received PD with child reconstruction from June 2000 to March 2013 were divided into 2 groups: 206 patients with Braun enteroenterostomy (Child-Braun group) and 201 patients without Braun enteroenterostomy (Child-non-Braun group). Clinical data were retrospectively extracted; univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the association between Braun enteroenterostomy and DGE.

Results

DGE was less frequent in the Child-Braun group than in the Child-non-Braun group (6.7% vs 26.87%, P < .001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Braun enteroenterostomy was the only significant independent factor associated with the reduced DGE after PD with Child reconstruction, with an odds ratio of 4.485 (95% confidence interval: 2.372 to 8.482, P < .001).

Conclusion

Braun enteroenterostomy reduces the incidence of postoperative DGE associated with PD.     

A new reconstruction method for preventing delayed gastric emptying after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: With the aim of preventing delayed gastric emptying after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD), we devised a new reconstruction method in which the pancreas and the bile duct are anastomosed to the proximal jejunum brought through the transverse mesocolon, and the duodenum is antecolically anastomosed to the jejunum below the mesocolon. The right gastric artery is divided in order to place the stomach, the duodenum, and the jejunum in a straight line. METHODS: Thirty patients underwent PPPD with the new reconstruction method (n = 12) or the conventional method (all anastomoses performed retrocolically; n = 18). Early and late complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Delayed gastric emptying occurred respectively in 1 patient (8%) and 13 patients (72%) operated on by the new and conventional method (P <0.001). The incidences of other complications did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The new reconstruction method may prevent delayed gastric emptying after PPPD.     

Preservation of the left gastric vein in delayed gastric emptying after pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy

The definition of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after pyloric-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) varies among surgeons. We compared and evaluated three different definitions reported elsewhere. In addition, we investigated the correlation between multiple surgical factors and recovery of gastric motility. First, 55 consecutive patients were reviewed to assess the three different definitions. Second, surgical factors affecting gastric motility were investigated in 46 patients showing no major complications. All 55 patients underwent PPPD, which was reconstructed with antecolic duodenojejunostomy, with aggressive lymph node dissection and with no mortality. The duration of nasogastric intubation was 2 days, and a solid diet started on the 12th postoperative day (median). Re-nasogastric intubation or emesis was observed in 12.7% of patients. Overall, DGE occurrence rate was 5.5%-29.1%, with striking differences depending on the type of definition. Technically, division of the left gastric vein was accompanied with significantly delayed removal of the nasogastric tube (3 versus 2 days, P = 0.0002) and delayed start on a solid diet (14 versus 9 days, P < 0.0001) compared with its preservation. Antecolic duodenojejunostomy after PPPD improved DGE occurrence despite aggressive surgery, and preservation of LGV accelerated restoration of gastric motility in our experiments. However, an understanding of a common definition of DGE is needed when discussing the outcome of the various interventions.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟(delayed gastric emptying,DGE)发生的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析1996年1月至2011年12月213例胰十二指肠切除术的临床资料,分析影响DGE发生的危险因素.结果 213例胰十二指肠切除术共出现DGE 87例,总发生率为40.8％,其中A级30例(14.1％),B级31例(14.5％),C级26例(12.2％).无DGE组、A级DGE组、B级DGE组和C级DGE组的中位术后住院时间分别为21、30.5、32和61 d(x2 =66.171,P=0.000).单因素分析显示手术时间(≥420 min)、术中出血量(≥1000 ml)、Child法消化道重建和术后胰瘘是PD术后DGE的危险因素.Logistic回归分析显示Child法消化道重建、术中出血量(≥1000 ml)和术后胰瘘为术后DGE的独立危险因素,OR值分别为2.098、2.525和4.821.术后胰瘘是C级DGE惟一的危险因素.结论 胰十二指肠切除术后DGE的发生率较高,会明显延长患者住院时间;术中采用Roux-en-Y术式,并尽量减少出血量,有助于减少DGE的发生;术后胰瘘会造成DGE尤其是C级DGE的发生率明显增加.     

Whipple术后功能性胃排空障碍诊治问题的探讨

目的：探讨经典Whipple术后功能性胃排空障碍发生的相关因素和诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析1983年9月至2001年8月所行226例经典Whipple手术。结果：226例中62例(27．4％)术后发生功能性胃排空障碍，均行保守治疗，胃蠕动平均恢复时间为2ld，最长为48d。结论：功能性胃排空障碍的发生与术前糖尿病、消化道梗阻、黄疸，术后胰瘘、腹腔感染有关。术后应用生长抑素不会增加发生胃排空障碍的危险性。     

Pylorus resection in partial pancreaticoduodenectomy: impact on delayed gastric emptying

Background

Partial pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is complicated by postoperative delayed gastric emptying (DGE) in up to 45% of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of pylorus resection on DGE following PD.

Methods

Forty PD patients underwent pylorus resection with complete stomach preservation (prPD). They were compared with a pair-matched group of PD patients with pylorus preservation (ppPD) in a 1:1 ratio (age, sex, histopathology). The objectives were operative parameters, DGE incidence, morbidity, and length of hospital stay.

Results

DGE incidence was significantly lower after prPD (15.0% vs 42.5%; P = .0066). Operative parameters and surgical morbidity (other than DGE) were not different (27.5% prPD vs 30.0% ppPD). There was a trend toward a shorter hospital stay in the prPD group.

Conclusions

Resection of the pylorus with stomach preservation significantly reduces the frequency of DGE after PD without showing any disadvantage when compared with standard ppPD. This finding could be of high relevance for the clinical practice in routine PD and should consequently be investigated in a large randomized multicenter trial to create further evidence.     

A comprehensive strategy for perioperative care of pancreaticoduodenectomy according to the risk stratification by pancreatic fistula and delayed gastric emptying

Background/ObjectivePancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is highly invasive with unsatisfactory postoperative complication rates. Nutritional and fluid management after major surgery attracts much attention with regard to the reduction in severe postoperative complications. We retrospectively analyzed PD cases and proposed a novel strategy for perioperative fluid and nutritional therapy according to the risk stratification by pancreatic fistula (PF) and delayed gastric emptying (DGE).MethodsBetween 2003 and 2018, 140 patients underwent PD at our institute of which 134 patients were enrolled. We evaluated the clinicopathological factors affecting severe (≥10%) body weight loss (BWL), factors affecting the incidence of PF and intraabdominal complications (IAC), and factors related to DGE.ResultsMultivariate analysis indicated that male sex, severe PF, and DGE are significant risk factors for BWL ≥10%. PF and IAC were predominantly observed in male patients and those with non-pancreatic cancer. A fluid balance ≥6000 ml on postoperative day 2 was the sole risk factor for primary DGE. Secondary DGE significantly correlated with stomach preserving PD. Importantly, the average BWL was around 15% in grade B or C secondary DGE.ConclusionSevere postoperative complications resulted in significant BWL. Enteral feeding is unnecessary in cases with a hard pancreas and dilated pancreatic duct if appropriate perioperative fluid management is performed. Secondary DGE followed by PF or IAC is unavoidable to some extent, especially in the case of soft pancreas with a fine pancreatic duct. In such cases, enteral feeding with tube ileostomy should be considered, and stomach preserving PD is likely to be harmful.     

Postoperative acute pancreatitis as a major determinant of postoperative delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy

The aim of this study was to prospectively analyze the possible association of delayed gastric emptying and postoperative pancreatic complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Although hospital mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy is minimal, morbidity is still high; delayed gastric emptying is one of the most frequent complications. Thirty-nine consecutive patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were included in this study: 14 females and 25 males (median age 65 years; range, 7–82). Delayed gastric emptying was defined as the need for a nasogastric tube or recurrent vomiting that prevented normal feeding on the 10th postoperative day. Blood analysis was performed on postoperative days 4, 6, and 10; Gastrografin examination on day 6; CT scan on days 2 and 5; and drain amylases were measured on day 5. Pancreatitis was defined as pancreatitis changes in CT scan interpreted by an experienced radiologist without knowing other data. Pancreatic fistula was defined according to the recent international recommendations. We had no mortality. Twelve patients (31%) developed delayed gastric emptying. Surgical (9/12 vs. 5/27; P=0.001) but not medical complications occurred more often in the delayed gastric emptying group. Of the single complications, postoperative CT-detected pancreatitis (6/12 vs. 4/27; P=0.03) and postoperative pancreatic fistula (5/12 vs. 1/27; P=0.0007) were significantly associated with delayed gastric emptying compared with the patients without delayed gastric emptying. This pancreatitis was already detected in CT scan on day 2 in most patients (6/10, 60%). In delayed gastric emptying patients, the only parameters in blood analysis that differed significantly from patients without this complication were serum amylase activity (mean±SEM, 715±205 vs. 152±70 IU/L; P=0.02), blood leukocyte count (16±2 vs. 9±0.6 × 10⁹/L; P=0.007) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration (144±28 vs. 51±14 mg/L, P=0.01). Postoperative pancreatic (subclinical) fistula was also associated with postoperative pancreatitis (6/10 vs. 0/29; P=0.003). Preoperative coronary artery disease (OR=16; 95% CI, 1.0-241; P=0.05) and soft pancreatic texture at operation (OR=9; 95% CI, 1.4-52; P=0.02) were significant risk factors for the development of postoperative pancreatitis. The diagnosis of delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy often follows postoperative pancreatitis. Delayed gastric emptying is also associated with postoperative pancreatic fistula, for which this pancreatitis seems to be a risk factor. Preoperative coronary artery disease and soft texture of the pancreas are significant risk factors for postoperative CT-detected pancreatitis. Supported by the Medical Research Fund of Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Finland (S.R.).     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空障碍的诊疗进展

目的总结胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后胃排空障碍诊疗的现状与进展。方法检索近年来国内外有关PD后胃排空障碍的相关研究文献并进行综述。结果目前胃排空障碍的病因及发病机制尚未完全阐明,与手术创伤、患者高龄、合并糖尿病、伴有其他腹部并发症等多种高危因素有关。保留幽门PD并不增加术后胃排空障碍的风险,而幽门环切除、结肠前吻合、Braun吻合、微创手术对降低其发生是有利的。胃排空障碍的治疗目前国内外仍无明显进展,但绝大多数患者可通过对症保守治疗获得痊愈。结论 PD后胃排空障碍应以预防为主,围术期应用术后加速康复策略可能是目前临床解决术后胃排空障碍的关键所在,但需进一步研究。     

不切断 Roux-en-Y食管空肠吻合空肠袢肌电活动的改变

目的研究不切断Roux-en-Y食管空肠吻合法对Roux-en-Y滞留综合征的预防作用。方法普通健康幼猪14只,随机分为不切断Roux-en-Y食管空肠吻合组(实验组)和Roux-en-Y食管空肠吻合组(对照组)。术后1周检测空肠袢平滑肌肌电。结果慢波频率:实验组8.4cpm,对照组6.1cpm;慢波振幅:实验组2.31mV,对照组0.66mV;峰电发生率:实验组11.7%,对照组7.4%;峰电振幅:实验组0.58mV,对照组0.31mV;实验组平滑肌肌电均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。实验组MMCⅢ相时程为6.9min,较对照组的4.2min明显延长(P<0.01),MMC周期实验组(43.3min)较对照组(56.2min)明显缩短(P<0.01)。结论不切断Roux-en-Y食管空肠吻合法可有效改善Roux-en-Y滞留综合征。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的因素分析

目的　明确影响胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟形成的因素。方法　回顾性分析1994年12月至2 0 0 3年12月接受胰十二指肠切除术的12 3例患者的病历资料。结果　胃排空延迟的发生率为2 1.1% (2 6/12 3 )。单变量分析表明:手术失血量、手术方式、近端空肠切除长度、胆瘘、腹腔感染、术后白蛋白水平、术后排气时间、术后前3d日均胃液引流量及胆汁引流量为有意义的相关因素;经Logistic回归多变量分析,确定了6个独立与胃排空延迟相关的变量:腹腔感染、手术方式、手术失血量、术后排气时间、术后前3d日均胃液引流量及胆汁引流量。结论　腹腔感染、保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术及手术失血量≥10 0 0ml是胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟发生的重要影响因素;胃排空延迟伴随有术后排气时间延长、术后前3d胃液引流量增多及胆汁引流量减少。     

Improvement of early delayed gastric emptying in patients with Billroth I type of reconstruction after pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy

Background  Early delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is the most common complication after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PpPD). Recently, a vertical antecolic reconstruction for duodenojejunostomy was recommended to decrease the incidence of early DGE in patients with Billroth II-type reconstruction after PpPD. However, Billroth I-type reconstruction (B-I) after PpPD is still favored in Japan. Methods  Twelve consecutive patients with B-I were prospectively enrolled. Our technique includes an end-to-side duodenojejunostomy and alignment of the stomach contours with fixation of the greater omentum to the abdominal wall in order to promote passage from the stomach through the jejunal loop. DGE was evaluated according to the consensus definition of the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Results  DGE was absent, with the nasogastric tube removed within 3 days in all patients. Mean duration of nasogastric tube placement was 1.5 ± 0.4 days. Mean maximum suction volume was 85 ± 32 ml/day. Conclusion  Preliminary results were encouraging simply with relief of the outflow disturbance around the duodenojejunostomy in patients with B-I after PpPD. These findings warrant further prospective randomized trials at either multiple or high-volume centers. A portion of this study was presented at the 15th United European Gastroenterology Week (UEGW) in Paris on 30 October 2007.     

胃切除术后排空障碍的高危因素与治疗

目的 探讨切除术后排空障碍的高危因素及治疗方法。方法 对482例胃切除术病例进行回顾性分析。结果 本组482例中有41例出现胃排空障碍,发生率为8.5%。胃切除术后排空障碍的高危因素有糖尿病（19%）、营养不良（10%）、腹膜炎（17%）、高龄（≥60岁）（14%）以及术后消化道出血（15%）、吻合口漏（33%）、膈下感染、脓肿形成（39%）、胆胰漏（83%）等。结论 术前及术后存在的高危因素可能是胃切除术后排空障碍的原因。胃动力常在4周内恢复,如需再次手术,以全胃切除为宜。     

降低胰十二指肠切除术后外科并发症的临床体会

目的探讨减少胰十二指肠切除术后外科并发症的方法。方法对我科2004年1月-2010年1月行胰十二指肠切除术的77例患者术式选择和术后并发症进行回顾性分析。结果77例均作标准的Whipple术,胰颈空肠套人端侧吻合51例,套入端端吻合21例,胰管空肠粘膜吻合5例,全组77例中共9例发生外科并发症,其中胰漏3例,上消化道出血2例,腹腔出血1例,功能性胃排空障碍3例。结论注意术式选择的个体化和精细的手术技巧是减少胰十二指肠切除术后严重并发症发生的重要措施。