肿瘤相关基因高甲基化与胃癌的研究进展

表型遗传修饰在肿瘤发生过程中起着重要的作用。其中DNA高甲基化是研究得最多、最广泛的表型遗传修饰表达机制。通过胃癌与DNA甲基化和去甲基化、DNA甲基化和染色质结构关系的研究,揭示了DNA甲基化在胃癌形成过程中的重要作用。现就近年来肿瘤相关基因高甲基化与胃癌关系的研究进展作一综述。     

正常上皮细胞特异性基因甲基化在胃癌发病机制中的研究

目的探讨正常上皮细胞特异性-1基因（NES1）在胃正常卜皮细胞和胃癌细胞株中的表达及其受甲基化调控的影响。方法分别培养胃癌细胞株MKN-28（高分化）、SGC-7901（中分化）、AGS（中分化）、MKN-45（低分化）、HGC-27（未分化）和原代正常胃上皮细胞。提取细胞RNA，荧光定量PCR检测NES1在各细胞株中的表达。以不同浓度的DNA甲基化酶抑制剂5＇-杂氮-2＇-脱氧胞嘧啶（5-azadC）处理胃癌细胞株，荧光定量PCR检测处理后NES1 mRNA表达。同时提取细胞基因组DNA，甲基化修饰后甲基特异性PCR（MSP）分析其CpG岛甲基化状态。结果NES1 mRNA在肿瘤细胞株中的表达较胃正常上皮细胞明显降低。甲基化检测显示，NES1在胃癌细胞株中均存在不同程度的外显子3CpG岛甲基化。NES1表达降低的胃癌细胞株经5-aza-dC去甲基化药物处理后NES1表达均有所上调。结论NES1在一些胃癌细胞株中的低表达与该基因外显子3CpG岛甲基化有关。5-aza-dC可使NESI表达降低的胃癌细胞株重新表达NES1 mRNA，再次证明了NES1基因在胃癌细胞株中的低表达与甲基化有关。NES1基因外显子3甲基化可能是胃癌细胞中NES1表达缺失的分子机制。     

胃癌TIMP3基因启动子甲基化及其蛋白表达的研究

目的:探讨组织金属蛋白酶抑制因子-3(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3,TIMP3)基因启动子甲基化与其蛋白表达的相关性,并分析 TIMP3基因CpG岛异常甲基化与胃腺癌及其临床病理特征的关联性．方法:应用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)技术和免疫组织化学方法分别检测78例患者的胃正常黏膜组织、胃癌组织及转移淋巴结中,TIMP3 基因启动子甲基化和蛋白表达情况．结果:胃正常黏膜组织、早期、进展期胃癌组织和转移淋巴结中TIMP3基因启动子均有甲基化修饰,其阳性率分别为35．9％(28／78); 85．0％(17／20),89．7％(52／58);转移淋巴结 100％(78／78)．胃癌组TIMP3基因启动子甲基化率明显高于胃正常黏膜组(尸<0．05)．胃正常黏膜组织TIMP3蛋白表达全部为阳性(100％), 20例早期胃癌中,6例阳性(30％),58例进展期胃癌中,2例阳性(3．4％),在转移淋巴结中全部不表达(0％)．胃癌70例蛋白表达阴性的标本中,64例TIMP3基因启动子甲基化阳性 (91．4％),TIMP3蛋白表达与启动子甲基化呈明显负相关(P<0．01)．结论:启动子区CpG岛高甲基化是胃癌组织中TIMP3基因表达失活的主要机制,可能成为胃癌分子诊断与病期评估的标志之一．     

多肿瘤抑制基因失活与膀胱癌的关系

应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和聚合酶链反应／单链构象多态性分析（PCR／SSCP）分别对41例膀胱癌患者的多肿瘤抑制基因（MTS1）进行分析。结果显示：MTS1失活15例,其中基因纯合缺失11例,点突变4例,失活率为36．6％。MTS1失活与膀胱癌的分级及分期呈正相关。提示MTS1失活在膀胱癌的发生、发展中起重要作用。     

胃腺癌凝血栓蛋白1基因异常甲基化及其临床意义

目的　探讨凝血栓蛋白 1(THBS1)基因CpG岛异常甲基化与胃腺癌 (GAC)发生的关联。方法　应用甲基化特异性PCR检测技术 ,检测 82例GAC患者肿瘤组织 ,30例十二指肠球部溃疡 (对照组 )、30例慢性胃炎伴肠上皮化生或异型增生患者胃窦黏膜组织中 ,THBS1基因启动子CpG岛甲基化分布情况。结果　THBS1基因启动子CpG岛甲基化在对照组 (6 .7% )中的频率明显低于胃炎组(2 6 .7% ,χ2 =4 .32 ,P =0 .0 38)和胃癌组 (4 7.6 % ,χ2 =16 .2 ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,在胃炎组与胃癌组之间的频率差异也有显著性 (χ2 =4 .14 ,P =0 .0 4 2 ) ,老年胃癌患者 (6 3.6 % )中的频率明显高于非老年 (36 .7% ,χ2 =5 .72 ,P =0 .0 17) ,在TNMⅢ和Ⅳ期肿瘤 (6 6 .7% )组织中的频率明显高于Ⅰ期 (36 .8% )或Ⅱ期(36 .4 % ,χ2 =6 .93,v =2 ,P =0 .0 31) ,而肿瘤部位之间、Lauren分型肿瘤之间及不同分化程度肿瘤之间 ,THBS1基因甲基化率的差异无显著性。结论　THBS1基因启动子CpG岛甲基化可能与胃腺癌的发生有关 ,且以老年患者及Ⅲ和Ⅳ期肿瘤多见。     

消化系肿瘤抑癌基因甲基化的研究

DNA甲基化是基因调节的主要修饰方式,包括消化系肿瘤在内的各种肿瘤的发生与甲基化的紊乱有密切关系。作曾在本刊综述甲基化研究的方法及消化系肿瘤的癌基因和总基因组甲基化的变化。本则着重叙述抑癌基因的甲基化紊乱情况和简述研究基因甲基化的新方法。     

胃癌组织Runx3基因甲基化的检测及意义

目的探讨胃癌组织中Runx3基因甲基化情况及其意义。方法采用DNA甲基化特异性PCR技术（MSP）对35例胃癌患者手术切除的肿瘤组织及癌旁组织Runx3基因启动子区域甲基化进行检测,同时采用RT—PCR检测Runx3mRNA的表达。结果胃癌及癌旁组织Runx3基因的甲基化发生率分别为40．0％和8．5％;胃癌组织Runx3mRNA表达较癌旁正常组织下调（P〈0．05）;Runx3mRNA的表达与胃癌分化程度及淋巴结转移有关。结论Runx3基因甲基化是导致Runx3基因失活的主要原因之一,与胃癌的发生发展密切相关。     

多肿瘤抑制基因MTS1与消化道肿瘤

介绍多肿瘤抑制基因MTS1的有关研究进展,特别对MTS1基因在消化道肿瘤中的变异对肿瘤形成可能起的作用机制和在基因治疗中的进展情况作了综述。     

胃癌中环氧合酶-2基因5′CpG岛去甲基化与蛋白表达的关系

抑癌基因CpG岛甲基化可导致基因转录沉默 (transcrip tionsilencing) ,同时CpG岛去甲基化往往伴随癌基因的转录活化[1,2 ] 。环氧合酶 2 (COX 2 )基因是诱导型基因 ,在正常组织中无表达 ,在肿瘤中过度表达 ;COX 2基因 5′端存在CpG岛 ,内有多个转录因子结合位点。Song等[3 ] 发现在胃癌细胞株中 ,5′CpG岛甲基化可抑制COX 2转录。因此 ,我们通过研究胃癌组织中COX 2基因转录起始点上下游CpG岛甲基化状态与COX 2蛋白表达的关系 ,揭示 5′CpG岛去甲基化在COX 2蛋白表达中的作用。　　一、材料与方法1.组织标本 :所有标本均为我…     

Adenocarcinoma developing in de novo Barrett's mucosa in the remnant esophagus after esophagectomy: clinical and molecular assessment

SUMMARY.  For many patients after subtotal esophagectomy and gastric pull-up, reflux of gastric contents to the esophageal stump is the leading clinical problem. Besides symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation, de novo formation of columnar mucosa in the esophageal remnant is a well-known and frequent phenomenon. In this context, the remnant supra-anastomotic esophagus serves as an in vivo model for the study of Barrett's carcinogenesis. We present a retrospective case analysis of a patient who developed de novo Barrett's metaplasia followed by de novo invasive carcinoma 28 months after gastric pull-up by assessing clinical and molecular parameters.     

First report of a de novo germline mutation in the MLH1 gene

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with colorectal and endometrial cancer and a range of other tumor types. Germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, particularly MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6, underlie this disorder. The vast majority of these HNPCC-associated mutations have been proven, or assumed, given the family history of cancer, to be transmitted through several generations. To the best of our knowledge, only a single case of a de novo germline MMR gene mutation (in MSH2) has been reported till now. Here, we report a patient with a de novo mutation in MLH1. We identified a MLH1 Q701X truncating mutation in the blood lymphocytes of a male who had been diagnosed with rectal cancer at the age of 35. His family history of cancer was negative for the first- and second-degree relatives. The mutation could not be detected in the patient' parents and sibling and paternity was confirmed with a set of highly polymorphic markers. Non-penetrance and small family size is the common explanation of verified negative family histories of cancer in patients with a germline MMR gene mutation. However, in addition to some cases explained by non-paternity, de novo germline mutations should be considered as a possible explanation as well. As guidelines that stress not to restrict MMR gene mutation testing to patients with a positive family history are more widely introduced, more cases of de novo MMR gene germline mutations may be revealed.     

Epigenetic Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Hematologic Malignancies

A number of genetic alterations are involved in the development of hematologic malignancies. These alterations include the activation of oncogenes by chromosomal translocation or gene amplification and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by gene deletion or mutations. Recently, epigenetic change has been proven to be another important means of inactivating tumor suppressor genes in tumor cells, and hypermethylation of promoter DNA is one of the most important mechanisms. In hematologic malignancies, many kinds of tumor suppressor genes and candidate suppressor genes are epigenetically inactivated. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes usually occurs in a disease-specific manner and plays important roles in the development and progression of the disease. Some of these alterations have clinical effects on treatment results or the prognoses of the patients.     

Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis of CpG Methylation of a Tumor Suppressor Gene SHP-1 Promoter in Stable Cell Lines and HCV-Positive Patients

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major causative pathogen associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. The main virion component, the Core (C) protein, is involved in multiple aspects of HCV pathology including oncogenesis and immune evasion. In this study, we established a next-generation bisulfite sequencing (NGS-BS) protocol to analyze the CpG methylation profile at the tumor suppressor gene SHP-1 P2 promoter as a model system. Our data show that HCV C protein expression in the immortalized T cells correlated with a specific CpG methylation profile at the SHP-1 P2. The NGS-BS on HCV-positive (HCV⁺) patient-derived PBMCs revealed a considerably different CpG methylation profile compared to the HCV C protein immortalized T cells. Notably, the CpG methylation profile was very similar in healthy and HCV⁺ PBMCs, suggesting that the SHP-1 P2 CpG methylation profile is not altered in the HCV⁺ individuals. Collectively, the NGS-BS is a highly sensitive method that can be used to quantitatively characterize the CpG methylation status at the level of individual CpG position and also allows the characterization of cis-acting effects on epigenetic regulation.     

抑癌基因RRM1在胃癌发生、发展中的表达及其临床意义

背景:RRM1可能参与肿瘤的发生、发展。有研究发现RRM1抑制细胞移行和转移的功能部分是通过诱导抑癌基因PTEN的表达来调节的。目前,RRM1在胃癌中的研究还相对较少。目的:探讨RRM1表达在胃癌发生、发展中的作用及其临床意义。方法:应用免疫组化技术检测57例慢性非萎缩性胃炎(CNAG)、43例慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)、30例异型增生(DYS)胃黏膜以及51例胃癌组织中RRM1和PTEN的定位和表达,并分析RRM1表达与PTEN表达和胃癌临床病理特征的关系。结果:CNAG、CAG、DYS胃黏膜和胃癌组织中RRM1和PTEN表达均逐渐下降(P<0.05),且两者表达呈正相关(P<0.01)。胃癌组织RRM1表达与患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、肿瘤浸润深度、Lauren分型、淋巴结转移、TNM分期无关,而与肿瘤分化程度相关(P<0.05)。结论:抑癌基因RRM1表达在胃癌发生、发展的不同阶段呈进行性下调或缺失,且与PTEN表达呈正相关,并与胃癌分化相关。RRM1可能参与了胃癌的发生和发展,其发挥抑癌基因作用的机制可能是通过诱导PTEN表达来实现的。     

Primary stenting of de novo lesions in small coronary arteries: A prospective,pilot study

Technical advancement and new anti-thrombotic regimens have recently shown so much improvement in the results of coronary stenting that the conventional contra-indication for stenting in small coronary arteries (<3 mm) needs to be revised. We undertook a prospective pilot study of elective Palmaz-Schatz stenting in de novo lesions located in coronary arteries of less than 3 mm diameter. Fifty consecutive patients (63 ± 9 years) with stable (n = 38) and unstable angina (n = 12) were included. Philips-DCI quantitative coronary analysis was used to measure reference diameter, minimal lumen diameter and percent diameter stenosis before PTCA, after stenting and at 6-month angiographic follow-up study. All measurements were performed after intracoronary injection of nitroglycerin (300 μg). All patients received ticlopidine (250 mg/day) and aspirin (100 mg/day). The mean lesion length was 9 ± 3 mm. The balloon size used for stent delivery was 2.75 mm in 30 patients and 2.5 mm in 20 patients and the mean balloon inflation pressure used for stent deployment was 12 ± 2 atm. All stents were deployed successfully. In-hospital complications occurred in two patients, diagonal branch occlusion at day 2 requiring emergency PTCA in one and a hematoma at the femoral puncture site requiring surgery in the other. Major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rate remained 2% (nonfatal infarct in one). Follow-up angiography (n = 46, 92%) at 6 ± 3 months showed a 30% restenosis rate. Target vessel revascularization (TVR) rate was 13%. We conclude that elective stenting in small coronary arteries is feasible and involves an acceptable risk of restenosis. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:235–238, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

生长抑素受体SSTR 3基因对胃癌细胞生长的影响

目的克隆生长抑素受体SSTR3基因,构建其真核表达载体,外进行转染研究,探时SSTR3基因在胃癌细胞中的作用。方法从永生化的胃上皮细胞系GES中提取总RNA,经RT－PCR扩增出SSTR3基因．并构建真核表达载体pcDNA 3．1（＋）－SSTR3,转染胃癌细胞系MKN 45,以MTT法和流式细胞仪观察转染SSTR基因前后使用奥曲肽对胃癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。结果克隆的SSTR 3基因测序正确;构建的真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（＋）SSTR3能高表达SSTR3蛋白;转染SSTR3基因的胃癌细胞系MKN 45加用奥曲肽后,出现明显的增殖抑制和凋亡发生。结论SSSTR3基因介导了生长抑素类似物引起的胃癌细胞的增殖抑制和凋亡发生。通过基因转移使原来不表达SSTR3基因的胃癌细胞再表达,为生长抑素和SSTR3基因治疗胃癌提供了又有效途径。     

胃癌组织RASSF1基因启动子区甲基化的意义

目的:探讨抑癌基因RASSF1A启动子在胃癌组织及胃良性病变中甲基化的发生情况及与临床特征的关系.方法:采用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应(MS- PCR)方法检测32例胃癌组织及32例相应的癌旁组织,以及46例胃良性病变中RASSF1A基因甲基化发生情况.结果:在32例胃癌DNA标本中,RASSF1A基因甲基化发生率为62.5%(20/32).而在32例癌旁组织中,只有1例存在甲基化,占3.1%(1/32),二者之间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在胃良性病变,浅表性胃炎和萎缩性胃炎中甲基化发生频率分别为3.3%和37.5%.RASSF1A基因甲基化发生率与胃癌分化程度、肿瘤大小及淋巴结转移之间无显著相关性.结论:RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化在胃癌的发生发展中起重要作用.     

Establishment and Characterization of a High Metastatic Potential in the Peritoneum for Human Gastric Cancer by Orthotopic Tumor Cell Implantation

The aim of this study was to establish an orthotopic implantation model with high metastasis of gastric cancer to the peritoneum which is more faithful to clinical metastasis. A human gastric carcinoma cell line, GC9811, was injected as a single-cell suspension into the stomach of nude mice. The cells from some peritoneum metastatic foci were expanded in vitro and subsequently implanted to the stomach wall of nude mice. By repeating the in vivo stepwise selection method for four rounds and cloning culture, we obtained a cell line designated GC9811-P, which developed peritoneal metastasis in 13 of 13 (100%) of mice, compared with only 20% of those implanted with parental GC9811. The metastatic foci in the peritoneum showed essentially the same histological appearance as those induced by parental cells. Tumor cell growth of GC9811-P in vitro was faster than that of GC9811. Motility assays demonstrated higher motility of GC9811-P than of GC9811. The adhesive ability of GC9811-P cells to laminin was lower than that of GC9811 cells, whereas the ability of GC9811-P cells to adhere to fibronectin was significantly higher than that of parental cells. Differences between GC9811-P and their parental GC9811 cells were found in expression levels of various molecules by flow cytometric and western blot. The findings indicated that up-regulation in the expressions of CD155, VEGF, syndecan-1, and syndecan-2 or down-regulation in the expressions of IL-6 and E-cadherin play an important role in the peritoneal metastasis of human gastric carcinoma cells. The high-metastatic cell line appears to be useful for investigating the mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis and preventing peritoneal metastasis of human gastric cancer.