前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效观察

目的:探讨胸腰椎结核前路一期病灶清除、植骨内固定手术治疗的效果。方法:1996年4月~2000年8月采用前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核患者56例,随访46例,观察术后和随访时神经功能恢复、畸形纠正、结核治愈率、植骨融合及并发症情况。结果:术后6个月时骨性融合率60%;12~18个月时90%融合;2年时100%融合。在胸段、胸腰段及腰段后凸畸形分别平均纠正19°、10°及9°,随访时无矫正度丢失;11例伴截瘫者神经功能平均恢复2级(Frankel分级);结核治愈率100%。并发症有继发结核性胸膜炎1例,相邻节段继发结核1例,均经抗结核化疗治愈。结论:脊柱前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核具有能矫正后凸成角畸形、预防畸形复发、术后患者能早期离床活动等优点,治疗效果满意。     

一期前路病灶清除钛网植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎多椎体结核

目的探讨采用一期前路病灶清除钛网植骨融合内固定术治疗胸腰椎多椎体结核的疗效。方法胸腰椎多椎体结核34例均采用一期前路病灶清除、钛网植骨融合、前路内固定。结果术后3个月VAS评分平均（2．5±1．2）分,较术前差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,术后1年Frankel分级平均恢复2．3级,术后后凸Cobb角平均（11±2．8）°,较术前差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论一期前路病灶清除钛网植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎多椎体结核可行且有效,能较好地清除病灶,解除脊髓压迫,矫正后凸畸形,重建脊柱稳定性,提高脊柱结核的治愈率。     

前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核并不全瘫

目的 探讨前路一期病灶清除联合植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核合并不全瘫痪的治疗效果.方法 对16例胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核并脊髓损伤致不完全瘫痪的患者经胸或胸腹前路行一期病灶清除、椎间肋骨(钛网)植骨、椎体行内固定术.术后正规四联化疗方案治疗.结果 患者切口均一期愈合.16例均获随访,时间12 ～60个月.植骨部分融合时间为3～8个月,到末次随访时植骨全部融合.后凸畸形明显改善.无钛网移位及内固定松动发生.结论 经胸及胸腹前路一期病灶清除联合肋骨(钛网)植骨及内固定治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核合并不全瘫痪疗效满意.     

一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核临床观察

[目的] 探讨经前路病灶清除植骨一期前路/后路内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效.[方法] 对24例胸腰椎结核患者,经3～4周正规抗结核治疗,行前路病灶清除、椎间大块自体髂骨/肋骨植骨、一期前路/后路内固定术,术后继续抗结核治疗18～24个月.[结果] 1例脊柱结核复发(3%).23例植骨融合,植骨融合率为96.9%,植骨愈合时间 4～8个月(平均6个月).无窦道形成.脊柱后凸畸形平均矫正80%.[结论] 经前路病灶清除植骨一期前路/后路内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核能彻底清除结核病灶,对脊髓及神经根进行彻底减压,促进脊髓及神经功能恢复,矫正脊柱后凸畸形,同时一期建立和恢复脊柱的连续性和稳定性,促进脊柱植骨融合,提高脊柱结核的治愈率.     

胸腰椎结核伴截瘫的前路手术治疗

[目的]探讨胸腰椎脊柱结核伴截瘫的手术治疗方法和疗效。[方法]总结30例胸腰椎结核伴截瘫患者,采用前路病灶清除、椎管减压、椎间植骨并前路固定的手术治疗,术后抗结核治疗18个月。[结果]全部病例随访平均19个月,30例结核全部治愈,其中有2例复发,植骨融合29例,后凸矫正角度12°,神经功能恢复优良率90%。[结论]经前路病灶清除、椎管减压、椎间植骨前路内固定术治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核伴截瘫,能获得较好效果。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的总结一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的经验。方法采用一期前路病灶清除、自体植骨、前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核19例。结果平均随访15个月,脊髓神经功能得到不同程度地恢复,术后平均5.2个月达满意植骨融合,无内固定失败和脊柱结核病灶复发,后凸畸形矫正满意,Cobb角平均23.4°,平均矫正21.3°。结论一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术可使病变节段在术后即刻重建稳定性,为脊柱融合和结核病灶的静止提供良好的力学环境,是外科治疗脊柱结核安全、有效的方法。     

一期前路植骨融合内固定治疗相邻多椎体结核

目的探讨一期前路病灶清除钛网植骨内固定治疗相邻多椎体结核的临床疗效。方法2002年4月至2004年5月对24例胸腰椎相邻多椎体结核患者行一期前路病灶清除钛网植骨内固定治疗。男15例,女9例;年龄23￣62岁,平均42岁。病变节段最高T4,最低L3;胸椎12例,胸腰椎3例,腰椎9例;病变破坏2个椎体5例,3个椎体11例,4个椎体8例,造成椎体间缺损6￣9cm。所有患者均有不同程度的后凸畸形,融合节段后凸角27.5°±3.5°;6例伴不完全截瘫。术前强化抗痨2￣4周,术中彻底清除病灶、钛网填充自体肋骨植骨及椎体侧前方内固定,术后规则抗痨治疗1年。结果全部病例随访1.5￣2.5年,平均1.9年。切口均一期愈合,术后1￣6个月血沉逐渐恢复正常。术后融合节段后凸角5°±2.5°,8周时钛网两端下沉总和为(3.5±0.5)mm,终末随访时畸形矫正角度丢失4.1°±1.0°。钛网植骨于术后3个月开始融合,随访期间未发生松动、移位。6例不完全截瘫患者术后6个月神经功能完全恢复正常。无术中、术后并发症。结论一期前路病灶清除钛网植骨内固定治疗相邻多椎体结核可彻底清除病灶、矫正后凸畸形、重建脊柱的稳定性。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗多椎体脊柱结核

目的:总结一期前路病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合及前路内固定治疗多椎体脊柱结核的临床效果。方法:1998年5月～2008年5月收治多椎体脊柱结核(≥3个椎体,包括跳跃性病灶)患者41例,病灶分布为C4～S1,颈椎2例,胸椎14例,胸腰段19例,腰椎4例,腰骶椎2例。伴截瘫者7例,Frankel分级C级4例,B级2例,A级1例。伴后凸成角21例。均采用一期前路病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合及内固定术治疗,随访观察治疗效果。结果:随访12个月～10年,平均67个月。7例截瘫患者术后1年神经功能较术前均有恢复。后凸畸形术前平均Cobb角23.5°,术后平均11.5°,末次随访时平均丢失3.8°。内固定松动1例,伤口及植骨延迟愈合2例。所有患者均骨性融合,结核无复发。结论:多椎体脊柱结核患者采用一期前路病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合、前路内固定治疗可取得良好效果。     

前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫

目的：探讨前路植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫的疗效。方法：1996年～2002年4月采用前路病灶清除，植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫62例，观察术后植骨融合、畸形矫正、截瘫恢复及结核病灶愈合情况。结果：平均随访2年2个月，56例患者获访，平均融合时间为3．6个月。骨性融合率100％。在胸段、胸腰段及腰段后凸畸形分别平均纠正29°、15°及9°，随访时无矫正度丢失；伴截瘫者11例，Frankel神经功能平均恢复2级；本组脊柱结核均治愈。结论：一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定，融合时间短，畸形矫正效果好，减压彻底，有利于截瘫恢复。     

前路病灶清除、钛网植骨融合及内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的:探讨应用钛网前路重建技术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床价值。方法:对69例胸腰椎结核患者采用前路结核病灶清除、钛网重建植骨融合及前路或后路节段内固定手术,观察围手术期并发症、融合节段后凸角度和椎间平均高度、钛网沉降率及植骨融合情况。结果:本组无术中并发症,术后伤口感染2例、腰椎结核复发合并窦道形成1例,并发症发生率4.3%,融合节段后凸角术前21.5°±2.5°,术后6.5°±2.4°(与术前比较P<0.05)。融合节段椎体间高度术前109.4±4.2mm,术后121.2±3.6mm(与术前比较P<0.05)。随访12个月～3年,平均24个月,无内固定失败,钛网在头侧和尾侧终板平均沉降率分别为27%和31%。66例钛网椎间植骨融合,3例无明显融合征象。结论:胸腰椎结核前路彻底病灶清除后应用钛网进行重建结合节段性内固定可以避免取骨区并发症和有效维持脊柱矢状位排列,但骨融合有待进一步提高。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.