肾性甲状旁腺功能亢进症甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植31例临床分析

目的总结31例尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(以下简称甲旁亢)行甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植的临床经验。方法回顾性分析1996-2005年我院肾科行甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植者31例的临床特点、相关内科处理及疗效。结果 31例患者为长期血液透析者(平均透析9.2年),26例有骨痛,11例有骨折,25例有皮肤瘙痒,14例有转移性钙化。(2)31例患者血甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)平均为(1811±879)ng/L;颈部 B 超及发射型计算机体层摄影术均证实有增生肿大的甲状旁腺2～4枚,内科治疗均失败。(3)31例患者均做甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植术,术后症状明显改善。iPTH 快速下降至200 ng/L 以下。高钙、高磷恢复至正常水平,碱性磷酸酶逐步下降。随访最长时间9年,目前 iPTH、钙、磷正常。结论严重肾性甲旁亢对内科治疗失败者应及时行甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植治疗,疗效可靠。     

甲状旁腺全切除术并改良自体移植术治疗尿毒症继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效观察

目的探讨甲状旁腺全切除术并自体前臂移植5颗甲状旁腺组织颗粒(1 mm×1 mm×1 mm)(TPTX+AT)治疗尿毒症继发甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的疗效和可行性。方法选择该院2016-01~2017-12的尿毒症SHPT患者,行甲状旁腺全切除术并自体前臂移植5颗甲状旁腺组织颗粒,观察患者术后甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)和血钙等生化指标变化情况、症状缓解情况、平均住院时间、并发症及复发情况。结果共纳入13例患者进行了TPTX+AT手术治疗。全部患者无术中喉返神经损伤,术后第1天i PTH均降至正常水平,术后1周、3个月、6个月、12个月的i PTH水平较术前均显著降低(P0.05),且均在正常值范围内,无复发病例。骨痛、皮肤瘙痒等症状在术后1周内均缓解或消失,术后骨骼变形、身高缩短等症状均改善或未继续进展。结论 TPTX+AT安全有效可行,保留了甲状旁腺功能的同时控制了术后复发情况,可能是治疗SHPT的更优术式。     

甲状旁腺全切除术与甲状旁腺全切除加自体移植术治疗尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效比较

目的比较甲状旁腺全切除术(TPTX)和甲状旁腺全切除加自体移植术(TPTX+AT)治疗尿毒症后继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2014-06～2017-06三家医院行甲状旁腺切除手术的200例尿毒症后SHPT患者的临床资料,其中行TPTX 97例(TPTX组),行TPTX+AT 103例(TPTX+AT组),收集两组术前、术后1 d、1周、3个月、1年血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血钙、血磷值,观察临床症状及术后并发症、复发情况等资料。结果所有患者顺利完成手术治疗,术后骨痛、皮肤瘙痒、肌无力和不安腿等症状明显缓解,两组术后1 d、1周、3个月、1年的i PTH、血钙及血磷值均较术前明显下降(P 0. 05),但两组各时点间iPTH、血钙、血磷值比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);两组术后iPTH、血钙、血磷值下降幅度差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。随访1年两组的复发率,TPTX组为3. 09%(3/97),低于TPTX+AT组的3. 88%(4/103),但差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。两组患者均未出现严重的无法耐受的低钙血症或低转运性骨病等明显的不良反应。结论两种术式均能有效治疗尿毒症后SHPT,不良反应发生率和复发率均较低。应遵循个体化原则、患者要求及有无肾移植意愿决定手术方式。     

Scheduling of parathyroidectomy for refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism.

??Abstract??Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) has been the most common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease.A large population of patients progressed to refractory SHPT??a disease characterized of osteodynia??bone fracture or deformities??blood vessels??organs metastatic calcification and heart valve calcification??owing to their insufficient awareness.Timely and effective Parathyroidectomy??when underwent in a timely manner??may be effective to improve the quality of life and halt the progression to multiple organ injury.     

维持性血液透析患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进甲状旁腺切除后左心室功能的变化

目的了解维持性血液透析患者甲状旁腺切除后左心室收缩与舒张功能的变化。 方法选择2013年3月至2016年9月在济南军区总医院维持性血液透析继发甲状旁腺功能亢进行甲状旁腺切除术的患者33例,采用自身对照,将患者治疗前定为对照组、手术后定为观察组。分别于术前1个月内、术后6个月检测甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积等生化指标,左心室舒张末期室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左心室舒张末期容积(left ventricular end-diastolic volume,LVdV)、二尖瓣E/A值、组织多普勒获得的二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值(Ea)与舒张晚期峰值(Aa)比值,左心室整体应变率(strain rate,SR,SR)。采用配对样本t检验。 结果观察组iPTH、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积以及LVEF、LVdV、二尖瓣E/A值、Ea/Aa、SR较对照组均明显下降(P值分别为0.000、0.037、0.008、0.000、0.037、0.021、0.026、0.017、0.033,P均<0.05),生化指标变化幅度以iPTH下降最为明显,依次为钙磷乘积、血钙、血磷(P>0.05),反映左心室舒张功能的二尖瓣E/A值、Ea/Aa变化幅度(23.88±10.24、0.43±13.17)明显大于反映左心室收缩功能的LVEF、SR变化幅度(16.48±3.76、16.79±4.32)(P<0.05),LVEF与SR的变化幅度两者之间无明显差异(P>0.05),E/A与Ea/Aa的变化幅度两者之间有明显差异(P＝0.020)。 结论维持性血液透析患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进甲状旁腺切除后左心室舒张功能的改善程度高于收缩功能。     

Bone mineral density analysis in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 after total parathyroidectomy

Objective Limited data have been reported on the effect of parathyroidectomy (PTx) on bone mineral density (BMD) in the setting of patients with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). This study investigates the impact of total PTx on BMD in patients with HPT/MEN1. Design and patients A case series study was performed in a tertiary academic hospital. A total of 16 HPT/MEN1 patients from six families harbouring MEN1 germline mutations were subjected to total PTx followed by parathyroid auto‐implant in the forearm. Measurements Bone mineral density values were assessed using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Results Before PTx, reduced BMD (Z‐score 2; +8·4%, P = 0·001), FN (from 0·745 to 0·798 g/cm²; +7·7%, P = 0·0001) and TF (from 0·818 to 0·874 g/cm²; +6·9%, P < 0·0001). No significant change was noticed in the 1/3 DR and UDR after PTx. Conclusions This data confirmed BMD recovery in the LS and FN after PTx in HPT/MEN1 patients. We also documented a significant BMD increase in the TF and no change in both the 1/3 DR and UDR BMD after PTx. Our data suggest that LS and proximal femur are the most informative sites to evaluate the short‐term BMD outcome after PTx in HPT/MEN1 subjects.     

终末期肾病继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者甲状旁腺切除术后并发症的研究进展

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)是慢性肾脏病透析患者的常见并发症之一。随着透析方式及技术的提高,患者的人均寿命延长,透析期间SHPT的发病率逐渐增加。一部分难治性SHPT患者需要手术治疗。该文将主要介绍SHPT患者甲状旁腺切除术后相关并发症的研究进展。     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者甲状旁腺切除术后短期钙磷变化的观察与分析

目的 探讨继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)患者行甲状旁腺切除术(PTX)后短期钙磷变化情况并分析其相关因素。方法 回顾性分析于我院行PTX的难治性SHPT患者18例，收集所有患者术前的基线资料和术后第1天、第3天及第7天的血全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、血钙、血磷等生化指标并进行比较，统计所有患者术后1周的补钙量。采用Pearson和Spearman相关分析研究患者术前血iPTH、血钙、血磷、血ALP水平及术后1周补钙总量的相关性。结果 术后第1天、第3天和第7天患者血iPTH和血磷与术前比较均明显下降(P均＜0.05)；术后第1天血ALP与术前比较明显下降(P＜0.05)；术后第7天血钙与术前比较明显下降（P＜0.05）。术前血iPTH水平与术前血ALP水平呈正相关(r=0.773,P＜0.001)，术后1周补钙量与术前血iPTH水平(r=0.855,P＜0.001)、术前血ALP水平(r=0.925,P＜0.001)均呈正相关。结论PTX治疗难治性SHPT安全有效，能在短期内快速纠正血钙、血磷的代谢紊乱。     

Prediction of bone mass change after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

A major challenge in the management of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is the decision regarding which patients should undergo parathyroidectomy (PTX), although the Consensus Development Conference of the NIH has proposed guidelines for the indication of surgery. In the present study, changes in bone mineral density (BMD) after PTX were compared between pHPT patients who did and did not meet the NIH criteria, and we further tried to predict the BMD change after PTX from preoperative parameters. The subjects were 44 pHPT patients (30 women and 14 men) who had had successful PTX. Lumbar and radial BMD were measured before and 1 yr after PTX by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and single photon absorptiometry, respectively. Average annual percent increases in lumbar and radial BMD after PTX were 12.2 +/- 1.4% and 11.6 +/- 1.6% (mean +/- SEM), respectively, and those net increases were 0.0803 +/- 0.0008 and 0.0484 +/- 0.0006 g/cm2, respectively. There were no significant differences in percent or net changes in either radial or lumbar BMD after PTX between the groups divided according to each of the NIH criteria, such as age (> or =50 and <50 yr), serum calcium level (> or =12 and <12 mg/dL) or the existence of urinary stones (presence and absence). On the other hand, when the subjects were divided on the basis of radial BMD (above and below a z-score of -2), the annual percent and net increases in lumbar BMD and percent increase in radial BMD after PTX were significantly higher in the group with the lower z-score. Next, patients were divided into two groups with and without the indication of PTX based on NIH guidelines. Twenty-nine patients had the surgical indication by meeting one or more of these criteria and 15 patients had no indication without meeting any of the criteria. There were no significant differences between the two groups in annual percent or net changes in radial or lumbar BMD after PTX. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that serum alkaline phosphatase level and the severity of cortical bone mass reduction were the best predictors of both percentage and net changes in lumbar BMD, with high determination coefficients (r2 > 0.7). In conclusion, a considerable increase in BMD could be obtained after PTX even in patients without surgical indication from the NIH. Alkaline phosphatase and the severity of cortical bone mass reduction are clinically useful for predicting the changes in lumbar BMD after PTX. The present findings provide a useful clue for the indication of surgery in pHPT.     

Marked improvement of left ventricular function after parathyroidectomy in a hemodialysis patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism and left ventricular dysfunction.

A 52-year-old woman, a hemodialysis patient, was admitted because of exertional dyspnea. Echocardiography showed left ventricular (LV) dilatation and reduced contraction. Coronary angiography showed no fixed stenosis. She had elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) as a result of secondary hyperparathyroidism with advanced renal failure. After parathyroidectomy, marked improvement of LV function following immediate decrease of blood levels of PTH was observed. It is suggested that PTH might have a significant role in the pathogenesis of LV dysfunction and that parathyroidectomy might be effective as a therapy for heart failure in some patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and LV dysfunction.     

甲状旁腺全切除术治疗10例Sagliker综合征疗效评估

目的 评估甲状旁腺全切除术治疗重症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)致Sagliker综合征(SS)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析在我院因SHPT接受甲状旁腺切除术的212例患者中随访3年以上的SS病例.甲状旁腺全切除术疗效判定:术后全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)＜150 ng/L为治愈;150～300 ng/L为显效;301～500 ng/L为有效;＞500 ng/L为无效.术后iPTH＞150 ng/L定义为持续性SHPT.术后1周内iPTH＜100 ng/L,以后随访中逐渐上升＞150 ng/L定义为SHPT复发.结果 (1)入选的10例患者中,男4例,女6例,年龄30～54(39.3±10.4)岁.平均透析龄142个月,所有患者都有严重骨关节疼痛,伴进行性面部增大、鸡胸、驼背、髋部骨骼畸形,身高缩短.(2)术前检查:iPTH中位数2000(1800～2863)ng/L;血钙(2.45±0.21)mmol/L,血磷(2.19±0.51)mmol/L,碱性磷酸酶(1189.8±780.0)IU/L.10例患者颈部超声和99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)扫描均证实有增大的甲状旁腺2～4枚.(3)局麻或伞麻下甲状旁腺全切除术.术后结合血钙水平补充钙剂和骨化三醇.(4)术后随访:术后骨痛、肌无力、皮肤瘙痒、失眠、燥热症状明显改善.全部患者术后有低血钙,2例发生一过性声音嘶哑.所有患者术后iPTH显著下降,术后1个月iPTH中位数55.5(10～967)ng/L,较术前显著下降(P＜0.001),其中疗效判定为治愈8例,持续性SHPT 2例(显效1例,无效1例),其中1例于术后第4年死于心力衰竭.长期随访骨骼畸形停止发展,营养不良得到改善,第3年iPTH中位数135(28～390)ng/L(P＜0.001),血钙、血磷和碱性磷酸酶也在达标范围.2例分别于第2年、第3年SHPT复发.结论 甲状旁腺全切除术可以有效治疗SS,改善患者预后,如骨痛消失、骨骼畸形发展停止、改善营养不良.长期随访部分患者iPTH有再升高可能,应该重视监测.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the parathyroidectomy (PTX) in the treatment of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) with Sagliker syndrome (SS). Methods A retrospective review was undertaken among 212 SS patients underwent PTX in our hospital and with more than 3 years' follow up. The definitions of the efficacy were based on the postoperative intact parathyroid hormone level (iPTH). "Cure" showed that the iPTH was ＜ 150 ng/L; "marked effectiveness" was 150-300 ng/L; "effectiveness" was 301-500 ng/L;"ineffectiveness" was ＞500 ng/L. The status was defined as persistent SHPT if iPTH was ＞ 150 ng/L after surgery. The status was considered as SHPT recurrence if iPTH was ＜ 100 ng/L in the first week after surgery, and gradually increased and ＞ 150 ng/L with the follow-up. Results ( 1) Ten patients were involved and the average dialysis time was 142 months [male/female: 4/6; age 30-54 (39. 3 ± 10. 4) years]. All patients had severe bone and joint pain, accompanied with progressive facial increases, chicken breast, kyphosis, hip bone deformities, and body height shortening. (2) Preoperative tests: the median of iPTH 2000(1800-2863) ng/L; serum calcium (2. 45 ±0. 21) mmol/L, phosphorus (2. 19 ±0. 51) mmol/L, alkaline phosphatase ( ALP) (1189. 8 ± 780. 0) IU/L. Two to four enlarged parathyroid glands were confirmed by ultrasound and 99Tcm-MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy. ( 3 ) Surgical procedures: local or general anesthesia for PTX. Supplement with calcium and calcitriol implemented low serum calcium after PTX. (4) Follow-up: symptoms, including bone pain, muscle weakness, skin itching, and insomnia, were significantly improved after surgery. Transient hoarseness occurred in 2 cases. The iPTHs of all patients were decreased significantly after surgery. The median of iPTH was 55.5 ( 10-967) ng/L at 1 month post PTX, and was significantly less than prior to PTX (P＜0. 001). Eight patients were "cure" , 1 "marked effectiveness" ,and 1 "ineffectiveness". Two patients were persistent SHPT, and 1 died of heart failure in the 4th year after PTX. The development of bone deformities was stopped and malnutrition was improved in long-time follow up. The level of iPTH 135(28-390)ng/L(P＜0. 001 ) , serum calcium, phosphorus, and ALP showed normal in the third year. The SHPT recurrence was appeared in the 2nd and 3rd year in 2 out of 8 patients, respectively. Conclusions Total PTX can effectively treat SS by SHPT. It can improve prognosis for patients, such as bone pain disappearing, bone deformities stopping and malnutrition improving, etc. The level of iPTH may rise again in some patients in the future. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to monitoring.     

Spectrum of renal dysfunction after curative parathyroidectomy in symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism

ObjectiveThe long-term renal consequences of curative parathyroidectomy (PTX) in symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (sPHPT) are not well characterized. We aimed to assess renal glomerular and tubular functions in an sPHPT cohort at ≥ 1 year's follow-up.DesignRetrospective-prospective study.MethodssPHPT patients with preoperative eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m² and in remission (normocalcemic) for ≥ 1 year after PTX underwent clinical and biochemical assessment (calcium profile, renal parameters). Ammonium chloride and bicarbonate loading tests were performed in patients with renal tubular dysfunction (RTD).ResultsForty-eight patients (31 females) with median plasma PTH 1,029 (338–1604) pg/mL and mean eGFR 109.2 ± 26.0 mL/min/1.73m² at diagnosis were evaluated at 5.62 ± 3.66 years after curative PTX. At follow-up, eGFR was < 60 mL/min/m² in 5 patients (10.4%). Patients with > 10% drop in eGFR (n = 31) had significantly higher pre-PTX plasma PTH (1,137 vs. 687 pg/mL), and longer time to post-PTX evaluation (6.8 vs. 3.4 years). RTD was seen in 11 patients (22.9%): urinary low molecular weight proteinuria (14.6%), distal renal tubular acidosis (12.5%), hypophosphatemia (8.3%), and hypokalemia (8.3%); RTD was associated with significantly lower post-PTX eGFR (72.7 vs. 95.4 mL/min/m²). Five of the 7 RTD patients undergoing loading test had impaired urinary acidification, whereas none had impaired bicarbonate resorption.ConclusionsReduction in eGFR and subclinical RTD were prevalent at long-term follow-up in the present Asian-Indian cohort with cured sPHPT. Further studies are warranted to understand the clinical implications of these various renal abnormalities.     

Marked improvement of psychiatric symptoms after parathyroidectomy in elderly primary hyperparathyroidism

Psychosomatic symptoms in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are various and include such conditions as obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, and paranoia. In the elderly the clinical features of the disease are often non-specific and difficult to diagnose. To quantify subjective symptoms of patients with hyperparathyroidism in the elderly, we determined whether these clinical manifestations resolved after surgical parathyroidectomy (PTX) in three PHPT patients over eighty years old. They were diagnosed with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, high PTH concentrations, and osteoporosis. A single parathyroid adenoma was confirmed in each patient by Tc-MIBI scintigram, neck ultrasonography and computed tomographic scanning. PTX was performed in these three patients. Assessments of psychologic symptoms, using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), serum calcium, and intact PTH were obtained before and after PTX. Mean weight of the resected adenomas was 438 +/- 138 mg (mean +/- SD). After PTX, serum calcium decreased from 11.1 +/- 0.5 to 9.2 +/- 0.5 mg/dl and intact PTH from 160.0 +/- 25.2 to 45.3 +/- 22.2 pg/ml. Total HAM-D scores in each patient decreased from 45 to 9, 17 to 1 and 15 to 5, respectively. Especially, there were marked improvements in depressive mood, psychomotor inhibition, anxiety and somatic symptoms after PTX. The quality of life in those patients was also improved by PTX. We propose here that PTX in elderly PHPT patients with psychiatric symptoms should be considered instead of oral administration, such as anti-depressants or bisphosphonates.     

Delirium as the predominant manifestation of hyperparathyroidism: reversal after parathyroidectomy

A 67-year-old woman who had primary hyperparathyroidism presented with delirium rather than dementia as the predominant psychologic manifestation. After surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma, there was a dramatic improvement in mental status. Psychologic retesting at six weeks after discharge showed her to be well oriented to time, place, and person, with no impairment of cognitive capacity.