hsTR55／TR75—preS1融合蛋白的表达与应用

目的 简化测定hTNFα及其突变体的受体竞争结合活性的方法。方法 将乙型为病毒表面抗原（HBsAg)前S区（preS1)肽段（2－50）编码区,分别融合于hsTR55和hsTR75基因的C末端组成融合受体分子基团,并利用细小RNA病毒属脑炎心肌病毒EMCV的内核糖体进入位点(internal ribosome entry site,IRES),构建了hsTR55/hsTR75以及它们与preS1 组成的融合受体分子hsTR55/hsTR75/preS1基因的新霉素抗生（neo^R)基因的双顺反子表达载体,转染BHK－21细胞后用G－418持续筛选得到稳定表达目的蛋白的细胞株。结果 RT－PCR及ELISA均证实,两种融合受体分子表达,并且表达上清对hTNFα的活性均具有一定的中和作用。在对表达上清进行ELISA定量后,我们还用Biosensor方法测定了这些可溶性受体分子与hTNFα的结合常数。结果表明,在融合preS1肽段前后,hTNFα与受体分子的解离常数变化不大。结论 利用表达的两种融合受体分子,成功地建立了一种检测hTNFα及其突变体的受体竞争结合活性的ELISA法,并利用该法测定了野生型hTNFα及其4种突变体的受体竞争结合活性,所获结果与利用^125I-hTNFα测定的结果具有相当的可比性。     

二硫键稳定的抗肝癌人源化scFv-hTNFα突变体融合基因在大肠杆菌中表达

目的　提高抗肝癌抗体靶向人肿瘤坏死因子(hscFv2 5-hTNFα)的稳定性和杀伤活性 ,并探讨该新型靶向细胞因子在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达。方法　以引物PCR法和重叠延伸PCR法 ,对人源化抗肝癌hscFv2 5及hTNFα基因进行定点突变 ,构建重组表达载体 pGEX -hFvT ,并以IPTG在大肠杆菌中诱导表达。用免疫组化染色和MTT比色法 ,分别检测重组蛋白的抗体和hTNFα突变体的双重活性。结果　重组基因在大肠杆菌中获得高效可溶性表达。表达产物具有抗体和hTNFα突变体的双重活性 ,重组蛋白的稳定性得到大幅度提高 ,抗体活性于 4℃放置 3个月活性无明显下降 ,抗肿瘤活性较天然hTNFα高 4倍。结论　重组基因在大肠杆菌中获得了高效功能性表达 ;重组蛋白稳定性及抗肿瘤活性得到大幅度提高 ,为进一步的临床应用研究奠定了基础     

乙型肝炎病毒S和前S1基因的融合构建及其在P. pastoris酵母中的表达

目的构建含有乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)S和前S1(preS1,10～50AA)表位的ss1融合基因,并在P.pastoris酵母中表达SS1融合蛋白。方法以HBV全基因组质粒为模板,扩增出目的区段:S(1～222AA)、preS1(10～50AA),以酶切-PCR的方法将其连接为ss1融合基因,然后克隆入表达载体pPIC3.5k;电穿孔转化毕赤酵母菌株GS115,筛选后进行诱导表达并对表达产物进行检测。结果表达产物的相对分子质量为30000左右,与抗HBs抗体和抗preS1抗体均有特异反应。结论ss1融合基因能够在P.pastoris酵母中高效表达,而且表达产物具有HBVS蛋白和preS1蛋白的抗原性,为进一步研究其免疫原性打下基础。     

二硫键稳定的抗肝癌人源化scFv—hTNFα突变体融合在大肠杆菌中表达

目的 提高抗肝癌体靶向人肿瘤坏死因子（scFv-hTNFα）的稳定性和杀伤活性，并探讨该新型靶向细胞因子在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达。方法 以引物PCR法和重叠延伸PCR法，对人源化抗肝癌hscFv25及hTNFα基因进行定点突变，构建重组表达载体pGEX-hFvT，并以IPTG在大肠杆菌中诱导表达。用免疫组化染色和MTT比色法，分别检测重组蛋白折抗体和hTNFα突变体的双重活性。结果 重组基因在大肠杆菌中获得高效可溶性表达。表达产物具有抗体和hTNFα突变体的双重活性，重组蛋白的稳定性得到大幅度提高，抗体活性于4℃放置3个月活性无明显下降，抗肿瘤活性较天然hTNFα高4倍。结论 重组基因在大肠杆菌中获得了高效功能性表达；重组蛋白稳定性及抗肿瘤性得到大幅度提高，为进一步的临床应用研究奠定了基础。     

人源抗人干扰素α1b全抗体在昆虫细胞中的表达、纯化和鉴定

目的克隆、杆状病毒/昆虫表达系统表达人源抗人干扰素α1b(huIFN-α1b)全抗体基因,获得全抗体蛋白。方法利用PCR技术以gIII-scFv融合表达的噬菌粒质粒为模板,分别克隆了5株抗体基因的轻链和重链;经Nco I/Xho I和Sac I/Hind III分别酶切,与经过相同酶切的pAC-K-CH3载体连接构建了昆虫细胞sf9表达载体pAC-K-CH3-H-L;经测序鉴定正确后,转染进入昆虫细胞sf9进行异源表达。采用免疫荧光(IFA)和ELISA对全抗体的表达和结合情况进行初步鉴定。采用Protein-A亲和层析柱对收获的全抗体IgG蛋白进行纯化,将纯化后的抗体蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳和Western blotting鉴定。结果成功扩增了人源抗人干扰素α1b抗体轻链和重链基因;免疫荧光(IFA)鉴定表明5株重组质粒在昆虫细胞sf9表达出了全抗体蛋白,ELISA鉴定表明其中3株与huIFN-α1b特异性结合;经Protein-A亲和层析柱纯化后每升细胞培养上清收获了5~20 mg的蛋白,Western blotting鉴定表明3株纯化的全抗体蛋白和huIFN-α1b特异性结合。结论通过杆状病毒/昆虫表达系统获得了3株人源抗人干扰素α1b(huIFN-α1b)全抗体蛋白。     

HBV与HCV融合DNA疫苗的构建及其体液免疫应答

目的 构建含乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）表面抗原基因（S区基因）与丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）核心抗原基因（C区基因）的嵌合真核表达载体,观察preS1和preS2基因对HBV表面抗原及HCV核心抗原体液免疫的影响。方法 用PCR方法,分别扩增HBV S区基因和HCV C区基因。将S区基因克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1,酶切鉴定后,大量提取质粒并免疫Balb/c小鼠,用ELISA法检测抗HBs和抗HCV抗体。结果 成功地扩增出目的基因片段,克隆后酶切鉴定结果正确,序列分析与文献报告相一致。免疫后检测到抗HBs和抗HCV抗体。preS1与preS2基因对构建的融合DNA疫苗的体液免疫应答有一定的抑制作用。抗HBs抗体的产生低于只含S基因的真核表达载体;preS1基因对抗HCV抗体的产生具有抑制作用,而preS2无影响。结论 不同长度的HBV S区基因可影响抗HBs和抗HCV抗体的产生。     

抗人TNF-α单克隆抗体抗原识别表位的初步研究

目的：确定抗人肿瘤坏死因子－α（hTNF－α）单克隆抗体（Z8）识别的抗原表位所在区域。方法：分别构建缺失hTNF－α不同部位的重组质粒，用IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白，对表达产物进行SDS－PAGE蛋白电泳及Western blot分析。结果：Z8特异性识别含有hTNF－αC端92－157位氨基酸在内的融合蛋白，而不识别GST及其与hTNF－αN端1－91位氨基酸所形成的融合体，结论：Z8抗体识别的抗原表位位于hTNF－α 92－157区。     

含凝血酶切点的hTNFα—hPgnK5的原核表达及活性鉴定

目的 在原核细胞中表达融合蛋白hTNFα-hPgnK5并鉴定其活性,方法 构建hTNFα-hPgnK5基因的表达载体。并在大肠杆菌DH5α中进行表达,以MTT法测定该融合蛋白体外抑制肿瘤细胞或血管内皮细胞增殖的活性。结果 成功地构建了hTNFα-hPgnK5的免疫活性。体外实验表明,该融合蛋白具有抑制肿瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞增殖的活性。结论 hPgnK5蛋白可与fhTNFα可共同表达,表达产物可抑制肿瘤细胞和血管内皮细增殖。     

小鼠MIP-1α-DT390重组免疫毒素原核表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的 构建小鼠MIP-1α基因和白喉杆菌外毒素DT390基因的原核融合表达载体,诱导并鉴定该蛋白的表达.方法 通过RT-PCR获得mMIP-1α基因,通过PCR扩增质粒SPα-DT390获得DT390基因,酶切、连接,构建原核表达载体pET-32a( )-mMIP1-1α-DT390,重组质粒证实构建成功后,转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),通过IPTG诱导融合蛋白表达,并用SDS-PAGE和蛋白免疫印迹法鉴定.结果 成功构建了mMIP-lα与DT390基因的原核融合表达载体pET-32a( )-mMIP-Iα-DT390,重组载体在大肠杆菌中获得了稳定的表达,表达蛋白的相对分子质量与预期值一致,并可被抗mMIP-1α和抗白喉毒素的特异性抗体所识别.结论 获得了mM皿1α与DT390融合基因在原核系统中的稳定表达,为研究其临床应用奠定了基础.     

含APPβ裂解位点肽及Aβ1-15的嵌合型HBcAg颗粒抗原的制备及其免疫原性分析

目的:构建含APPβ位点裂解肽ABCSP、β-淀粉样肽氨基段15肽(Aβ1-15)及删除了c/e1表位的截短型HBcAg基因的原核表达质粒pET/c-ABCSP-Aβ15-c,并在大肠杆菌中表达,观察融合蛋白C-ABCSP-Aβ15-C形成的病毒样颗粒,检测其免疫原性,为多表位AD基因工程疫苗的研究奠定基础。方法:PCR扩增含APPβ位点裂解肽ABCSP、β-淀粉样肽氨基段15肽(Aβ1-15)的基因,连接于HBcAg的1～71的3’端,再将HBcAg的88～144位氨基酸的基因片断连接于Aβ1-15的基因的3’端,构建重组质粒pUC/c-ABCSP-Aβ15-c,将重组基因亚克隆于原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中,构建表达质粒pET/c-ABCSP-Aβ15-c,IPTG诱导表达。用SDS-PAGE、考马斯亮蓝染色,观察重组基因的表达。透射电镜观察融合蛋白形成的病毒样颗粒。融合蛋白经腹腔注射免疫昆明小鼠,间接ELISA法检测小鼠血清中抗-ABCSP、抗-Aβ抗体的滴度。结果:经酶切鉴定、DNA序列测定证实,重组基因位于表达质粒之中,其大小、序列与理论设计相符。诱导表达后,SDS-PAGE显示,在细菌裂解液的上清和沉淀中均可见到表达蛋白条带,且以沉淀中为多,约占沉淀总蛋白的40%。纯化后的融合蛋白形成电镜下可观察到的病毒样颗粒。昆明小鼠经融合蛋白免疫5次后,其血清中抗-ABCSP抗体的滴度可达1∶5 000,抗-Aβ抗体的滴度可达1∶10 000,检测不到抗-HBc抗体。结论:c-ABCSP-Aβ15-c融合基因在大肠杆菌中可高效表达,表达的融合蛋白具有较强的免疫原性。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.