食管癌患者五项细胞免疫学指标的测定及其意义

对３５例食管癌（ＥＣ）患者和３０例正常人（ＮＣ）的外周血自然杀伤（ＮＫ）细胞活性、Ｔ细胞亚群、血浆可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）、肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦ－α）以及外周血诱生γ干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）的水平进行了检测。结果显示，ＥＣ患者ＮＫ细胞活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＤ８＋细胞增多（Ｐ＜０．０６），ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋细胞比值降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；外周血诱生ＩＦＮ－γ降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；血浆ＴＮＦ－α升高。表明，上述指标对判断、分析ＥＣ患者细胞免疫功能状况及病变程度有较大的意义。     

HCMV感染对单核细胞HLA－DR表达的影响

本文采用细胞ＥＬＩＳＡ法，研究发现人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）感染对单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ的影响。结果表明ＨＣＭＶ感染后１ｄ，单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），以后逐渐降低，ｄ５降至对照水平；ＩＦＮγ（５００Ｕ／ｍｌ）．ＴＮＦ（２５０Ｕ／ｍｌ）、ＩＬ－６（５００／ｍｌ）、ＩＬ－１（５００／ｍｌ）均能不同程度地刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达；ＨＣＭＶ感染后，细胞因子刺激ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达的水平在感染后ｄ５，较对照组均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＩＬ－１＋ＩＦＮ－γ及ＴＮＦ＋ＩＦＮ－γ在刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达时有协同作用；ＨＣＭＶ感染后，ＩＦＮ－γ＋ＩＬ－１及ＴＮＦ＋ＩＦＮ协同刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达水平较对照组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示：在ＨＣＭＶ感染引起免疫抑制过程中，其引起单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达降低是一重要机制。     

HCMV感染对单核细胞HLA－DR表达的影响

本文采用细胞ＥＬＩＳＡ法，研究发现人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）感染对单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ的影响。结果表明ＨＣＭＶ感染后１ｄ，单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），以后逐渐降低，ｄ５降至对照水平；ＩＦＮγ（５００Ｕ／ｍｌ）．ＴＮＦ（２５０Ｕ／ｍｌ）、ＩＬ－６（５００／ｍｌ）、ＩＬ－１（５００／ｍｌ）均能不同程度地刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达；ＨＣＭＶ感染后，细胞因子刺激ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达的水平在感染后ｄ５，较对照组均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＩＬ－１＋ＩＦＮ－γ及ＴＮＦ＋ＩＦＮ－γ在刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达时有协同作用；ＨＣＭＶ感染后，ＩＦＮ－γ＋ＩＬ－１及ＴＮＦ＋ＩＦＮ协同刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达水平较对照组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示：在ＨＣＭＶ感染引起免疫抑制过程中，其引起单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达降低是一重要机制。     

Th1和Th2细胞在机体免疫中的作用及调节

在小鼠和人体内ＣＤ＿４￣＋Ｔ淋巴细胞可区分为Ｔｈ＿１细胞和Ｔｈ＿２细胞，在机体免疫中其作用各有不同。Ｔｈ＿１细胞主要分泌ＩＬ－２，ＩＦＮ－ｒ，刺激细胞免疫反应；Ｔｈ＿２细胞则以分泌ＩＬ－４，ＩＬ－１０为主，刺激体液免疫反应。ＩＬ－２、ＩＦＮ－ｒ促进Ｔｈ＿１细胞分化，抑制Ｔｈ＿２细胞分化；而ＩＬ－４、ＩＬ－１０促进Ｔｈ＿２细胞分化，抑制Ｔｈ＿１细胞分化。     

CD8T细胞转换成能产生T_H2细胞因子并辅助B细胞的非溶细胞性CD8

ＣＤ８￣＋Ｔ细胞是抵抗病毒和胞内寄生菌感染的主要防御机构，其干扰素－ｒ（ＩＦＮ－ｒ）产生能力以及其溶细胞活性是对这些病原体的免疫应答的关键性因素。在ＩＬ－４存在的情况下，小鼠的成熟ＣＤ８￣＋Ｔ细胞被激活成为一个非溶细胞性并且不产生ＩＦＮ－ｒ的ＣＤ８￣＋ＣＤ４￣＋细胞群。可是，这些ＣＤ８￣－细胞能产生大量的ＩＬ－４，ＩＬ－５和ＩＬ－１０，并能辅助激活静止的Ｂ细胞。因而，ＣＤ８效应机能可能是多样化的。     

CD8T细胞转换成能产生TH2细胞因子并辅助B细胞的非溶细胞CD8—CD4—…

ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞是抵抗病毒和胞内寄生茵感染的主要防御机构。其干扰－ｒ（ＩＦＮ－ｒ）产生能力以及其溶细胞活性是对这些病原体的免疫应答的关键性因素。在ＩＬ－４存在的情况下，小鼠的成熟ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞性并且不产ＩＦＮ－ｒ的ＣＤ８＾－ＣＤ４＾－细胞群。可是，这些ＣＤ８＾－细胞能产生大量的ＩＬ－４，ＩＬ－５和ＩＬ－１０，并能辅助激活静止的Ｂ细胞。因而，ＣＤ８效应机能机能是多样化的。     

血吸虫虫卵抗原诱导的日本血吸虫感染小鼠IFN－γ及IL－4基因转录的研究

本研究调查了日本血吸虫感染的ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠脾细胞的ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ转录。于感染后０，３，５，８，１０和１２周摘取小鼠脾脏，将脾细胞置于含ＳＥＡ或ＣｏｎＡ的培养基中培养，然后提取脾细胞总ＲＮＡ，通过逆转录后ｃＤＮＡ的扩增，分析ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４的ｍＲＮＡ水平。ＲＮＡ模板同时进行β－ａｃｔｉｎ的逆转录和扩增，扩增产物被用作ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４扩增的标准对照。在ＳＥＡ或ＣｏｎＡ诱导的未感染或感染３周小鼠脾细胞未检测到ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ逆转录ＰＣＲ产物，感染５周和８周的小鼠脾细胞则可以观察到ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ的表达。与感染５周时相比，ＳＥＡ刺激的感染８周小鼠脾细胞的ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ转录显著增强。然而，在感染１０周和１２周小鼠，无论ＣｏｎＡ或ＳＥＡ都不能诱导ＩＦＮ－γ或ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ转录，显示这两种淋巴因子表达受到抑制。结果表明，ＳＥＡ诱导的日本血吸虫感染小鼠脾细胞ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４基因转录存在着调节，这种调节可能与感染从急性期到慢性期的对血吸虫虫卵抗原的全身性免疫反应包括对肉芽肿形成的调控有关。     

羧甲基茯苓多糖对HPBL分泌IL—2,TNF,IL—6,IFN—γ的调节作用

用ＣＭＰ培养外周血淋巴细胞（ＨＰＢＬ）２４、３６、４８、７２ｈ采样检测的ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ效价分别可达１３．６±４．３，４１．９±２．０，１８３７．４±４６４．３，１０３７．９±２１１．０Ｕ／ｍｌ，分别比无ＣＭＰ的细胞培养对照组的效价高０．８，７．４，０．５，１０．９倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），说明ＣＭＰ具有ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ的诱生剂功能。由ＣＭＰ预处理ＨＰＢＬ后经ＰＨＡ和／或ＣｏｎＡ促诱生组的ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ效价分别比无ＣＭＰ的ＰＨＡ和／或ＣｏｎＡ刺激的相应常规诱生组高１．２～２．８，０．５～１．１、０．５～０．８、０．４～０．６倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），尤以ＣＭＰ＋ＰＨＡ＋ＣｏｎＡ促诱生细胞因子效果最佳（Ｐ＜０．０１），说明ＣＭＰ又具有ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ促诱生效应。     

血吸虫虫卵抗原诱导的日本血吸虫感染小鼠IFN—γ及IL…

本研究调查了日本血吸虫感染的ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠脾细胞的ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ转录，于感染后０，３，５，８，１０和１２周摘取小鼠脾脏，将脾细胞置于含ＳＥＡ或ＣｏｎＡ的培养基中培养，然后提取脾细胞总ＲＮＡ，通过逆转录后ｃＤＮＡ的扩增，分析ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４的ｍＲＮＡ水平，ＲＮＡ模板同时进行β－ａｃｔｉｎ的逆转录的扩增，扩增产物被用作ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４扩增的标准对照，在ＳＥＡ或ＣｏｎＡ诱导的未感     

IL—2基因直接转移促进CDR^＋缺损小鼠免疫功能的恢复

探讨ＩＬ－２基因直接转移治疗小鼠ＣＤ４缺陷的可能性。方法 ｐＣＩ－ｈＩＬ－２质粒ＤＮＡ直接注入ＣＤ４缺陷小鼠大腿肌肉内。用免疫组法检测ｈＩＬ－２蛋白的表达，同时测定小鼠的免疫功能。结果 ｐＣＩ－ＩＬ－２质粒ＤＮＡ可在注射部位肌纤维内表达ＩＬ－２蛋白。ＣＤ４缺陷小鼠脾细胞中ＣＤ＾＋４Ｔ细胞增多，脾细胞对有丝分裂素ＣｏｎＡ增殖反应明显增强。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.