Preservation of the internal genital organs during radical cystectomy in selected women with bladder cancer: A report on 15 cases with long term follow-up

Purpose

To prospectively present the technique, functional and oncological outcome of internal genitalia sparing cystectomy for bladder cancer in 15 selected women.

Patients and methods

Between January 1995 and December 2010, 305 women underwent orthotopic neobladder after radical cystectomy. Of these, 15 cases with a mean age of 42 years underwent genitalia sparing. Inclusion criteria included stage (T2b N0 Mo or less, as assessed preoperatively, unifocal tumors away from the trigone, sexually active young women and internal genitalia free of tumor. Cystectomy with preservation of the uterus, vagina and ovaries and Hautmann neobladder were performed. Oncological, functional, urodynamic and sexual outcome using Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were evaluated.

Results

Definitive histopathology showed advanced stage not recognized preoperatively in 2 patients, who developed local recurrence and bony metastasis after 3–4 months. A third patient developed bony metastasis after 15 months. No recurrence developed in the retained genital organs. The remaining 12 patients remained free of disease with a mean follow-up of 70 months. Among women eligible for functional evaluation, daytime and nighttime continence were achieved in 13/13 (100%) and 12/13 (92)%, respectively. Chronic urinary retention was not noted. The urodynamic parameters were comparable to those in other patients without genital preservation. Sexual function (FSFI) was better in these patients than in others without genital preservation.

Conclusions

Genital sparing cystectomy for bladder cancer is feasible in selected women. It provides a good functional outcome, better sexual function and the potential for fertility preservation. So far, the oncological outcome is favorable.     

根治性膀胱全切术后正位可控膀胱术研究进展.

 正位膀胱替代术经过近20 年的临床实践，被越来越多的医学中心所采用。通过总结重要的文献阐述了正位可控膀胱术中患者的选择、输尿管抗反流、上尿路安全性、尿控的恢复、肿瘤治疗的安全性、特殊的并发症和患者生存生活质量等方面的最新进展和新观点。与其他方式的尿流改道相比，正位可控膀胱有可能成为根治性膀胱全切术后新的治疗标准     

Urinary diversion and morbidity after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer

BACKGROUND:

The rate of continent urinary diversion after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer varies by patient and provider characteristics. Demonstration of equivalent complication rates, independent of diversion type, may decrease provider reluctance to perform continent reconstructions. The authors sought to determine whether continent reconstructions confer increased complication rates after radical cystectomy.

METHODS:

From the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the authors used International Classification of Disease (ICD‐9) codes to identify subjects who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer during 2001‐2005. They determined acute postoperative medical and surgical complications from ICD‐9 codes and compared complication rates by reconstruction type using the nearest neighbor propensity score matching method and multivariate logistic regression models.

RESULTS:

Adjusting for case‐mix differences between reconstructive groups, continent diversions conferred a lower risk of medical, surgical, and disposition‐related complications that was statistically significant for bowel (3.1% lower risk; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], ?6.8% to ?0.1%), urinary (1.2% lower risk; 95% CI, ?2.3%, to ?0.4%), and other surgical complications (3.0% lower risk; 95% CI, ?6.2% to ?0.4%), and discharge other than home (8.2% lower risk; 95% CI, ?12.1% to ?4.6%) compared with ileal conduit subjects. Older age and certain comorbid conditions, including congestive heart failure and preoperative weight loss, were associated with significantly increased odds of postoperative medical and surgical complications in all subjects.

CONCLUSIONS:

Mode of urinary diversion after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer is not associated with increased risk of immediate postoperative complications. These results may encourage broader consideration of continent urinary diversion without concern for increased complication rates. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

The S-shaped orthotopic ileal neobladder substitute incorporating a new seromuscular antireflux technique (split ileal end) in a series of 50 patients

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the function of our new technique, complications, continence, voiding patterns in those patients with the clinical evaluation of the S-shaped orthotopic ileal neobladder substitute incorporating a new antireflux technique.

Patients and methods

Between April 2002 and November 2006, 50 patients (44 men and 6 women) underwent radical cystectomy and S-shaped ileal neobladder reconstruction with our new antireflux technique (split seromuscular). The mean age of male patients was 58 years (45–71 years). The mean age of female patients was 50 years (45–55 years). In all patients an S-shaped ileal pouch was constructed incorporating the new antireflux technique. This antireflux has not yet been described in the literature before. All procedures are performed by the same surgeons and the mean follow-up was 30 months. Complications were registered as early (occurring within 3 months) or late (occurring after 3 months), and as diversion-related and diversion-unrelated. Continence and voiding patterns were also evaluated.

Results

There is no reflux in all patients except one. Early complications occurred in 8 patients. The most common early diversion-related complication was urinary leakage in 3 patients. No patients sustained an early diversion-related complication attributed to the new antireflux technique. Late complications occurred in 6 patients. Overall, 39 patients voided to completion without needing catheterization. A total of 7 patients required some form of clean intermittent catheterization to empty the new bladder completely including 5 of 44 men (12.5%) and 2 of 6 women (33.3%).

Conclusions

The functional results with this pouch incorporating the new antireflux technique were efficient. Our S-shaped pouch has reduced the length of intestine (37 cm) that minimized the metabolic and malabsorption complications. Moreover it is simple.     

Health related quality of life after radical cystectomy: Comparison of ileal conduit to continent orthotopic neobladder

Aims

To compare health related quality of life (HRQOL) between patients with two different types of urinary diversion, ileal conduit and orthotopic neobladder, and between them and an age-matched population of healthy subjects.

Materials and methods

Eighty eight patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer at our institutions between 2002 and 2007 were contacted for this survey. All of them had a follow-up of more than 12 months after surgery and were recurrence free. The SF-36 questionnaire was provided to each patient during a follow-up visit at outpatient clinics. Overall, 79 patients (90%) returned the questionnaire and were included in this analysis. They were divided into two groups: group 1 comprised 44 patients with an ileal conduit diversion, and group 2 included 35 patients with a neobladder. As a control, normative values of an age-matched healthy Italian population were considered.

Results

No significant difference was found in scale scores between the neobladder and ileal conduit groups. Scale scores for role-physical functioning, social functioning and role-emotional functioning in both the neobladder and ileal conduit groups were significantly below the Italian population norm. Patients with a neobladder 65 years old or older (n = 18) had significantly lower scores for role-physical functioning and role-emotional functioning than those younger than 65 years (n = 17; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Few differences between ileal conduit and orthotopic bladder substitution have been detected. Thus, the assumption that continent reconstruction provides better HRQOL than ileal conduit diversion cannot be supported. Patient education and active participation in treatment decisions seem to be the key to postoperative satisfaction.     

Analysis of radical cystectomy and urinary diversion complications with the Clavien classification system in an Italian real life cohort

Introduction

Standardized methods of reporting complications after radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary diversions (UD) are necessary to evaluate the morbidity associated with this operation to evaluate the modified Clavien classification system (CCS) in grading perioperative complications of RC and UD in a real life cohort of patients with bladder cancer.

Materials and methods

A consecutive series of patients treated with RC and UD from April 2011 to March 2012 at 19 centers in Italy was evaluated. Complications were recorded according to the modified CCS. Results were presented as complication rates per grade. Univariate and binary logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Results and limitations: 467 patients were enrolled. Median age was 70 years (range 35–89). UD consisted in orthotopic neobladder in 112 patients, ileal conduit in 217 patients and cutaneous ureterostomy in 138 patients. 415 complications were observed in 302 patients and were classified as Clavien type I (109 patients) or II (220 patients); Clavien type IIIa (45 patients), IIIb (22 patients); IV (11 patients) and V (8 patients). Patients with cutaneous ureterostomy presented a lower rate (8%) of CCS type ≥IIIa (p = 0.03). A longer operative time was an independent risk factor of CCS ≥III (OR: 1.005; CI: 1.002–1.007 per minute; p = 0.0001).

Conclusions

In our study, RC is associated with a significant morbidity (65%) and a reduced mortality (1.7%) when compared to previous experiences. The modified CCS represents an easily applicable tool to classify the complications of RC and UD in a more objective and detailed way.     

保留膀胱的综合治疗与根治性手术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌预后的荟萃分析

目的 比较保留膀胱手术+术后化疗与根治性手术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的预后.方法 检索保留膀胱手术+术后化疗与根治性手术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌(muscle-invasive bladder cancer,MIBC)的对照研究,比较两种治疗方案的术后5年生存率,计算合并优势比(OR)和95%CI.结果 共纳入7项研究,累积876例患者.1组研究的OR=1.03,95%CI为1.03(0.52~2.02),4组研究的OR及其95%CI﹤1,2组研究的OR及其95%CI﹥1;7个研究的总OR=1.05,95%CI为1.05(0.53~2.06),跨过"无差异线",故认为根治性膀胱全切术(radical cystectomy,RC)与保留膀胱的综合治疗预后差异无统计学意义(Z=0.13,P=0.89).结论 对于部分肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,保留膀胱的综合治疗不会降低患者的5年生存率,且能保留患者膀胱的正常功能,提高了患者的生存质量,但适应证需严格把握.     

Patterns of recurrence in bladder cancer treated by irradiation and/or cystectomy

Between 1949 and 1971, 451 patients with bladder cancer were treated by radiation therapy and/or radical cystectomy at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Radical cystectomy alone was the treatment for 137 patients in Group 1. In Group 2, 109 patients received radiation therapy to an average tumor dose of 6000 rad in 6 weeks ± 1 year before radical cystectomy for persistent, recurrent or new lesions. Planned preoperative irradiation consisted of either 4000 rad in 4 weeks for 119 patients in Group 3, or 2000 rad in 1 week for 86 patients in Group 4, ± 6 weeks and 2 days, respectively, before radical cystectomy.The determinate over-all distant and/or local recurrence rate was 49% for Group 1 and 37–45% for Groups 2–4. Local recurrence alone occurred in 28% of Group 1 patients and 14–16% of those in Groups 2–4. Distant metastases developed in 21% of Group 1 patients and 22–28% of Group 2–4 patients. A reduced incidence of pelvic recurrence was associated with radiation-induced stage reduction for Group 2–4 clinically high and low stage tumors, especially when the histologic grade was high. Similar frequencies of extrapelvic metastases in the four groups were maintained in clinically low and high stage tumors of low or high histological grade.     

Perioperative morbidity,bowel function and oncologic outcome after radical cystectomy and ileal orthotopic neobladder reconstruction: Studer-pouch versus I-pouch

Objective

To investigate whether the length of ileum used for ileal orthotopic neobladder (ONB) reconstruction (60 cm vs. 40 cm) after radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer (BC) impacts on bowel function, postoperative complications or survival outcome.

Clinical outcome after cystectomy in patients with lymph node-positive bladder cancer

Whereas radical cystectomy is the standard of care in high-grade, invasive bladder tumors, the extent of lymphadenectomy and its diagnostic and/or therapeutic potential is controversial. Independent predictors for lymph node involvement are T-stage, histological grading and lymphovascular invasion. Preoperative assessment, including 3D magnetic resonance imaging and sentinel node detection, are promising concepts for the future. The extension of lymphadenectomy is not yet defined, although prospective data regarding the absence of skipped lesions in the case of pelvic lymphadenectomy and the damage of autonomic nerves in the case of extensive lymphadenectomy are arguments for a limited or stepwise approach. Outcome of N1 patients appears to be nearly equivalent to N0 patients in organ-confined tumors, whereas the outcome of N3 patients is poor in all studies presented to date. Therefore, it has been suggested that a meticulous lymphadenectomy in N1 patients, with positive lymph nodes almost exclusively localized within the endopelvic region, has a long-term therapeutic impact in terms of an improvement in the patient’s clinical prognosis. For N2 patients, a long-term survival benefit from extensive lymphadenectomy remains to be demonstrated. Recognizing the inevitably poor clinical prognosis in cases with gross nodal involvement (N3), the clinical value of an extended lymph node dissection in these patients is very questionable.     

膀胱癌根治性全膀胱切除术后行不同尿流改道术对患者生活质量的影响

目的:分析膀胱癌根治性全膀胱切除术后行不同尿流改道术对患者生活质量的影响。方法:选取我院2014年7月至2015年12月期间收治的142例行根治性膀胱全切除及尿道改造术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。按照不同改道术将患者分成A组（原位新膀胱术组）（71例,其中原位乙状结肠新膀胱术16例,原位回肠新膀胱术55例）与B组（非原位尿流改道术组）（71例,其中输尿管皮肤造口术10例,回肠通道术61例）,治疗结束后记录并比较2组患者近期临床疗效和生活质量。结果:A组手术时间、住院时间均较B组延长（P＜0.05）。B组患者并发症发生率较A组低,但两组患者并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.370）。两组患者术后生活质量比较均存在差异（P＜0.05）,其中在生理机能、生理职能、社会功能、精神健康及情感职能5个方面两组患者比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且均以A组患者得分较高,而在躯体疼痛、一般健康状况、精力的比较上两组患者差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论:在根治性膀胱全切除术中采用不同尿流改道术对治疗膀胱癌均具有一定的临床疗效和安全性,但采用原位新膀胱尿流改道的方式更利于提高患者术后生活质量,值得临床上推广使用。     

Therapeutic strategies for organ-confined and non-organ-confined bladder cancer after radical cystectomy

Introduction: In patients with muscle invasive or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin refractory urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCUB) radical cystectomy represents the standard of care. However, a proportion of patients experience disease progression, local recurrence and/or metastatic disease.

Areas covered: This review provides an overview of available therapeutic strategies after radical cystectomy and examines ongoing clinical trials including cytotoxic chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

Expert commentary: Cytotoxic chemotherapy offers limited benefit in UCUB patients. However, the recent introduction of immunotherapy provides new hope for durable responses or possibly complete cures.     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析2010年2月至2015年11月于蚌埠医学院第一附属医院行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术的32例浸润性膀胱癌患者的临床资料,对手术方法(腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术)、围手术期资料、新膀胱功能、术后并发症以及肿瘤控制情况等进行分析.结果:成功随访32例,随访时间12 ～ 53个月,平均随访27个月,均为男性;所有患者手术均由同一术者顺利完成,手术时间310 ～530 min,平均370 min;术中出血300～ 850 ml,平均485 ml;术后3～5天肠道开始恢复功能;淋巴结清扫数目8～31个,平均16个;手术切缘均无阳性结果;术后12个月与6个月相比较,最大尿流率(15.2±1.3vs11.4±1.2 ml,P＜0.01)、最大膀胱容量(372.8±52.2 vs 247.9±60.3 ml,P＜0.01)、残余尿量(23.8 ±9.6 vs 39.6±11.7 ml,P＜0.01)、最大膀胱充盈压(33.7 ±5.7 vs 25.1±6.8 cmH2O,P＜O.01)、最大膀胱排尿压(63.7±15.9 vs62.9±17.6 cmH2O,P＞0.05)、膀胱顺应性(26.2±12.6 vs 25.7±13.3 cmH2O,P＞0.05)以及昼/夜控尿率(91％/81％ vs 84％/72％).术后近期并发症发生率为18.8％(6/32),远期并发症发生率为25.0％(8/32);随访期间,肿瘤局部复发率和远处转移率分别为6.3％ (2/32)和12.5％(4/32).结论:腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术是安全可行的,具有术后控尿效果好、满意的新膀胱功能和肿瘤控制效果等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的优先选择.     

膀胱全切后改良肠道原位新膀胱下尿路功能性重建(附15例疗效分析)

背景与目的：膀胱全切后患者的生活质量受尿流改道方式影响,可控性或非可控性尿流改道后患者不能自主排尿、生活质量差;而肠道原位新膀胱术后患者可自主排尿,生活质量改善,但有排空不良和控尿不全等问题。本文报告改良肠道原位新膀胱术在膀胱全切后下尿路功能性重建中的经验。方法：对15例局部浸润性膀胱癌患者在根治性膀胱切除后利用改良肠道原位新膀胱术（回肠新膀胱3例,乙状结肠新膀胱12例）做下尿路功能性重建。术后随访3-30个月（其中9例随访超过16个月）,对这些患者术后新膀胱功能、控尿和排尿功能、性功能、上尿路形态和功能、血电解质和生活质量进行评价。结果：全部患者自主排尿,无需导尿。13例患者昼夜完全控尿;1例患者白天控尿良好,夜间有少量漏尿;另1例女性患者有中度张力性尿失禁。膀胱容量240-640ml,残余尿量0-250ml。全部患者总肾功能正常,14例血电解质正常;慢性代谢性酸中毒和输尿管扩张各1例。9例男性患者保留性功能。13例患者恢复工作。全部患者对新膀胱功能满意。结论：改良肠道原位新膀胱术后下尿路的控尿和排尿功能良好,是目前根治性膀胱切除后理想的下尿路重建方法。     

Urologist referral delay and its impact on survival after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer

Background

Evidence shows that wait times before bladder cancer surgery have been increasing, and wait time can negatively affect survival. We aimed to determine if a long delay caused by an indirect referral before a first urologist visit affects the survival of patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.

Methods

We analyzed data from 1271 patients who underwent surgery for bladder cancer during the decade 2000–2009. The cohort was obtained by linking two administrative databases in the province of Quebec. Patients were considered to have been directly referred to a urologist if they had 5 or fewer visits with a general practitioner before their first urologist visit; otherwise, they were considered to have been indirectly referred. The effect on survival after surgery of a longer delay before a first urologist visit was assessed using Cox regression models.

Results

Median referral delay for the study population was 30 days (56 days for women, 23 days for men; p < 0.0001). Indirect referral was observed for 49% of women and 33% of men. Compared with patients who were directly referred, those who were indirectly referred after first symptoms of bladder cancer experienced poorer survival (hazard ratio: 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.10 to 1.52). Women who were indirectly referred had a significant 47% greater risk of death after radical cystectomy. Men who were indirectly referred also experienced decreased survival (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.03 to 1.51).

Conclusions

Patients indirectly referred to a urologist had an increased risk of mortality after surgery. Compared with men, women had longer wait times and poorer survival.     

Follow-up after cystectomy: Regularly scheduled,risk adjusted,or symptom guided?: Patterns of recurrence,relapse presentation,and survival after cystectomy

AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of follow-up based on the patterns of recurrence, relapse presentation and survival after cystectomy, and to define a risk adjusted follow-up schedule.Patients and methodsThe records of 343 patients with regular follow-up after cystectomy were reviewed for primary site of recurrence, accompanying symptoms, means of recurrence diagnosis, and clinicopathological factors. Based on Cox proportional hazard models, and the results of imaging studies low and high risk groups are identified and a risk adjusted follow-up protocol is proposed.ResultsThe risk of a recurrence was related to increasing pT, tumour positive lymph nodes, tumour positive surgical margins, and pre-operative dilatation of the upper urinary tract, and low and high risk groups were defined consequently. 84% of all recurrences occurred within 2 years, with only one recurrence beyond 2 years in the low risk group. Although the minority of all patients (34%) is asymptomatic at time of recurrence, symptomatic recurrences were adversely associated with survival. CT-scans and chest X-rays accounted for 90% of the diagnostic tools to detect a recurrence in patients without symptoms.ConclusionsAsymptomatic patients may benefit from early treatment after disease recurrence. A risk adjusted follow-up strategy based on stage of disease and additional clinicopathological factors can dichotomise patients at high and low risk for recurrence. The small benefit in survival after early detection has to be confirmed in future studies, and weighed against the available treatment options of recurrences and their subsequent costs.     

Prediction of outcome in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder following radical cystectomy using artificial neural networks

Aim

The outcome of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) after radical cystectomy (RC) shows remarkable variability. We evaluated the ability of artificial neural networks (ANN) to perform risk stratification in UCB patients based on common parameters available at the time of RC.

Methods

Data from 2111 UCB patients that underwent RC in eight centers were analysed; the median follow-up was 30 months (IQR: 12–60). Age, gender, tumour stage and grade (TURB/RC), carcinoma in situ (TURB/RC), lymph node status, and lymphovascular invasion were used as input data for the ANN. Endpoints were tumour recurrence, cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and all-cause death (ACD). Additionally, the predictive accuracies (PA) of the ANNs were compared with the PA of Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results

The recurrence-, CSM-, and ACD- rates after 5 years were 36%, 33%, and 46%, respectively. The best ANN had 74%, 76% and 69% accuracy for tumour recurrence, CSM and ACD, respectively. Lymph node status was one of the most important factors for the network's decision. The PA of the ANNs for recurrence, CSM and ACD were improved by 1.6% (p = 0.247), 4.7% (p < 0.001) and 3.5% (p = 0.007), respectively, in comparison to the Cox models.

Conclusions

ANN predicted tumour recurrence, CSM, and ACD in UCB patients after RC with reasonable accuracy. In this study, ANN significantly outperformed the Cox models regarding prediction of CSM and ACD using the same patients and variables. ANNs are a promising approach for individual risk stratification and may optimize individual treatment planning.