江油地区首次发现黄疸出血群赖型钩端螺旋体

本文报告了四川省江油市１９９５年９月，钩端螺旋体病（以下简称钩体病）暴发流行期间，首次从３３例病人血液标本检出钩体７株，阳性率为２１．２１％，分属二个血清群三个血清型、黄疸出血群黄疸出血型５株，赖型１株，七日热群棉兰型１株。培养鼠肾２２５份，检出钩体３１株（待定１株，失传１株），阳性率为１３．７８％，以黄疸出血群赖型为主要血清型，病原体带菌宿主以黑线姬鼠为主，为我市稻田型钩体病的主要传染源，携带钩体与本次钩体病暴发流行人间主要流行菌群和型一致。     

广东省清远市2007年钩端螺旋体病监测分析

目的对2007年广东省清远市钩端螺旋体病（以下简称钩体病）疫情、人群及宿主动物监测情况进行分析，为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法采集相关人群及宿主动物血清，用显微镜凝集试验（MAT）进行抗体测定；采集相关人群全血、宿主动物脏器做钩端螺旋体分离培养及分群鉴定。结果报告钩体病8例，发病率0．23／10万。流行前健康人血清抗体阳性率为19．897％，菌群以黄疸出血热为主；流行后期健康人血清体抗阳性率为15．54％，菌群以七日热为主；流行期疑似病人血清抗体阳性率为0．88％，菌群为七日热。鼠血清抗体总阳性率为18．15％，黄毛鼠、板齿鼠、褐家鼠、臭鼬鼯和施氏屋顶鼠的血清抗体阳性率在14．08％～50．00％之间，菌群以秋季热群为主，其次为波摩那群，黄胸鼠和青毛鼠血清抗体阳性率为零；水禽（鸭）血清抗体阳性率为2．0％，菌群为犬热群。未从人群及宿主动物中分离出钩端螺旋体。结论该市人群及宿主动物钩体病隐性感染水平均较高，出现钩体病发病年龄组后移。     

2006-2011年开江县钩端螺旋体病血清流行病学监测分析

[目的]了解开江县健康人群钩端螺旋体隐性感染情况,为防制工作提供科学依据。[方法]2006～2011年4～5月,在开江县钩体病老疫区永兴镇每年选择100名以上无钩体菌苗接种和患钩体病史的10～69岁健康人群血清,检测钩体抗体。[结果]2006～2011年累计检测血清660份,检出钩体抗体阳性的170份,阳性率为25．76％。其中,黄疸出血群阳性率为15．00％,澳洲群阳性率为15．45％,秋季热群阳性率为0．91％,七日热群阳性率为1．82％,犬群阳性率为0．76％,拜伦群阳性率为0．30％,波摩拉群阳性率为0．15％,致热群阳性率为0．45％（P〈0．01）。2006～2011年钩体抗体平均阳性率,男性为27．51％,女性为24．55％（P〉0．05）;10～19岁为8．25％,20～29岁为18．91％,30。39岁为18．39％,40～49岁为26．85％,50～59岁为28．40％,60～69岁为38．27％（P〈0．01）。钩体抗体阳性率,2006～2011年分别为55．05％、13．85％、58．04％、5．71％、5．00％、15．38％（P〈0．01）。[结论]开江县健康人群钩体隐性感染率较高,钩体流行菌群以黄疸出血群和澳洲群为主。I     

锡林浩特草原地区钩端螺旋体病血清流行病学调查

本次对锡林浩特草原地区的健康人群，家畜及野生动物的血清学调查，发现该地区健康人群中有钩端螺旋体抗体阳性血清，阳性率为５．１４％，并分布于４个血清群即黄疸出血群，犬群致热群和秋季热群，黄疸出血群占阳性总数的５５．５％。家畜的抗体阳性率为１７．３９％，有５个血清群即黄疸出血群，犬群，致热群，秋季热群和七日热群，秋季热群占阳性总数的５０．０％。     

1993—2000年四川省钩端螺旋体菌群分布

目的：分析、研究四川省钩端螺旋体（下称钩体）菌群分布,掌握菌群动态,为钩体病的科研和防制提供科学依据。为钩体菌苗生产提供流行菌株。方法：按全国本病监测方案,从病人和带菌动物中分离钩体,按中国药品生物制品检定所的钩体菌种检定程序进行检定,结果324株钩体分属8个血清群。即黄疸出血、七日热、秋季、澳州、流感伤寒、波摩那、犬、爪哇群。另从水牛尿中首次检出七日热群钩体2株。结论：黄疸出血群钩体仍为四川省人间钩体病流行和啮齿食虫目动物携带的主要菌群,占81．48％。趴齿食虫目仍为主要宿主动物,尤以黑线姬鼠为四川稻本病主要传染源,水牛是七日热群钩体病的重要传染源和宿主动物之一。     

成都市屠宰工人钩端螺旋体病血清流行病学现况调查

本文介绍了采用用显微镜凝集试验(下简称显凝试验)对成都市肉联厂的250名屠宰工人血清标本进行钩体病血清流行病学调查。结果显示:阳性率为78.8％,抗体GMT(几何平均滴度)为14.06。血清群以黄疸出血群为主,其阳性率和GMT分别为21.2％和12.76。证实成都市屠宰工人中存在钩体病的自然感染。     

2006～2011年开江县钩端螺旋体病血清流行病学监测分析

[目的]了解开江县健康人群钩端螺旋体隐性感染情况,为防制工作提供科学依据。[方法]2006～2011年4～5月,在开江县钩体病老疫区永兴镇每年选择100名以上无钩体菌苗接种和患钩体病史的10～69岁健康人群血清,检测钩体抗体。[结果]2006～2011年累计检测血清660份,检出钩体抗体阳性的170份,阳性率为25.76%。其中,黄疸出血群阳性率为15.00%,澳洲群阳性率为15.45%,秋季热群阳性率为0.91%,七日热群阳性率为1.82%,犬群阳性率为0.76%,拜伦群阳性率为0.30%,波摩拉群阳性率为0.15%,致热群阳性率为0.45%(P<0.01)。2006～2011年钩体抗体平均阳性率,男性为27.51%,女性为24.55%(P>0.05);10～19岁为8.25%,20～29岁为18.91%,30～39岁为18.39%,40～49岁为26.85%,50～59岁为28.40%,60～69岁为38.27%(P<0.01)。钩体抗体阳性率,2006～2011年分别为55.05%、13.85%、58.04%、5.71%、5.00%、15.38%(P<0.01)。[结论]开江县健康人群钩体隐性感染率较高,钩体流行菌群以黄疸出血群和澳洲群为主。     

2011年四川省健康人群钩端螺旋体血清学监测

目的 了解四川省健康人群钩体抗体水平及菌群分布,为制定钩端螺旋体病(钩体病)防控措施提供科学依据.方法 对监测点采集的血清用显微凝集试验(MAT),进行15群15型钩体抗体检测.结果 2011年各监测点共采集1111份健康人血清,经检测含10个血清群钩体抗体,钩体的抗体阳性率为21.06％.澳洲群占39.60％、黄疸出血群为37.92％、秋季群7.72％、七日热群7.38％.峨嵋、雅安2个监测点的抗体水平高于全省平均水平.结论 全省健康人群钩体抗体阳性率水平较往年低,存在发生局部钩体病流行的条件,应积极做好钩体病的各项防控措施,防止疫情暴发.     

1991—2006年常山县钩端螺旋体病疫情与监测分析

目的了解常山县钩端螺旋体（钩体）病的流行特征，为制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法用描述性流行病学方法对1991—2006年常山县钩体病的流行特征进行分析，采用患者和宿主动物病原学、血清学检测方法探索主要的流行菌群。结果1991-2006年常山县钩体病平均发病率为19．29／10万，以中青年农民为主，男性高于女性；79月为发病高峰，流行形式主要呈稻田型。检出钩体菌株36株，以黄疸出血群为主，563．89％（23／36）。血清学检测阳性率50．74％（171／337），以黄疸出血群和七日热群为主，分别占50．29％（86／171）和30．41％（52／171）。黑线姬鼠为优势种，占41．48％（475／1145），带菌率为2．95％（14／475），蛙、猪、牛等未检出菌。结论常山县钩体病的主要流行菌群为黄疸出血群和七日热群，主要宿主动物为黑线姬鼠。采用相应的菌苗接种为主导措施，可以有效控制钩体病的流行。     

2004年～2005年三门县钩端螺旋体病监测结果探讨

目的：探讨钩端螺旋体病流行规律，分析其存在问题。方法：用MAT检测人群血清抗体。捕鼠、蛙，采集鼠肾、蛙肾、牛中段尿分离培养病原体。结果：免疫前2004年是以黄疸出血群为主，阳性率2．5％（2／79）；2005年则以波摩那群为主，阳性率为5％（3／60）。免疫后，2004年钩体仍以黄疸出血群为主，阳性率为23．8％（10／42），2005年以黄疸出血群为最高，阳性率为36．4％（12／33），比免疫前高出11倍多。2004年共解剖分离培养鼠肾201对、蛙肾200对、牛中段尿20份。鼠肾阳性率为0．5％，蛙肾、牛中段尿均未检出。2005年共解剖分离培养鼠肾196对、蛙肾200对、牛中段尿20份均未检出。结论：钩端螺旋体病防治工作仍然不能放松，尤其在洪涝灾害后，应列为防治重点。     

A survey of leptospirosis in febrile patients mainly from hospitals and clinics in Trinidad

Acute and convalescent sera were obtained from 202 febrile patients, most of whom were admitted to or attended hospitals or clinics in northern Trinidad during the 12 months from mid-February 1977 to mid-February 1978. Laboratory tests confirmed that 10 of the patients were suffering from current leptospirosis while another 54 had serological evidence of previous leptospiral infections.Antibodies to strains of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup were most commonly found, followed by those to the Hebdomadis and Autumnalis serogroups.Isolates were obtained from the blood of two and the urine of three of the 10 current cases. Four of these strains were identified as belonging to copenhageni serovar of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup and one to serovar brasiliensis of the Bataviae serogroup.Seven of the patients suffering from leptospirosis were males, all rural dwellers, and all except one under 20 years of age. Two of the three female patients were over 60 years old and were urban dwellers. It was not possible to identify the sources of infection with certainty, although dogs may have been responsible for three of the Icterohaemorrhagiae and one of the Canicola infections.Of the 192 patients who were not currently infected, serological evidence of previous infection was obtained in 31 (40%) males and 23 (21%) females and was most common among farmers and rural workers.     

Weil's disease, milker's fever and other leptospiroses, 1981-1987

In The Netherlands, human leptospirosis is mainly caused by the serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and copenhageni, both of which belong to the Icterohaemorrhagiae group and originate from rats, serovars hardjo from cattle and grippotyphosa from voles. In 1981-1987, 175 cases of leptospirosis were registered. In 17 of these cases the infection was acquired outside The Netherlands. Infections caused by serovars from the Icterohaemorrhagiae group were mainly observed in the province of Zuid-Holland, hardjo infections in the province of Friesland. The number of hardjo infections increased. Hardjo also causes problems in cattle. Infections caused by serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and copenhageni were mainly associated with exposure to inland surface waters in relation with recreational or professional activities or accidents. Hardjo infections were characteristically associated with dairy farming. The incidences of all types of leptospirosis were highest in late summer and early autumn.     

皖南山区1990~2000年钩端螺旋体病监测

目的　掌握皖南山区钩体病的流行规律和疫情发展趋势。方法　分析流行病学、血清学 (MAT)、病原学。结果　皖南山区是我省钩体病重疫区 ,病例数占近十年总数 92 .90 % ,且疫情稳定 ,季节明显 ,是典型的稻田型钩体病疫区。从宿主动物和传染源分离的钩端螺旋体分属 8群 9型 ,鼠肾PCR检测感染率为1 1 .67% (1 4 / 1 2 0 )。黄山区鼠血清学分属 3群 4型 ,并从黑线姬鼠肾中首次分获钩体棉兰型一株。牛血清检测感染率为 3661 .2 9%分属 8群 9型 ,其中赛罗群占 33 .31 4 2 .1 1 %。自然人群MAT总感染率为 2 1 .2 4 %分属 7群 7型 ,其中赛罗群占 42 .70 % ,黄疸出血群仅为 1 9.1 0 %。而 1 992年之前自然人群血清学分属 7群 ,其中黄疸出血群占 2 2 .75 % ,犬和七日热群各占 1 7.96 % ,病人血清检测结果 91 .80 %为黄疸出血群。结论　皖南山区钩体病菌型出现更迭 ,为制定防治对策提供科学依据     

四川省1993-2001年钩端螺旋体病传染源监测分析

目的 调查研究四川省1993-2001年钩端螺旋体（简称钩体）病传染源情况。为防治该病提供科学依据。方法 按全国钩体病监测方案全省选择10个监测点，进行钩体病主要传染源调查。结果 黑线姬鼠带菌率占第1位。主要携带黄疸出血群钩体，首次从牛尿中检出七日热群钩体。结论 鼠密度，鼠带菌率，带菌鼠密度分别与钩体发病率呈正相关。黑线姬鼠是四川省稻田型钩体主要传染源，耕牛作为七日热群钩体宿主和重要传染源应继续调查。     

滇西、南水和土中致病性钩端螺旋体分布调查

水体和土壤保存致病性钩端螺旋体（简称钩体）是钩体病地理流行病学观察研究的重要问题之一．１９８８～１９９２年笔者在滇西、滇南的５个县市进行了调查。采用过滤培养分离法，结果在雨季取样的孟连、华坪县得到的全是水生性钩体，干季取样的耿马、保山及盈江３个县市中的耿马县及保山市的水、土中共分离得致病性钩体８株，两地平均检出率为３．３１％（８／２４２），其中水２．１４％（３／１４０）、土４．９％（５／１０２）．分属６个血清群：黄疸出血、致热群各２株，犬、流感伤寒、赛罗及澳洲群各１株，与当地人和动物感染的菌群相一致，为阐述钩体病疫源地结构等提供了新资料。     

A study of leptospirosis among animals in Barbados W.I.

Microscopic agglutination tests performed during 1971 and 1972 on Barbadian livestock showed positive serological reactions for leptospirosis as follows: cattle 51%, pigs 13%, sheep 18%, horses 64% and goats 19%. The serogroup Autumnalis predominated in all but horses in which the reactions to the Pyrogenes group appeared slightly higher. After the isolation of a strain of Leptospira serotype fort-bragg (Barbadian strain No. 119) of the Autumnalis serogroup in 1973, and its subsequent inclusion in our test battery of leptospiral antigens, high percentages of cattle, dogs, mongooses and man showed sero-positive reactions against the strain. Attention is called to the wide dissemination of the fort-bragg serotype on the island and to the role of rodents and the mongoose in its spread. 74 clinically affected Barbadian cattle from three herds were studied during 1975-76; 60 (81%) were serologically positive and nine different serogroups were represented. Predominant sero-positive reactions to Hebdomadis, Autumnalis, Ballum and Pyrogenes antigens were recorded. The highest titres were against Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and Pomona. Hebdomadis and Pomona serogroup antibodies may be due to many importations of cattle with those infections into Barbados.     

Leptospiral infection among primitive tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Andaman islands were known to be endemic for leptospirosis during the early part of the century. Later, for about six decades no information about the status of the disease in these islands was available. In the late 1980s leptospirosis reappeared among the settler population and several outbreaks have been reported with high case fatality rates. Besides settlers, these islands are the home of six primitive tribes of which two are still hostile. These tribes have ample exposure to environment conducive for transmission of leptospirosis. Since no information about the level of endemicity of the disease among the tribes is available, a seroprevalence study was carried out among all the accessible tribes of the islands. A total of 1557 serum samples from four of the tribes were collected and examined for presence of antileptospiral antibodies using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) employing 10 serogroups as antigens. An overall seropositivity rate of 191% was observed with the highest rate of 53.5% among the Shompens. The seropositivity rates in the other tribes were 16.4% among Nicobarese, 222% among the Onges and 14.8% among the Great Andamanese. All of the tribes except the Onges showed a similar pattern of change in the seroprevalence rates with age. The prevalence rates were rising from low values among children to reach a peak in those aged 2140 years and then declined. Among Onges the seroprevalence rates continued to rise beyond 40 years. In all the tribes, seroprevalence rates were found to be significantly higher among the males. The commonest serogroups encountered were Australis followed by Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Canicola.     

云南省健康人群肺炎支原体抗体水平调查

云南省十七个州、市的2267名健康人血清肺炎支原体(Mp)抗体调查结果表明:Mp感染在云南全省广泛存在,各地均检出抗体。阳性率在2.52~45.74%之间,总阳性率为16.1%,其中以怒江州最高,保山专区最低。Mp抗体的GMT在1:8.74±1.48~1:24.68±2.82之间,总GMT为1:13.56±2.04,以楚雄州、曲靖专区最高,西双版纳州最低。不同地区、年龄、职业组间阳性率和GMT间均有显著性差异,而性别间差异不明显。Mp抗体多见于10~30岁的人群(17.19~22%)。散发的现症病例分布于30~50岁的人群中。军人和学生是Mp的主要侵袭对象(34.43%和26.97%)。     

Serological studies on leptospirosis in livestock and chickens from Grenada and Trinidad

Sera from 1,206 livestock animals and chickens on Grenada and Trinidad were tested for leptospiral antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test. 376 of the sera were positive (25% of those tested on Grenada and 44% on Trinidad). The positive sera were obtained from 25% of 324 cattle, 35% of 130 pigs, 35% of 146 sheep, 25% of 44 goats and 11% of 175 chickens on Grenada; and 92% of 26 cattle, 53% of 122 pigs, 76% of 87 horses and donkeys and 11% of 144 chickens on Trinidad. Eight sera from ducks and geese on Trinidad were tested and found to be negative. The serogroups most commonly found to react with the sera of the Grenadian animals were Autumnalis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis and the related serogroups Sejroe and Mini, and Pyrogenes; in the Trinidadian animals they were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and its related serogroups, and Panama. Strains of serogroup Pomona do not appear to have become established as livestock pathogens on the islands.