直接进样毛细管气相色谱法测定血液中乙醇含量的研究

目的:建立一种直接进样毛细管柱气相色谱测定血液中乙醇含量的方法。方法:用内标法定量,以5%偏磷酸沉淀蛋白,血样离心后,样品直接进入毛细管柱气相色谱测定乙醇的含量。计算全血中的乙醇含量线性范围,评价本方法的准确度、精密度。结果:在该色谱条件下能完全分离乙醇和叔丁醇;血中乙醇浓度线性方程为Y=0.032X-0.0667,r=0.9965,线性范围为20~160 mg/100 ml,最低检出限为5 mg/100 ml,回收率为91.7%~94.2%。结论:本法具有快速、准确、灵敏度高、操作简便等优点,可应用于血液中乙醇含量的检测。     

血液中对乙酰氨基酚复方制剂的气相色谱测定法

目的建立对乙酰氨基酚中毒患者血液中复方制剂成分定性、定量的气相色谱法。方法血液采用X-5富集柱萃取，以苯巴比妥为内标，9790型气相色谱仪、SE-54毛细管柱、氢火焰检测器测定。结果该方法选定条件下，检测药物的浓度线性范围：对乙酰氨基酚0．01-1．60mg／ml，咖啡因0．03-0．24mg／ml，扑尔敏0．005-0．08mg／ml；平均回收率（n=6），对乙酰氨基酚96．52％，RSD=0．86％；咖啡因92．48％，RSD=1．36％；扑尔敏100．52％，RSD=1．56％。结论该方法操作简便，灵敏度高，可快速、准确地为临床提供诊断依据。     

直接进样毛细管气相色谱测定空气中甲醛

目的：建立直接进样毛细管气相色谱测定空气中甲醛的方法。方法：以吸收液采集空气中甲醛，直接进样FFAP毛细管柱分离，气相色谱（FID）测定。结果：甲醛的浓度在0-1．0μg／ml时，线性关系良好，回归方程y=48290．0x＋37．5，（r=0．9993，n=6），检测限为0．043μg／ml；样品分析的精密度试验，相对标准偏差为2．6％-4．7％；样品分析的准确度试验，回收率为95．2％-104．3％。结论：本方法灵敏度高，适用于工作场所、公共场所及家庭居室空气中甲醛的浓度测定。     

气相色谱测定食品中富马酸二甲酯方法研究

目的建立食品中富马酸二甲酯（DNF）的毛细管气相色谱测定的方法。方法样品通过溶剂溶解、超声提取、离心、浓缩、定容后用毛细管气相色谱（FID）检测。结果方法的最低检出浓度为0．4g/ml,线性范围为10—200mg／ml;相关系数r=0．9999;相对标准偏差（RSD）为0．01％-1．64％;回收率为91．07％～94．7％。结论该方法操作简便快速,回收率高,精密度好,可应用于食品中DMF含量的检定。     

气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中三甲苯

目的：建立一种操作简便、快速、准确性好、灵敏度高的工作场所空气中三甲苯的气相色谱测定方法。方法：样品用活性碳管采集，解吸后用气相色谱法经聚乙二醇6000：6201红色担体=5：1色谱柱分离测定。以保留时间定性，峰高或峰面积定量。结果：线性范围在0-0．8755μg／ml内，相关系数r=0．9995，解吸效率为88．98％-91．40％，相对标准偏差（RSD）日内为1．54％，日间为2．38％，最低检出量为1．75ng，最低检出浓度为0．12mg／m^3。结论：该方法可简便、快速、准确地测定工作场所空气中三甲苯含量。     

血清中甲醇和乙醇的气相色谱法测定

目的建立血清中甲醇、乙醇快速测定的气相色谱方法。方法抽取静脉血10ml，取10ml静脉血，待血液凝固后离心分离血清，取1．0μl血清直接进样，采用玻璃填充柱分离样品中的甲醇和乙醇，外标法定量。结果血清中甲醇、乙醇最低检出浓度均为0．50μg/ml，线性范围分别为0．005～0．400和0．10～3．95mg/ml，回收率分别为98．0％～102．0％和98．0％～103．7％。相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为2．00％～6．37％和3．18％～5．83％。结论血清中甲醇、乙醇的气相色谱测定方法能将甲醇和乙醇很好分别测定，可应用于甲醇、乙醇中毒的临床诊断和治疗。     

毛细管色谱法检测大蒜及大蒜制品中功效成分的方法研究

目的：本文建立了一种用毛细管色谱检测大蒜素（二烯丙基三硫化物）的方法。方法：以HP-5毛细管柱及FID检测器进行色谱分析。结果：实验结果表明：大蒜素在0．15-2．0mg／ml范围内线性关系良好，其最低检测限0．1mg／ml，平均样品回收率90％～97％，其标准精密度的RSD为0．83％。结论：该方法简便快速，结果准确，重线性好。     

直接进样毛细管气相色谱测定空气中甲醛的研究

目的：建立直接进样毛细管气相色谱测定空气中甲醛的方法。方法：以吸收液采集空气中甲醛，直接进样FFAP毛细管柱分离，气相色谱(皿)测定。结果：甲醛的浓度在0—1．0μg/ml时，线性关系良好，回归方程，y=48290．0x 37．5，(r=0．9993，n=6)，检测限为0．043μg/ml；样品分析的精密度试验，相对标准偏差为2．6％-4．7％；样品分析的准确度试验，回收率为95．2％～104．3％。结论：本方法灵敏度高，适用于工作场所、公共场所及家庭居室空气中甲醛的浓度测定。     

毛细管气相色谱法快速测定粮食中多种有机磷农药残留

目的：建立同时检测粮食中多种有机磷农药残留的快速分析方法。方法：采用二氯甲烷提取，中性氧化铝和活性炭净化，毛细管气相色谱法分离，FID检测器对其进行测定。结果：该方法线性范围为0．05～5μg／ml，检出限为0．0187，0．0384mg／L，测定的回收率为74．8％-107．9％，相对标准偏差〈10％。结论：所建立的方法简便、快速、灵敏度高，并具有较好的精密度与准确度。     

气相色谱快速测定面粉中过氧化苯甲酰

[目的]建立用气相色谱快速测定面粉中过氧化苯甲酰的方法。[方法]面粉中过氧化苯甲酰在酸性条件下被还原为苯甲酸，经溶剂提取、浓缩，用DB-WAX型毛细管柱分离，用气相色谱带FID检测器检测。[结果]用苯甲酸作标准曲线，在0～50μg／ml范围内线性良好，回收率93．2％～95．4％，相对标准偏差1．3％～4．2％。[结论]本方法简便，试剂用量少，准确度、精密度高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.