膝关节骨关节炎患者等长、等速向心和等速离心测试的比较观察

目的 评价膝关节骨关节炎（OA）患者患侧及健侧膝伸肌和屈肌在等长、等速向心和等速离心收缩时的功能特性及相互间的关系。方法 应用Biodex System 3型等速测试系统对54例单侧膝OA患者进行患侧和健侧膝伸肌和屈肌的等长、等速向心及等速离心肌力测试。结果 膝OA患者患侧膝关节伸肌和屈肌在不同收缩模式下的肌力均较健侧显著下降（P＜0．05），特别是在低速向心和低速离心收缩状态时的降低幅度尤为显著；同时患者的膝关节屈／伸肌肌力（H／Q）比值和动态控制率均提示其患侧肢体存在肌力平衡异常。结论 在对膝OA患者肌肉功能进行评定时，应选用等速肌力测试并同时分析其H／Q比值及动态控制率，只有这样才能对患者的肌肉状况作出全面而客观的评定。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者股直肌和股二头肌的表面肌电信号特征

目的：观察脑卒中偏瘫患者在最大等长收缩（MIVC）时股直肌和股二头肌的表面肌电信号特征，为脑卒中患者的康复提供客观依据。方法：选择26例恢复期的脑卒中患者，在进行膝关节屈、伸肌群的MIVC时检测并记录股直肌和股二头肌的表面肌电信号，并计算积分肌电图（iEMG）和协同收缩率等。结果：在MIVC状态下，膝伸展时，健侧股直肌的iEMG大于患侧，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；健、患侧股二头肌的iEMG比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。膝屈曲时，健侧股二头肌的iEMG大于患侧，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），患侧股直肌的iEMG大于健侧，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。患侧膝屈曲的协同收缩率大于健侧，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），而患侧膝伸展的协同收缩率与健侧比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论：脑卒中偏瘫患者膝关节痉挛以伸肌群为主，对膝关节屈肌群和伸肌群收缩的协调性训练，尤其在膝关节屈曲运动时，增强主动肌收缩，抑制拮抗肌的协同收缩，应是脑卒中患者下肢康复的重要目标。     

膝骨关节炎患者股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌间的协调性

目的应用表面肌电图和等速肌力测定方法比较膝骨关节炎患者与正常人股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌间的协调性改变。方法34例膝骨关节炎患者和34名膝关节健康者在膝关节屈曲10°、60°、100°等长伸膝和等速60°/s、180°/s伸膝运动测试模式下,进行股内侧肌(VM)、股直肌(RF)和股外侧肌(VL)的表面肌电图和股四头肌肌力的评测,包括肌肉激活启动顺序和VM/VL神经肌电比值。结果与正常人对比,膝骨关节炎患者在等速180°/s伸膝运动时VM相对于VL启动延迟（P＜0.05）;在膝屈10°等长伸膝运动时,VM/VL神经肌电比值降低（P＜0.05）。结论膝骨关节炎患者患侧股四头肌的协调性减退。     

半月板损伤患者膝周肌肉的表面肌电图分析

目的探讨半月板损伤对膝周肌肉功能的影响。方法 2017年2月至2018年2月,单侧半月板损伤患者22例,记录下蹲、站起和屈膝70°最大等长收缩时,健、患侧股外侧肌、股直肌、股内侧肌和股二头肌的表面肌电图。结果下蹲和站起时,患侧股外侧肌和股二头肌的平均肌电值显著低于健侧(t 3.945, Z 3.847, P 0.001),腘绳肌共同活动比率明显高于健侧(t 3.650, P 0.01)。在70°最大等长收缩时,患侧股外侧肌、股直肌、股内侧肌和股二头肌平均肌电值均明显小于健侧(t 2.907, Z=4.107, P 0.01)。结论 sEMG能定量评价半月板损伤患者不同运动状态下膝屈伸肌功能。半月板损伤患者患肢膝周肌肉功能下降,协调性异常,应在康复治疗过程中加以纠正。     

髌股关节炎患者膝周肌群表面肌电信号特征研究

目的:观察髌股关节炎患者膝周肌群肌肉功能和协调活动差异,及其与膝关节疼痛的关系.方法:选择20例髌股关节炎患者,记录屈膝90°最大等长收缩(MVIC)、下蹲和站起时,双侧股外侧肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌和半腱肌的表面肌电图.计算均方根值(RMS)和协同收缩率(CCR),并观察CCR与疼痛的关系.将单膝患病患者健侧及双膝患病...     

膝关节骨性关节炎等速离心收缩肌力的研究

目的评价单侧膝关节骨性关节炎(OA)患者患侧和健侧膝关节股四头肌和腘绳肌的向心收缩和离心收缩肌力的变化,重点研究膝OA股四头肌和腘绳肌离心收缩功能的变化。方法应用BiodexSystem-3型等速测试系统对42例单侧膝关节骨性关节炎患者进行患侧和健侧的股四头肌及腘绳肌的向心和离心收缩功能测试。结果患侧和健侧股四头肌及健侧腘绳肌向心收缩时,当速度增加,峰力矩值显著减小;离心收缩时,随着角速度增加峰力矩未见下降;相同速度下,患侧和健侧股四头肌和腘绳肌离心收缩肌力明显大于向心收缩;膝OA患者存在股四头肌向心收缩和离心收缩肌力的下降(P<0.05),肌力缺失百分比>10%,以及腘绳肌低速向心肌力下降(P<0.05),肌力缺失百分比为14.33%。膝OA股四头肌的离心/向心肌力比值(E/C比值)低于腘绳肌,随运动速度增加,股四头肌的E/C比值明显增大。患侧股四头肌60°/s角速度下的E/C比值较健侧有显著增高(P<0.05)。结论膝OA患者股四头肌存在向心和离心收缩功能异常,提示膝OA患者的肌肉功能测试应增加离心测试,并注意加强膝OA患者股四头肌的离心收缩训练。     

膝关节骨关节炎的屈伸膝肌存在脊髓水平的选择性抑制

目的 了解膝关节骨关节炎屈伸膝肌抑制的特性。方法 对36例单侧膝骨关节炎患者进行股神经和坐骨神经的最大电刺激、定量的髌腱反射和股二头股健反射诱发曜闰的肌电图检查,比较健患侧的差异。结果 36例单侧膝骨关节炎健患侧的股神经最大电刺激的诱发电位峰－峰值和潜伏期无显著差别,但患侧的髌腱反射诱发电位峰－峰值要显著低于健侧（P＜0.001）。健患侧坐骨神经最大电刺激的诱发电位的潜伏期、峰－峰值和股二头肌腱反射诱发电位峰－峰值判别没有显著性意义（P＞0.05）。结论 从脊髓水平的反射角度看,膝骨关节炎的伸膝肌存在抑制而屈膝肌无明显抑制,膝骨关节炎对屈伸膝肌运动神经元的抑制有选择性。     

膝骨关节炎患者与正常人股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌收缩特征的对照研究

目的 应用表面肌电图和等速肌力评测方法比较膝骨关节炎患者与正常人股内侧肌、股直肌、股外侧肌肌肉收缩特征,包括收缩速度、收缩力量和抗疲劳性.方法 34例膝骨关节炎患者参与观察组;34名健康人参与对照组.两组的年龄、身高、体重、性别、左右侧、Q角相匹配.所有受试者均在膝关节屈曲10°、60°、100°等长伸膝和等速60°/s、180°/s伸膝运动测试模式下,进行股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌的表面肌电图和股四头肌肌力的评测.采用独立样本 t检验对两组评定指标包括募集速率、平均振幅、峰力矩/体重比、疲劳指数分别进行对比分析.结果 ①观察组股内侧肌在膝屈60°等长伸膝测试和等速60°/s、180°/s伸膝测试中募集速率较对照组减小;股直肌在膝屈60°等长伸膝测试和等速60°/s伸膝测试中募集速率较对照组减小;股外侧肌在等长膝屈10°和100°伸膝测试和等速60°/s伸膝测试中募集速率较对照组减小( P＜0.05).②观察组股内侧肌、股直肌在等速60°/s、180°/s伸膝测试中平均振幅较对照组增大;观察组股直肌、股外侧肌在等长膝屈10°伸膝测试中平均振幅较对照组增大( P＜0.05).③观察组股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌在膝屈10°、60°、100°等长伸膝和等速60°/s、180°/s伸膝运动测试模式中峰力矩/体重比均小于对照组( P＜0.05).④观察组在等速180°/s伸膝测试中股四头肌耐疲劳能力较对照组增强( P＜0.05).结论 膝骨关节炎患者患侧股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌的收缩速度减慢、收缩力量减小、抗疲劳性增加.     

膝部损伤后膝关节功能障碍患者股四头肌的表面肌电信号研究

目的 探讨膝部损伤后膝关节功能障碍对股四头肌功能的影响.方法 对23例单侧膝部损伤后膝关节功能障碍患者,膝屈曲30°,记录最大伸展等长收缩(MIVC)时的力矩,股外侧肌、股内侧肌和股直肌的表面肌电信号.结果 在患侧膝屈曲30°膝最大伸展MIVC时的力矩,股外侧肌、股内侧肌和股直肌的平均肌电值(AEMG)、平均功率频率(MPF)、中位频率(MF)均低于健侧(P＜0.01);健侧股外侧肌的AEMG、MPF大于股内侧肌、股直肌(P＜0.01或P＜0.05), 股直肌大于股内侧肌(P＜0.05);患侧股直肌的AEMG、MPF大于股外侧肌、股内侧肌(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);股外侧肌大于股内侧肌(P＜0.05).结论 sEMG能够定量评价膝部损伤后膝关节功能障碍患者的肌肉功能.膝关节功能障碍患者患肢肌力及股四头肌受累肌肉活动水平显著降低,股直肌可能受影响程度较轻.     

膝骨关节炎患者膝关节置换后下肢肌的表面肌电图变化

背景：膝骨关节炎患者膝关节置换后下肢肌功能恢复一直存在着争议。目的：评价膝骨关节炎患者膝关节置换手术后下肢肌肉功能。方法：应用TELEMYO2400RG2表面肌电图遥测仪对25例双膝骨关节炎单膝关节置换后患者在平常自然步态下进行双下肢股直肌、胫前肌、股二头肌和腓肠肌内侧的表面肌电信号测试。在肌电图测试前,对患者双膝关节功能进行美国特种外科医院膝关节评分。结果与结论：患者置换后美国特种外科医院膝关节评置换侧平均分91．44,其优良率达100％;未置换侧平均分54．52。置换侧在疼痛、关节功能方面有明显改善;膝关节置换后置换侧股直肌、胫前肌、股二头肌的肌电振幅、肌电积分、平均频率、中位频率的（平均值、最小值、最大值）与未置换侧相比差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）;置换侧腓肠肌内侧肌电振幅值及肌电积分值显著大于未置换侧（P〈0．05）;置换侧腓肠肌内侧平均频率、中位频率与未置换侧相比差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。提示膝关节置换后置换侧的下肢肌没有恢复到正常的功能活动水平,因此膝关节置换后康复要特别重视患者的肌肉锻炼。     

膝关节骨关节炎患者屈伸膝肌群的等速肌力评价

目的：评价单侧膝关节骨关节炎患者屈伸肌群的肌肉功能。方法：用Ｃｙｂｅｘ－６０００型等速肌力测试系统对３０例单侧膝关节骨关节炎患者的肌肉功能进行测试。结果：患膝股四头肌和月国绳肌的峰力矩、作功量、平均功率和爆发力均较健侧显著降低，但两侧月国绳肌股四头肌峰力矩比值（Ｈ／Ｑ）未见差异。结论：废用性肌肉萎缩、关节不稳和关节源性肌肉抑制是导致肌肉功能降低的主要原因     

Altered hamstring-quadriceps muscle balance in patients with knee osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND: To compare hamstring to quadriceps muscle coactivity during level walking, stair ascent, and stair decent between individuals with and without knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, subjects with grade II knee osteoarthritis (n = 26), healthy age- and gender-matched (n = 20) and healthy, young adults (n = 20) performed three activities of daily living. During the stance phase of these activities surface electromyography was measured. Two coactivity ratios were computed, the biceps femoris to vastus lateralis ratio and the ratio of the biceps femoris EMG activity relative to the EMG activity measured during contraction- and velocity-specific maximal voluntary biceps femoris contraction, i.e., biceps femoris to maximal biceps femoris activity. FINDINGS: Subjects with knee osteoarthritis had significantly higher coactivity than age-matched healthy adults and young adults and healthy adults had more coactivity than young adults regardless the type of coactivity ratio. The biceps femoris to vastus lateralis ratio yielded 25% higher coactivity value than the biceps femoris to maximal biceps femoris ratio (P < 0.0001). The EMG activity of the vastus lateralis relative to maximal vastus lateralis EMG activity was 92% in subjects with knee osteoarthritis, 57% in age-matched controls, and 47% in young adults (P < 0.0001). INTERPRETATION: Patients with knee osteoarthritis revealed increased hamstring muscle activation while executing activities of daily living. Altered muscle activation at the knee may interfere with normal load distribution in the knee and facilitate disease progression. Therapeutic interventions should focus not only on quadriceps strengthening but also on improving muscle balance at the knee.     

Neuromuscular and architectural alterations of the vastus lateralis muscle in elderly patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis]

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms involved in muscle weakness in elderly patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis. SUBJECTS: We investigated 7 patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis. METHOD: We measured knee position sense and isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensors. Electromyographic (EMG) measurement of biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) involved different levels of contraction (25, 50, 75 and 100% MVC). Neuromuscular efficiency of quadriceps was also calculated (MVC/EMG). Ultrasonography was used to investigate the VL architectural parameters at the median part of the VL for different levels of contraction (25, 50, and 75% MVC). All tests were performed on the osteoarthritic and healthy knees. RESULTS: The quadriceps MVC of the affected knee was reduced by 30%. The VL thickness of the affected knee was 10% smaller than that of the unaffected knee. VL activity seen on EMG did not differ between knees, but RF, VM and BF activity was greater in the unaffected than affected knee. Neuromuscular efficiency was higher (26%) in the unaffected knee. Knee position sense was reduced by 33% in the affected knee. CONCLUSION: Quadriceps weakness associated with knee osteoarthritis seems to be related to changes in muscle rather than pennation angle and changes in fascicule length.     

Comparison of vastus medialis obliquus: vastus lateralis muscle integrated electromyographic ratios between healthy subjects and patients with patellofemoral pain

The purpose of this study was to compare vastus medialis obliquus:vastus lateralis muscle (VMO:VL) integrated electromyographic (IEMG) ratios of healthy subjects and patients with unilateral patellofemoral pain (PFP) under isotonic and isometric quadriceps femoris muscle contraction conditions. Subjects ranging in age from 18 to 35 years (mean = 28.06, SD = 5.97) were assigned to one of three groups on the basis of type of knee condition. In group 1, which consisted of seven healthy control subjects with no history of knee pathology, both knees were tested. In group 2, which consisted of nine patients with unilateral PFP, only the painful knee was tested. In group 3, which consisted of the same nine patients who comprised group 2, only the nonpainful knee was tested. Nonnormalized and normalized VMO:VL IEMG ratios were computed for ascending stairs, descending stairs, submaximal isometric contraction, and maximal isometric contraction (nonnormalized only). A two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures indicated VMO:VL ratios for isotonic stair-climbing activities were significantly greater than VMO:VL ratios for isometric contractions. Nonnormalized VMO:VL ratios in group 1 were significantly greater than nonnormalized VMO:VL ratios in the other two groups. Patients with PFP may have abnormal VMO:VL activation patterns, and isotonic quadriceps femoris muscle exercise may elicit more favorable muscle activation patterns than isometric exercise for patients with PFP.     

脑卒中患者不同强度随意运动时的sEMG反应特点

目的：观察不同强度静态及动态运动负荷对脑卒中患者四肢肌肉sEMG信号变化的影响,研究脑卒中患者四肢肌肉活动的表面肌电信号特征与其神经运动控制的关系。方法：24例脑卒中患者参加本项研究,采用患、健侧自身对照实验方法设计,采用上肢屈肘和下肢伸膝静态运动,以及肘关节和膝关节动态屈伸运动负荷试验,采集主动肌和拮抗肌的表面肌电信号,分析信号振幅和拮抗比值等sEMG信号活动特征。结果：最大用力收缩时,上、下肢患侧主动肌AEMG小于健侧,而拮抗比大于健侧;小强度静态运动负荷过程中,患侧上肢主动肌的AEMG略高于患侧,拮抗比明显大于健侧。患侧下肢股外侧肌（VL）、股直肌（RF）和股内侧肌（VM）的平均AEMG、?T标准化值大于健侧,拮抗比小于健侧;小强度动态运动负荷过程中,上肢患侧主动肌AEMG明显高于健侧。下肢患侧VL、RF和VM的AEMG均值具有增大趋势,但无明显差异。而患侧拮抗比明显小于健侧。结论：脑卒中患者由于高位神经元和运动控制功能受损,导致其患侧在最大随意收缩时运动单位募集能力下降,而在轻负荷运动时运动单位募集过度。     

同期双侧全膝关节置换与选择性单侧全膝关节置换后的早期功能恢复

背景：同期双侧全膝关节置换与选择性单侧全膝关节置换后的早期功能恢复一直存在着争议。目的：评价双膝骨关节炎患者同期双侧全膝关节置换与选择性单侧全膝关节置换后功能恢复情况的差异。方法：根据置换方案将初次行全膝关节置换的双膝骨关节炎患者86例（116膝）分为两组,双膝组（n=29,58膝）行同期双侧全膝关节置换,单膝组（n=57,57膝）行单侧全膝关节置换。分别对两组患者置换前后的关节活动度、屈曲挛缩度、肌力、疼痛评分、双下肢不等长及HSS评分进行比较分析,并记录并发症的发生率。结果与结论：置换后1年随访,两组患者置换后关节活动度和肌力差异无显著性意义（P=0.171,0.418）;置换后屈曲挛缩度、疼痛评分及双下肢不等长双膝组均显著低于单膝组（P=0.006,0.0013,0.026）;同时双膝组置换后HSS评分优于单膝组（P=0.003）。提示同期双侧全膝关节置换患者在屈曲挛缩度、疼痛症状评分、双下肢不等长及HSS评分方面优于单侧全膝关节置换,而两种方案在置换后关节活动度和下肢肌力方面无明显差异。     

Improvement of voluntary quadriceps muscle activation after total knee arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force and the voluntary activation of the quadriceps femoris muscle in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). DESIGN: A prospective intervention study. SETTING: University hospital clinic in Germany. PATIENTS: Fifty patients (32 women, 18 men; mean age +/- standard deviation, 65.8+/-5.6 y) with knee OA and 23 healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects. INTERVENTION: Unilateral TKA without patella resurfacing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Voluntary activation, MVC, and true maximal contraction forces of the bilateral quadriceps femoris muscles, using the twitch interpolation technique before and 33+/-8 months after TKA. Assessment of postoperative knee pain by the Lewis score. RESULTS: Voluntary activation increased bilaterally after surgery (P<.01 operated side, P=.02 nonoperated side) but remained lower than the voluntary activation of the controls. MVC (P<.001) and true maximal contraction forces (P=.01) increased significantly on the operated side. MVC remained unchanged (P=.45), and true maximal contraction forces decreased significantly (P=.04) on the nonoperated side. CONCLUSION: Patients with knee OA have significant bilateral voluntary activation deficits that are, at least in part, reversible within 3 years after TKA. Rehabilitation programs immediately after TKA should focus on reduction of voluntary activation deficits. After voluntary activation improves, physical therapy should target the augmentation of quadriceps femoris muscle strength.     

Lower muscle endurance in patients with alcoholic liver disease

Patients with alcoholic liver disease often complain of restricted physical capacity, which could be due to decreased muscle endurance. The aim of this study was to assess the muscular endurance in patients with alcoholic liver disease. In a cross sectional study, 24 patients with alcoholic liver disease and 22 controls were evaluated using isometric dynamometry. Endurance was determined during contractions for 3 min elicited by intermittent external electrical stimuli to the femoral quadriceps muscle. Second, endurance was evaluated during voluntary contractions by performance of a maximal isometric knee extension maintained for 1.5 min. Although no difference between patients and controls was found for voluntary contractions, the patients did have lower involuntary muscular endurance. Muscular endurance was not related to lean body mass. Maximal voluntary isometric muscle strength and total work of knee extensors were almost halved in the patients and lower also after correction for differences in lean body mass. In addition to low-muscle strength, patients with alcoholic liver disease have lower involuntary isometric muscular endurance unrelated to lean body mass.     

同期双侧全膝关节置换与选择性单侧全膝关节置换后的早期功能恢复

背景:同期双侧全膝关节置换与选择性单侧全膝关节置换后的早期功能恢复一直存在着争议。目的:评价双膝骨关节炎患者同期双侧全膝关节置换与选择性单侧全膝关节置换后功能恢复情况的差异。方法:根据置换方案将初次行全膝关节置换的双膝骨关节炎患者86例(116膝)分为两组,双膝组(n=29,58膝)行同期双侧全膝关节置换,单膝组(n=57,57膝)行单侧全膝关节置换。分别对两组患者置换前后的关节活动度、屈曲挛缩度、肌力、疼痛评分、双下肢不等长及HSS评分进行比较分析,并记录并发症的发生率。结果与结论:置换后1年随访,两组患者置换后关节活动度和肌力差异无显著性意义(P=0.171,0.418);置换后屈曲挛缩度、疼痛评分及双下肢不等长双膝组均显著低于单膝组(P=0.006,0.0013,0.026);同时双膝组置换后HSS评分优于单膝组(P=0.003)。提示同期双侧全膝关节置换患者在屈曲挛缩度、疼痛症状评分、双下肢不等长及HSS评分方面优于单侧全膝关节置换,而两种方案在置换后关节活动度和下肢肌力方面无明显差异。     

膝骨性关节炎双侧同期全膝关节置换和单侧膝关节置换的比较

背景：双膝重度骨性关节炎患者,选择双膝同期全膝关节置换或选择单侧全膝关节置换在安全性和临床疗效方面存在争议。目的：比较双膝重度骨性关节炎患者,双膝同期关节置换和单膝关节置换的安全性及临床疗效。方法：将拟行全膝关节置换的双膝重度骨关节炎患者60例（90膝）分为2组：单膝组（30例,30膝）行单侧全膝关节置换,双膝组（30例,60膝）行双膝同期全膝关节置换。结果与结论：2组患者在感染、肺栓塞、死亡率等并发症发生率方面差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）,而双膝组患者心血管并发症的发生率、置换后失血量及输血量均高于单膝组（P〈0.05）。置换后1年随访时,2组患者的膝关节活动度、股四头肌肌力、美国特种外科医院膝关节评分比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。但双膝组患者目测类比评分显著低于单膝组（P 〈0.05）,提示双侧同期全膝关节置换患者心血管并发症方面的风险略高,对存在心血管系统疾病合并症的患者,应尽量避免行双侧同期全膝关节置换。