Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Scoring of CT perfusion in early stroke visualization and assessment

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Qualitative CT perfusion (CTP) assessment by using the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) allows rapid calculation of infarct extent for middle cerebral artery infarcts. Published thresholds exist for noncontrast CT (NCCT) ASPECTS, which may distinguish outcome/complication risk, but early ischemic signs are difficult to detect. We hypothesized that different ASPECTS thresholds exist for CTP parameters versus NCCT and that these may be superior at predicting clinical and radiologic outcome in the acute setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six baseline acute stroke NCCT and CTP studies within 3 hours of symptoms were blindly reviewed by 3 neuroradiologists, and ASPECTS were assigned. Treatment response was defined as major neurologic improvement when a > or =8-point National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale improvement at 24 hours occurred. Follow-up NCCT ASPECTS and 90-day modified Rankin score (mRS) were radiologic and clinical reference standards. Receiver operating characteristic curves derived optimal thresholds for outcome. RESULTS: Cerebral blood volume and NCCT ASPECTS had similar radiologic correlations (0.6 and 0.5, respectively) and best predicted infarct size in the absence of major neurologic improvement. A NCCT ASPECT threshold of 7 and a cerebral blood volume threshold of 8 discriminated patients with poor follow-up scans (P < .0002 and P = .0001) and mRS < or =2 (P = .001 and P < .001). Only cerebral blood volume predicted major neurologic improvement (P = .02). Interobserver agreement was substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.69). Cerebral blood volume ASPECTS sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for clinical outcome were 60%, 100%, 100%, and 45%, respectively. No patients with cerebral blood volume ASPECTS <8 achieved good clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Cerebral blood volume ASPECTS is equivalent to NCCT for predicting radiologic outcome but may have an additional benefit in predicting patients with major neurologic improvement.     

Accuracy of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score during the first 3 hours of middle cerebral artery stroke: comparison of noncontrast CT, CT angiography source images, and CT perfusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) is a reliable method of delineating the extent of middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. Our aim was to retrospectively compare the accuracy of ASPECTS on noncontrast CT, CT angiography (CTA) source images, and CT perfusion maps of cerebral blood volume (CBV) during the first 3 hours of middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke.MATERIALS AND METHODS: First-time patients with MCA stroke who presented <3 hours from symptom onset and were evaluated by noncontrast CT/CTA/CT perfusion, had confirmed acute nonlacunar MCA infarct on diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) within 7 days, and had follow-up angiography were included. Patients were excluded for persistent MCA occlusion or stenosis. Two raters through consensus assigned an ASPECTS on the noncontrast CT, CTA source images, and the section-selective (2 × 12 mm coverage) CT perfusion CBV maps. ASPECTS on follow-up DWI served as the reference standard. For each CT technique, the detection rates of regional infarction, the mean ASPECTS, and the linear correlation to final ASPECTS were determined and compared. P values <.05 were considered significant.RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients satisfied the criteria with DWI performed at a mean of 50.3 hours (range, 22–125 hours) post-CT imaging. Of 280 ASPECTS regions, 100 were infarcted on DWI. The accuracy of noncontrast CT, CTA source images, and CT perfusion CBV for detecting regional infarct was 80.0%, 84.3%, and 96.8%, respectively (P < .0001). The mean ASPECTSs of noncontrast CT, CTA source images, CT perfusion CBV, and DWI were 8.4 ± 1.8, 8.0 ± 1.8, 6.8 ± 1.9, and 6.5 ± 1.8, respectively. The mean noncontrast CT and CTA source image ASPECTS was different from that of DWI (P < .05). Correlation of noncontrast CT, CTA source images, and CT perfusion CBV ASPECTS with final ASPECTS was r² = 0.34, r² = 0.42, and r² = 0.91, respectively.CONCLUSION: In a retrospective cohort of MCA infarcts imaged <3 hours from stroke onset, ASPECTS was most accurately determined on CT perfusion CBV maps.

The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) is a semiquantitative method of defining infarct extent in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory that is more reliable than the “1/3 MCA” rule^1,2 and is highly predictive of outcome.^3-6 ASPECTS was designed for conventional noncontrast CT, the ubiquitously performed imaging technique for triaging acute stroke. However, several recent studies have reported application of ASPECTS to CT angiography (CTA) source images^7-9 and CT perfusion parametric color maps,^10-12 with data to suggest that the acute ASPECTS is more accurately determined on these advanced CT techniques. Our aim was to retrospectively compare the accuracy and strength of the correlation of the acute ASPECTSs obtained on noncontrast CT, CTA source images, and CT perfusion mapping of cerebral blood volume (CBV) for nonlacunar MCA territory strokes imaged during the initial 3 hours of symptom onset. We hypothesized that with arterial recanalization, the CT perfusion CBV map is the best predictor of the final ASPECTS.     

容积穿梭80 mm CT脑灌注成像及动态四维CT血管成像诊断颈内动脉系统血管狭窄和闭塞

目的 探讨利用容积穿梭扫描模式(volume shuttle)的80 mm CTP)及80 mm动态4D-CTA诊断大脑Willis环血管狭窄或闭塞.方法 55例大脑中动脉(MCA)或颈内动脉(ICA)重度狭窄或闭塞患者,行CT平扫、脑CTP和头颈部CTA检查,CTP检查获得脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP)等参数,同时获得80 mm(0.625 mm×128)扫描覆盖范围内动态4D-CTA.采用K Independent Samples分析ICA或MCA狭窄或闭塞者脑血流灌注参数CBF、CBV、MTT、TTP.结果 40例单侧MCA或ICA重度狭窄或闭塞患者中4例脑血流灌注未见显著异常改变,36例患者TTP和MTT均发现与临床症状相对应的灌注延迟区,病变侧MTT(7.18±1.34)s、TTP(19.65±1.81)s与健侧MTT(5.22±1.14)s、TTP(17.62±1.65)s比较,差异有统计学意义(X~2值分别为30.833、25.817,P值均<0.017);CBV、CBF未见明显异常.15例双侧MCA或ICA重度狭窄或闭塞患者,5例责任病灶侧与非责任病灶侧比较,脑血流灌注未见明显差异.10例责任病灶侧与非责任病灶侧比较,可见明显的脑血流灌注异常区,TTP和MTT较非责任病灶侧延迟,责任病灶侧 CBF(42.85±6.09)ml·100 g~(-1)·min~(-1)、CBV(2.63±0.42)ml·100 g~(-1)、MTT(11.27±1.43)s、TTP(21.07±1.44)s和对照组CBF(71.20±6.30)ml·100 g~(-1)·min~(-1)、CBV(2.29 ±0.15)ml·100 g~(-1)、MTT(3.38±0.61)s、TTP(17.64±1.70)s比较,差异具有统计学意义(X~2值分别为17.314、5.913、17.334、13.834,P值均<0.017).应用容积穿梭扫描模式获得80 mm动态Willis环4D-CTA图像,27例单侧MCA重度狭窄或闭塞患者中右侧MCA狭窄患者13例,左侧MCA狭窄患者9例;单侧MCA闭塞患者5例,其中右侧1例,左侧4例.9例双侧MCA重度狭窄或闭塞患者4D-CTA图像显示双侧MCA狭窄.4D-CTA图像与常规CTA、DSA显示Willis环血管狭窄或闭塞结果一致.结论 64层CT容积穿梭扫描模式可同时获得80 mm脑血流灌注和80 mm动态Willis环4D-CTA,对MCA或ICA狭窄或闭塞不仅能确定脑灌注异常范围,而且能够进行病因诊断,指导临床医师选择治疗方案及评价疗效,有广泛的临床应用前景.     

CT Angiography ASPECTS Predicts Outcome Much Better Than Noncontrast CT in Patients with Stroke Treated Endovascularly

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Noncontrast CT ASPECTS has been investigated as a predictor of outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Our purpose was to investigate whether CTA source images are a better predictor of clinical and radiologic outcomes than NCCT ASPECTS in candidates for endovascular stroke therapy.MATERIALS AND METHODS:CT scans of patients (n = 124) were independently evaluated by 2 readers for baseline NCCT and CTA source image ASPECTS and for follow-up ASPECTS. An mRS of ≤2 at 3 months was considered a favorable outcome. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the ability of NCCT and CTA source image ASPECTS to identify patients with favorable outcomes. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to find independent predictors of outcome.RESULTS:Baseline CTA source image ASPECTS correlated better than NCCT ASPECTS with follow-up ASPECTS (r = 0.76 versus r = 0.51; P for comparison of the 2 coefficients < .001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that baseline CTA source image ASPECTS compared with NCCT ASPECTS can better identify patients with favorable outcome (CTA source image area under the curve = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76–0.91; NCCT area under the curve = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.58–0.77; P < .001). Finally, the stepwise regression analysis showed that lower age, good recanalization, lower time to recanalization, and good baseline CTA source image ASPECTS, not NCCT ASPECTS, were independent predictors of favorable outcome.CONCLUSIONS:CTA source image ASPECTS predicts outcome better than NCCT ASPECTS; this finding suggests CTA rather than NCCT as a main step in the decision-making process for patients with acute ischemic stroke.

The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score merges the ability of quantifying and describing the topography of brain tissue damage produced by acute ischemic stroke in a semiquantitative way.¹ ASPECTS on noncontrast CT is widely used for the assessment of early ischemic changes, and its prognostic value has already been established,² though with poor NCCT sensitivity.³ Recent randomized controlled trials on endovascular stroke therapy (ET) have been based on strict inclusion criteria, leading to treatment of only those patients with high CT ASPECTS indicating smaller infarct burden.^4–6Many attempts have been made to understand which patients are likely to undergo futile reperfusion.⁷ For instance, it has been recently demonstrated that patients with poor collaterals and longer time to reperfusion do not achieve good outcomes after ET.⁸ Thus, a careful patient selection for ET should be desirable and should be based on a multimodal neuroimaging approach in addition to onset time and stroke severity. Although not as commonly available as NCCT in the acute ischemic stroke setting, CT angiography is useful for confirmation of vessel occlusion in candidates for ET, and hypodensity on CTA source images (CTA-SI) has been shown to reliably correlate with ischemic lesion volume on diffusion-weighted imaging⁹ and final infarct size.¹⁰ The superiority of CTA-SI on NCCT in the detection of infarcted areas has been demonstrated for readers of all levels of experience.¹¹ Few data exist on the value of CTA-SI ASPECTS in patients undergoing ET for acute ischemic stroke,^12,13 and this lack of data may explain why only ASPECTS NCCT is currently considered in the guidelines for eligibility for ET. Our purpose was to investigate whether CTA-SI ASPECTS correlate better than NCCT ASPECTS with clinical and radiologic outcome measures in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing ET.     

The clot burden score, the Boston Acute Stroke Imaging Scale, the cerebral blood volume ASPECTS, and two novel imaging parameters in the prediction of clinical outcome of ischemic stroke patients receiving intravenous thrombolytic therapy

Introduction

Recently two classification methods based on the location and the extent of thrombosis detected with CT angiography have been introduced: the Boston Acute Stroke Imaging Scale (BASIS) and the clot burden score (CBS). We studied the performance of BASIS and CBS in predicting good clinical outcome (mRS ≤2 at 90?days) in an acute (<3?h) stroke cohort treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy.

Methods

Eighty-three consecutive patients who underwent multimodal CT were analyzed. Binary logistic regression model was used to assess how BASIS, CBS, and cerebral blood volume (CBV) ASPECTS predict favorable clinical outcome. Diagnostic sensitivities and specificities were calculated and compared.

Results

Patients with low CBS and CBV ASPECTS scores and major strokes according to BASIS had significantly higher admission NIHSS scores, larger perfusion defects, and more often poor clinical outcome. In logistic regression analysis, CBV ASPECTS, CBS and BASIS were significantly associated with the clinical outcome. The performance of BASIS improved when patients with thrombosis of the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery were classified as having minor stroke (M1-BASIS). In the anterior circulation, the sum of CBS and CBV ASPECTS (CBSV) proved to be the most robust predictor of favorable outcome. CBV ASPECTS and CBS had high sensitivity but moderate to poor specificity while BASIS was only moderately sensitive and specific.

Conclusion

CBS, BASIS, and CBV ASPECTS are statistically robust and sensitive but unspecific predictors of good clinical outcome. Two new derived imaging parameters, CBSV and M1-BASIS, share these properties and may have increased prognostic value.     

First-pass quantitative CT perfusion identifies thresholds for salvageable penumbra in acute stroke patients treated with intra-arterial therapy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether, in acute stroke patients treated with intra-arterial (IA) recanalization therapy, CT perfusion (CTP) can distinguish ischemic brain tissue destined to infarct from that which will survive. METHODS: Dynamic CTP was obtained in 14 patients within 8 hours of stroke onset, before IA therapy. Initial quantitative cerebral blood volume (CBV) and flow (CBF) values were visually segmented and normalized in the "infarct core" (region 1: reduced CBV and CBF, infarction on follow-up), "penumbra that infarcts" (region 2: normal CBV, reduced CBF, infarction on follow-up), and "penumbra that recovers" (region 3: normal CBV, reduced CBF, normal on follow-up). Normalization was accomplished by dividing the ischemic region of interest value by that of a corresponding, contralateral, uninvolved region, which resulted in CBV and CBF "ratios." Separate CBV and CBF values were obtained in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM). RESULTS: Mean CBF ratios for regions 1, 2, and 3 were 0.19 +/- 0.06, 0.34 +/- 0.06, and 0.46 +/- 0.09, respectively (all P < .001). Mean CBV ratios for regions 1, 2, and 3 were similarly distinct (all P < .05). Absolute CBV and CBF values for regions 2 and 3 were not significantly different. All regions with CBF ratio <0.32, CBV ratio <0.68, CBF <12.7 mL/100 g/min, or CBV <2.2 mL/100 g infarcted. No region with CBF ratio >0.44 infarcted. GM versus WM CBF and CBV values were significantly different for region 2 compared with region 3 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In acute stroke patients, quantitative CTP can distinguish ischemic tissue likely to infarct from that likely to survive.     

Hyperacute stroke patients and catheter thrombolysis therapy: correlation between computed tomography perfusion maps and final infarction

PURPOSE: We investigated the correlation between abnormal perfusion areas by computed tomography perfusion (CTP) study of hyperacute stroke patients and the final infarction areas after intraarterial catheter thrombolysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CTP study using the box-modulation transfer function (box-MTF) method based on the deconvolution analysis method was performed in 22 hyperacute stroke patients. Ischemic lesions were immediately treated with catheter thrombolysis after CTP study. Among them, nine patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion were investigated regarding correlations of the size of the prolonged mean transit time (MTT) area, the decreased cerebral blood volume (CBV) area, and the final infarction area. RESULTS: Using the box-MTF method, the prolonged MTT area was almost identical to the final infarction area in the case of catheter thrombolysis failure. The decreased CBV areas resulted in infarction or hemorrhage, irrespective of the outcome of recanalization after catheter thrombolysis. CONCLUSION: The prolonged MTT areas, detected by the box-MTF method of CTP in hyperacute stroke patients, included the area of true prolonged MTT and the tracer delay. The prolonged MTT area was almost identical to the final infarction area when recanalization failed. We believe that a tracer delay area also indicates infarction in cases of thrombolysis failure.     

多模式CT预测评估缺血性卒中患者血脑屏障完整性和侧支循环的价值分析

目的 探讨多模式CT对评估缺血性卒中患者血脑屏障完整性和侧支循环的价值.方法 选取我院收治的确诊为缺血性卒中的患者76例,行多模式CT检查,包括CT平扫(NCCT)、CT灌注成像(CTP)及CT血管成像(CTA)等模式.分析灌注范围的分布并绘制感兴趣区(ROI),测定脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间...     

64层螺旋CT脑灌注成像评价急性脑梗死溶栓前后脑血流动力学改变

目的探讨64层螺旋CT脑灌注成像(CTP)在评价急性脑梗死溶栓疗效中的应用价值。资料与方法20例急性脑梗死患者于发病3~10h行常规CT平扫和CTP检查,其中16例行静脉溶栓、4例行动脉溶栓治疗。溶栓后2~7天复查CT平扫和CTP。对溶栓治疗前后病变区的脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)和达峰时间(TTP)进行定性和定量比较分析。结果20例中5例头颅CT平扫发现早期脑梗死征象,15例常规CT平扫未发现异常,CTP均发现与临床症状对应的脑灌注异常区,表现为CBF、CBV降低,TTP延迟。溶栓后15例脑灌注异常范围缩小,CBF和CBV增加,TTP缩短;3例脑灌注异常区范围扩大,CBF、CBV进一步降低,TTP延迟更加显著;2例出现局部过度灌注。统计学分析结果显示溶栓治疗后多数患者脑灌注情况明显改善,缺血边缘区CBF和TTP与溶栓前差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),缺血中心区CBF和CBV与溶栓前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论脑CTP检查能够观察溶栓治疗前后脑血流动力学指标的变化,为评价急性脑梗死患者的溶栓疗效提供重要依据。     

The effect of varying user-selected input parameters on quantitative values in CT perfusion maps

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Deconvolution-based software can be used to calculate quantitative maps of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time (MTT) from first-pass computed tomography perfusion (CTP) datasets. The application of this software requires the user to select multiple input variables. The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which both major and minor variations of these user-defined inputs would affect the final quantitative values of CBF, CBV, and MTT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A neuroradiologist constructed CBF, CBV, and MTT maps using standard methodology with commercially available software (GE Functool Version 1.9s) from CTP datasets of three acute stroke patients. Each map was reconstructed multiple times by systematically and independently varying the following parameters: postenhancement and preenhancement cutoff values, arterial and venous region-of-interest (ROI) placement, and arterial and venous ROI size. The resulting quantitative CTP values were compared using identical ROIs placed at the infarct core. RESULTS: Major variations of either arterial ROI placement or arterial and venous ROI size had no significant effect on the mean CBF, CBV, and MTT values at the infarct core (p > .05). Even minor variations, however, in the choice of venous ROI placement or in pre- and postenhancement cutoff values significantly altered the quantitative values for each of the CTP maps, by as much as threefold. CONCLUSION: Even minor variations of user-defined inputs can significantly influence the quantitative, deconvolution-based CTP map values of acute stroke patients. Although quantitation was robust to the choice of arterial ROI placement and arterial or venous ROI size, it was strongly dependent on the choice of venous ROI location and pre- and postenhancement cut-off values. Awareness of these results by clinicians may be important in the creation of quantitatively accurate CTP maps.     

Multimodal CT assessment of acute ischemic stroke

Aim of the work

To evaluate the role of multimodal CT [non-enhanced CT (NECT), CT perfusion (CTP), and CT angiography (CTA)] in selection of acute ischemic stroke patients for reperfusion therapy.

Patients and methods

This prospective study included 35 patients with evidence of acute stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory of less than 12 h duration. Patients underwent multimodal CT including: (1) NECT (2) CTP (3) CTA. Qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the CTP was done to differentiate penumbra and infarction. CTA was evaluated for arterial occlusion or stenosis and the presence of collaterals.

Results

The areas of infarction showed a significant decrease in CBF (p = 0.03) and CBV values (p = 0.01) compared to the corresponding area in the contralateral normal hemisphere. The areas of penumbra showed a significant decrease in CBF (p = 0.04) and insignificant difference in CBV (p = 0.2) compared to the corresponding area in the contralateral normal hemisphere. Cutoff values of 2.0 for the CBV and MTT > 130% of the contralateral normal hemisphere allowed the best differentiation of infarction and penumbra.

Conclusion

Multimodal CT imaging fulfills all the requirements for selection of patients for reperfusion therapy and so helps in stroke treatment decisions.     

256层螺旋CT全脑灌注联合CTA在急性脑梗死诊断中的价值

目的 探讨256层MSCT全脑CTP与CTA技术相结合在急性脑梗死中的应用价值,并评估脑梗死与供血动脉状况的关系.方法 对21例临床拟诊急性脑梗死患者行常规CT平扫、CTP和CTA检查,重建并分析CT平扫图像、CTP及CTA图像,所有病例在CTP检查后24h内进行MRI＋ DWI检查.结果 21例脑梗死患者CTA发现33条动脉不同程度狭窄及闭塞,其中包括轻度狭窄4例,中度狭窄13例,重度狭窄7例,闭塞9例.21例患者CTP发现32处梗死灶,脑梗死中心区及周边区rCBF下降、TTP延长的差异在统计学上有显著性意义.结论 256层螺旋CT全脑CTP联合CTA扫描方法简便,可对缺血后脑组织供血动脉状况及血流动力学改变进行有效评价.     

Dynamic CT Perfusion Imaging for the Detection of Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objective

Although the detection of crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) by means of different imaging modalities is well described, little is known about its diagnosis by computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging. We investigated the detection rate of CCD by CTP imaging and the factors related to CCD on CTP images in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Materials and Methods

CT perfusion maps of cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), and time-to-peak (TTP) obtained from 81 consecutive patients affected by an acute ischemic stroke were retrospectively reviewed. Whole-brain perfusion maps were obtained with a multichannel CT scanner using the toggling-table technique. The criteria for CCD was a unilateral supratentorial ischemic lesion and an accompanying decrease in perfusion of the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere on the basis of CTP maps by visual inspection without a set threshold. Maps were quantitatively analyzed in CCD positive cases.

Results

The criteria for CCD were fulfilled in 25 of the 81 cases (31%). Detection rates per CTP map were as follows: MTT (31%) > TTP (21%) > CBF (9%) > CBV (6%). Supratentorial ischemic volume, degree of perfusion reduction, and infratentorial asymmetry index correlated strongly (R, 0.555-0.870) and significantly (p < 0.05) with each other in CCD-positive cases.

Conclusion

It is possible to detect CCD on all four of the CTP-based maps. Of these maps, MTT is most sensitive in detecting CCD. Our data indicate that CTP imaging is a valid tool for the diagnosis of CCD in patients affected by an acute hemispheric stroke.     

Reproducibility of quantitative CT brain perfusion measurements in patients with symptomatic unilateral carotid artery stenosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To establish intraobserver and interobserver variability for regional measurement of CT brain perfusion (CTP) and to determine whether reproducibility can be improved by calculating perfusion ratios. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CTP images were acquired in 20 patients with unilateral symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (CAS). We manually drew regions of interest (ROIs) in the cortical flow territories of the anterior (ACA), middle (MCA), and posterior (PCA) cerebral arteries and the basal ganglia in each hemisphere; recorded cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean transit time (MTT); and calculated ratios of perfusion values between symptomatic and asymptomatic hemisphere. We assessed intraobserver and interobserver variability by performing a Bland-Altman analysis of the relative differences between 2 observations and calculated SDs of relative differences (SDD(rel)) as a measure of reproducibility. We used an F test to assess significance of differences between SDD(rel) of absolute CTP values and CTP ratios, and the Levine test to compare the 4 perfusion territories. RESULTS: MTT was the most reproducible parameter (SDD(rel) 相似文献   

局灶性脑缺血后脑血流变化及血流储备能力的CT评价

目的:应用动态增强CT灌注成像评价局灶性脑缺血后脑血流储备能力的变化。方法:将15只大鼠随机分为脑缺血0.5、1、3和6h组和假手术对照组,进行脑缺血静息态CT灌注测试。9只动物随机分为脑缺血0.5、1h组和假手术盐水组,进行脑缺血负荷CT灌注测试;脑缺血组动物CT扫描前给予乙酰唑胺静脉制剂Diamox,假手术盐水组CT扫描前给予相当量的生理盐水。所有动物24h行MRI和MRA扫描。结果:静息状态脑缺血后30min及以后各时间点CBF、CBV、MTT图及原始图像上均可见大脑中动脉供血区脑组织低灌注改变,0.5~1h低灌注范围逐渐扩大,程度加重,其后低灌注范围和程度变化不大。早期纹状体CBF和CBV降低,MTT延长,但皮质CBF轻度下降,CBV维持正常或略偏高水平,MTT延长,1h后CBF、CBV明显下降。负荷状态脑缺血30minCBF异常范围较静息时增大,纹状体和皮质CBF均已明显下降;脑缺血1h低灌注范围与静息状态相差无几但低灌注程度加重;提示以上两个时间点缺血区血流储备能力下降。假手术动物脑CT灌注图像上脑组织未出现灌注异常。结论:Diamox负荷前后脑灌注CT测定能够用于脑血流储备能力的评价。局灶性脑缺血后脑血流存在时间和空间上的变化规律,CBV是反映组织血流调节能力的一个指标,局灶性脑缺血后血流储备能力降低。     

兔急性闭合性脑挫裂伤后脑血流动态CT灌注成像的实验研究

目的 探讨脑挫裂伤动物模型局部脑血流灌注动态变化规律.方法 40只新西兰大白兔,自由落体法制作闭合性脑挫裂伤模型,外伤后1、3、6、12、24、48及72 h行CT灌注(CTP)检查,源图像传输至工作站进行后处理.选择病变最大层面,测量各时间点脑挫裂伤中央区、周边区及对应镜像区脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)及平均通过时间(MTT).中央区与镜像区、周边区与镜像区CTP各参数进行配对t检验.观察CBF、CBV及MTT演变规律.对照CTP图像,观察脑挫裂伤中央区与周边区病理改变.结果 35只动物建模成功,T_2WI及DWI可见脑挫裂伤局部异常信号.CTP参数变化趋势:(1)外伤各时间点中央区CBF值均显著下降,至12 h降至最低点,24 h开始缓慢增高;1、3、6、12、24、48、72 h时CBF分别为(27.58±18.70)、(20.64±6.50)、(23.38±7.53)、(22.14±10.25)、(25.08±11.01)、(43.08±18.33)、(54.79±14.63)ml·min~(-1)·100 g~(-1),镜像区为(62.28±25.46)、(60.67±16.19)、(67.00±21.34)、(74.46±20.11)、(66.73±11.68)、(81.63±10.99)、(86.16±10.57)ml·min~(-1)·100 g~(-1),外伤区与镜像区各时间点差异有统计学意义(t值分别为4.41、5.57、5.47、6.02、6.44、4.81、10.60,P值均＜0.05);周边区CBF稍减低,1、3 h略明显,此后缓慢增高,与镜像区差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).(2)外伤各时间点中央区CBV值均显著下降,至12 h降至最低点,24 h开始缓慢增高;各时间点中央区CBV分别为(1.74±0.46)、(2.22±0.86)、(2.26±0.44)、(1.15±0.22)、(2.67±0.77)、(2.68±0.72)、(2.86±0.65)ml/100 g,镜像区为(7.27±5.29)、(6.18±1.82)、(6.93±1.86)、(6.66±2.75)、(8.48±2.34)、(8.56±2.38)、(8.83±1.57)ml/100 g,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为3.09、5.38、6.25、4.80、7.82、6.36、8.51,p值均＜0.05);周边区CBV稍减低,1 h与3 h略著,此后缓慢增高,与镜像区差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),上升趋势近似.(3)中央区1～3 h MTT显著延长,3 h后MTT值下降明显,至12 h达到平台期,中央区各时间点MTT分别为(4.88±1.37)、(5.09±1.21)、(4.49±1.33)、(3.44±0.46)、(3.58±0.42)、(3.51±0.73)、(3.30±0.27)s,镜像区为(2.03±0.07)、(2.03±0.04)、(2.04±0.07)、(2.00±0.55)、(2.07±0.20)、(2.06±0.06)、(2.02±0.02)s,各时间点与镜像区差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为5.87、5.95、4.43、7.74、9.02、4.73、4.76,P值均＜0.05).周边区24 h前MTT增加,1～24 h呈逐渐下降趋势,24、72 h时与镜像区差异无统计学意义.镜像区各时间点MTT变化不明显.病理学上中央区出血、坏死、水肿及血管周围间隙增大均较周边区明显.结论 CTP能敏感地发现及监测兔脑挫裂伤后血流动力学变化,脑挫裂伤区血流灌注变化有一定的时间规律,且病变中央区变化较周边区明显.     

CT灌注原始图像不匹配模型评价急性缺血性脑卒中缺血半暗带和梗死核心的价值

目的 评价CT灌注原始图像(CT perfusion source images,CTP-SI)不匹配模型在判断缺血半暗带和梗死核心中的价值.方法 24例急性缺血性脑卒中患者(发病时间＜9 h)行"一站式急性缺血性脑卒中CT"扫描,分析基线动脉期及静脉期CTP-SI Alberta卒中早期CT评分(Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score,ASPECTS),并与随访影像ASPECTS进行对照.采用Wilcoxon秩和检验比较动脉期与静脉期CTP-SI ASPECTS之间的统计学差异;应用多元线性回归分析基线动脉期、静脉期CTP-SI与随访影像ASPECTS之间的线件依存关系.结果 基线动脉期、静脉期和随访影像的CTP-SI ASPECTS中位数分别为9.0分(2.0～10.0分)、9.3分(6.5～10.0分)、9.0分(7.0～10.0分).动脉期与静脉期CTP-SI ASPECTS差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.812,P=0.005),10例静脉期CTP-SI ASPECTS大于动脉期,14例静脉期CTP-SI ASPECTS等于动脉期;静脉期CTP-SIASPECTS与随访影像ASPECTS之间的线性依存关系有统计学意义,标准化回归系数(Beta)=0.715,P=0.003.结论 CT灌注原始图像不匹配模型可以预测缺血半暗带和梗死核心,为临床医师制定治疗方案时提供了更多的选择.     

Relationship between brain tissue oxygen tension and CT perfusion: feasibility and initial results

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Monitoring of intraparenchymal brain tissue oxygen tension (P(br)O(2)) is an emerging tool in neurocritical care. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between CT perfusion (CTP) imaging parameters and P(br)O(2). METHODS: Nineteen patients underwent continuous P(br)O(2) monitoring with probes placed to target white matter in the cerebral hemisphere. Twenty-two CTP studies were performed at the level of the oxygen electrode, as identified on concurrent nonenhanced CT. CTP analysis software was used to measure mean transit time (MTT) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) and to derive cerebral blood flow (CBF) for a region of interest (ROI) surrounding the oxygen probe. For correlation, P(br)O(2) levels and other physiologic parameters were recorded at the time of CTP. RESULTS: P(br)O(2) values at the time of CTP were 2.7-54.4 mm Hg, MTT was 1.86-5.79 seconds, CBV was 1.18-8.76 mL/100 g, and CBF was 15.2-149.2 mL/100 g/min. MTT but not CBV or CBF was correlated with P(br)O(2) (r = -0.50, P = .017). MTT, CBV, or CBF were not correlated with other physiologic parameters, including mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and fraction of inspired oxygen. On multivariable analysis, only P(br)O(2) was independently associated with MTT. CONCLUSION: CTP assessment of ROI surrounding an oxygen probe in the intraparenchymal brain tissue is feasible and showed a significant correlation between P(br)O(2) and MTT. Further studies are warranted to determine the role of CTP in assessing acute brain injury and whether it can be used to prospectively identify brain regions at risk for tissue hypoxia that should be targeted for advanced neuromonitoring.     

Serial changes in CT cerebral blood volume and flow after 4 hours of middle cerebral occlusion in an animal model of embolic cerebral ischemia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neuroimaging techniques have the potential to improve acute stroke treatment by selecting the appropriate patients for thrombolytic therapy. In this study, we examined changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) in an animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and used these to identify the parameters that best differentiate between oligemic and infarct regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed in 17 New Zealand white rabbits. CT perfusion imaging was performed before (baseline), 10, and 30 minutes after the stroke, and then every 30 minutes up to 3 hours. After a final scan at 4 hours, the brain was removed, cut corresponding to CT sections, and stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to identify infarcted tissue. A logistic regression model with the 4-hour post-CBF and -CBV values as independent variables was used to determine the binary tissue outcome variable (oligemia or infarction). RESULTS: Infarcted regions were characterized by a significant decrease (P < .005) in both CBV and CBF, whereas oligemic (CBF < 25 mL . 100 g(-1) . min(-1), not infarcted) regions showed a significant decrease (P < .005) in CBF with maintenance of CBV at or near baseline values. From the perfusion parameters at the 4-hour time point, logistic regression by using CBV*CBF resulted in a sensitivity of 90.6% and a specificity of 93.3% for infarction. CONCLUSION: CBF and CBV values obtained from CT perfusion imaging can be used to distinguish between oligemic and infarct regions. This information could be used to assess the viability of ischemic brain tissue.     

Correlation of volumetric mismatch and mismatch of Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Scores on CT perfusion maps

Introduction  We aimed to determine if volumetric mismatch between tissue at risk and tissue destined to infarct on computed tomography perfusion (CTP) can be described by the mismatch of Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). Materials and methods  Forty patients with nonlacunar middle cerebral artery infarct <6 h old who had CTP on admission were retrospectively reviewed. Two raters segmented the lesion volume on mean transit time (MTT) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) maps using thresholds of >6 s and <2.0 mL per 100 g, respectively. Two other raters assigned ASPECTS to the same MTT and CBV maps while blinded to the volumetric data. Volumetric mismatch was deemed present if ≥20%. ASPECTS mismatch (=CBV ASPECTS − MTT ASPECTS) was deemed present if ≥1. Correlation between the two types of mismatches was assessed by Spearman’s coefficient (ρ). ROC curve analyses were performed to determine the optimal ASPECTS mismatch cut point for volumetric mismatch ≥20%, ≥50%, ≥100%, and ≥150%. Results  Median volumetric mismatch was 130% (range 10.9–2,031%) with 31 (77.5%) being ≥20%. Median ASPECTS mismatch was 2 (range 0–6) with 26 (65%) being ≥1. ASPECTS mismatch correlated strongly with volumetric mismatch with ρ = 0.763 [95% CI 0.585–0.870], p < 0.0001. Sensitivity and specificity for volumetric mismatch ≥20% was 83.9% [95% CI 65.5–93.5] and 100% [95% CI 65.9–100], respectively, using ASPECTS mismatch ≥1. Volumetric mismatch ≥50%, ≥100%, and ≥150% were optimally identified using ASPECTS mismatch ≥1, ≥2, and ≥2, respectively. Conclusion  On CTP, ASPECTS mismatch showed strong correlation to volumetric mismatch. ASPECTS mismatch ≥1 was the optimal cut point for volumetric mismatch ≥20%.