乌拉尔甘草种子质量分级标准的研究

目的:制定乌拉尔甘草种子质量分级标准。方法:对所搜集的24份不同种源的乌拉尔甘草种子进行千粒重、净度、水分、发芽率等指标的测定,利用数理统计方法分析出划分种子等级的主要指标和参考指标,运用标准差法制定乌拉尔甘草种子质量分级标准。结果:发芽率是乌拉尔甘草种子质量分级的主要指标,千粒重、净度和含水量是质量分级的重要参考指标。结论:1级种子的发芽率不低于85%,净度不低于92%,千粒重不低于13 g,含水量不高于11%;2级种子发芽率75%～85%,净度83%～92%,千粒重11～13 g,含水量不高于11%;3级种子发芽率65%~75%,净度74%~83%,千粒重9~11 g,含水量不高于11%;达不到3级种子标准的为不合格种子。     

云木香种子质量检验规程及分级标准研究

目的:制定云木香种子的质量检验规程及分级标准。方法:通过对云木香种子扦样、净度、含水量、千粒重、生活力和发芽率指标的研究,建立云木香种子的质量检验规程。并对51个来源的云木香种子进行检测,利用相关分析、主成分分析、K-均值聚类等方法制定云木香种子分级标准。结果:生活力、含水量和发芽率是决定云木香种子质量的主要分级指标,种子净度和千粒重为次要指标。结论:一级种子的生活力不低于94.5%,发芽率不低于87.1%,净度不低于97.5%,千粒重不低于24.5 g,含水量不高于9%;二级种子的生活力80.1%~94.4%,发芽率62.1%~87%,净度92.1%~97.4%,千粒重22.1~24.4 g;达不到二级种子标准的为不合格种子。     

远志种子质量分级标准考察

目的:研究制定远志种子的质量分级标准。方法:通过对不同产地29个批次远志种子的千粒质量、含水量、发芽率、生活力、单粒大小、净度等指标进行测定和外观形态的观察,使用Excel 2003,SPSS 20.0等统计分析软件对检测结果进行聚类分析整理,制订远志种子质量分级标准。结果:Ⅰ级远志种子的发芽率不低于77.00%,生活力不低于94.00%,千粒重不低于3.10 g,净度不低于80.00%,含水量不高于8.00%;Ⅱ级远志种子的发芽率(67.00～77.00)%,生活力(88.00～94.00)%,千粒质量2.80～3.10 g,净度(60.00～80.00)%,含水量(8.00～9.00)%;Ⅲ级远志种子的发芽率(55.00～67.00)%,生活力低于88.00%,千粒质量低于2.80 g,净度(48.00～60.00)%,含水量9.00%。结论:发芽率和生活力为质量分级标准的主要指标,千粒质量为重要指标,净度和含水量为参考指标。该研究制定的远志种子质量分级标准科学、符合实际情况,为远志种子的质量评价和人工栽培提供参考依据。     

川续断种子质量分级标准的研究

目的:制定川续断种子的质量分级标准。方法:对来自不同居群的川续断成熟种子进行千粒重、含水量、发芽率、生活力、单粒大小、净度等指标的测定和外观形态的观察,使用SPSS统计软件,通过聚类分析制定川续断种子的质量分级标准。结果:Ⅰ级川续断种子的发芽率不低于85%,千粒重不低于3.94 g,净度不低于90.95%,含水量不高于9.08%;Ⅱ级川续断种子的发芽率不低于64%,千粒重不低于3.57 g,净度不低于83.66%,含水量不高于10.23%;Ⅲ级川续断种子的发芽率不低于35%,千粒重不低于3.04 g,净度不低于75.51%,含水量不高于11.37%。结论:千粒重和发芽率是川续断种子质量分级标准的主要指标,净度和含水量是质量分级标准的重要参考指标。该方法制定的质量分级标准科学、可行,可作为川续断种子的质量控制标准。     

知母种子质量分级标准的研究

目的:研究制定知母种子的质量分级标准。方法:通过对不同产地20个批次知母种子的净度、千粒质量、含水量、生活力、发芽率等指标测定和外观形态观察,利用Excel 2010、SPSS 20.0软件对以上数据进行相关分析、主成分以及K-均值聚类分析,初步确定知母种子质量分级指标和分级标准,且以各等级知母种子分别在田间对比种植,通过测定1年产苗量,2年药材产量及有效成分含量,验证知母种子质量分级标准的合理性。结果:Ⅰ级知母种子发芽率不低于85%,千粒质量不低于7.5 g,净度不低于95%;Ⅱ级知母种子发芽率不低于70%,千粒质量不低于7.0 g,净度不低于85%;Ⅲ级知母种子发芽率不低于65%,千粒质量不低于6.0 g,净度不低于80%;各级种子含水量均小于10%。结论:发芽率和千粒质量为知母种子质量分级标准的主要指标,净度和含水量为参考指标。不同等级知母种子种植后对知母种苗产量、药材产量及质量会有显著影响。该研究制定的知母种子质量分级标准科学可行、符合生产实际,为知母的种子质量评价和规范化栽培提供参考依据。     

黄精种子与种苗质量分级标准研究

目的 研究黄精种子与种苗的质量检测规范并建立黄精种子与种苗质量分级标准。方法 收集黄精不同主产区的种子与种苗，测定种子净度、百粒重、含水量、生活力、发芽率、发芽势指标，种苗须根数、根茎长、根茎最粗、根茎最细、根茎粗、芽数、芽长、芽粗、鲜重、干重、折干率、净度、根茎破损度指标，采用多元统计分析方法，对黄精种子与种苗进行质量分级研究。结果 以生活力、发芽率、发芽势为关键性指标，百粒重为约束性指标，净度、含水量为参考性指标，将种子分为三级。一级：净度≥97.0%,含水量≥13.8%,百粒重≥3.7g,生活力≥86.0%,发芽率≥84.0%,发芽势≥35.0%;二级：净度>96.0%～<97.0%,含水量>11.0%～<13.8%,百粒重>3.0～<3.7g,生活力>80.0%～<86.0%,发芽率>35.0%～<84.0%,发芽势>13.0%～<35.0%;三级：净度≤96.0%,含水量≤11.0%,百粒重≤3.0g,生活力≤80.0%,发芽率≤35.0%,发芽势≤13.0%。以鲜重、破损度为关键性指标，根茎长、根茎粗为...     

木香种子质量分级标准的研究

目的:制定木香种子的质量分级标准.方法:对来自不同地方的37份木香成熟种子进行净度、千粒重、含水量、发芽率、发芽势等指标的测定和外观形态的观察,使用SPSS统计软件,通过聚类分析制定木香种子的质量分级标准.结果:木香种子质量被分为3个等级.Ⅰ级木香种子的净度不低于99％,发芽率不低于85％,千粒重不低于26.0 g,含水量不高于8.8％;Ⅱ级木香种子的净度不低于98％,发芽率不低于70％,千粒重不低于23.8 g,含水量不高于10.0％;Ⅲ级木香的净度不低于96％,发芽率不低于50％,千粒重不低于23.0 g,含水量不高于11％.结论:此方法制定出的木香种子质量分级标准适用于木香种子生产的质量控制.     

新疆红花种子质量分级标准研究

目的:制定红花种子质量分级标准。方法:以新疆不同产地收集的42份红花种子为实验材料,测定红花种子的净度、千粒重、含水量、生活力、发芽情况等各项指标,采用K聚类分析的方法对各项指标综合进行分类。结果:一级种子发芽率不低于84%,发芽势不低于81%,生活力不低于94%,千粒重不低于41 g,含水量不高于8%,净度不低于99%;二级种子发芽率为39%～84%,发芽势为35%～81%,生活力为91%～94%,千粒重为40～41 g,含水量不高于8%,净度为97%～99%;达不到二级种子标准的为不合格种子。结论:发芽率、发芽势是决定红花种子质量的首要指标,生活力、千粒重为次要指标,水分、净度为参考指标。此方法制定的分级标准科学、可行,可作为红花种子质量控制参考标准。     

不同来源板蓝根种子质量比较

目的:比较不同来源板蓝根种子质量,从而制定板蓝根种子的质量分级标准。方法:通过测定不同种质材料的板蓝根种子净度、种形指数、千粒重、含水量、生活力、发芽率,观察种子的外部特征,使用SPSS 19.0软件,利用聚类分析方法,初步制订出板蓝根种子的质量分级标准。结果:板蓝根一级种子饱满、有紫色光泽、长宽比小、大小均匀、干燥、无杂质,净度≥88.3%,种形指数2.5~3.8之间,千粒重≥9.0 g,含水量≦8%,生活力≥93%,发芽率≥90%;二级种子较饱满、略有光泽、大小较均匀、有少许瘪粒及杂质,净度在74.3%~88.3%之间,种形指数3.8~4.1之间,千粒重6.5~9 g之间,含水量8~8.5%之间,生活力83.3~93%之间,发芽率70~90%之间;三级种子干瘪、瘦小、大小不均匀、有不少杂质,净度≦74.3%,种形指数﹥4.1,千粒重﹤6.5 g,含水量≥8.5%,生活力﹤83.3%,发芽率≦70%。结论:初步制定出了板蓝根种子品质检验与分级质量标准。     

何首乌种子品质检验及质量分级标准研究

目的建立何首乌种子品质检验方法和质量分级标准。方法参照《中国农作物种子检验规程》,对何首乌种子扦样、净度、千粒重、含水量、生活力、发芽情况等进行研究,筛选适合何首乌种子品质的检验方法;并对何首乌种子进行检验,使用SPSS软件进行聚类,制定何首乌种子的质量分级标准。结果何首乌种子最少试验量为5 g,过10目筛后进行净度分析,千粒重测定以五百粒法,真实性鉴定采用外观形态观察和种子大小测量,水分测定以高恒温(130~133℃)烘干时间6 h,生活力测定以0.2%TTC溶液45℃浸染1 h,发芽试验在25℃砂上培养;不同试样种子质量被分为3个等级,其中Ⅰ级种子的发芽率不低于76%、千粒重不低于1.43 g、净度不低于93%、含水量不高于9.8%,Ⅱ级种子的发芽率不低于56%、千粒重不低于1.31 g、净度不低于91%、含水量不高于10.9%,Ⅲ种子的发芽率不低于23%、千粒重不低于1.21 g、净度不低于81%、含水量不高于12.6%。结论初步制定了何首乌种子品质的检验方法和质量分级标准。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

Experimental study on anti-inflammatory activity of a TCM recipe consisting of the supercritical fluid CO2 extract of Chrysanthemum indicum, Patchouli Oil and Zedoary Turmeric Oil in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Chrysanthemum indicum (Compositae) Linné, Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and Curcuma wenyujin (Zingiberaceae) Y. H. Chen et C. Ling are three of the extensively used herbal remedies among traditional Chinese medicines for the purpose of anti-inflammation. A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recipe named CPZ consisting extracts of the above three herbs, has shown noteworthy anti-influenza activity, which is closely related to its anti-inflammatory feature.

Aim of this study

To investigated the anti-inflammtory activity of CPZ in vivo for a further exploration of the recipe's anti-inflammatory properties.

Materials and methods

The anti-inflammatory property of CPZ on acute inflammation was evaluated by inflammatory models of dimethylbenzene (DMB)-induced ear vasodilatation and acetic acid-induced capillary permeability enhancement in mice, as well as the carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model, in which inflammation-related cytokine including prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) in the edematous paw tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, effect of CPZ on chronic inflammation was observed through granuloma formation in rats subjected to cotton pellet implantation.

Results

CPZ (340, 170, and 85 mg/kg for mice, p.o.) not only decreased the DMB-induced ear vasodilatation but also attenuated capillary permeability under acetic acid challenge in mice. And the significant inhibition on carrageenan-induced paw edema was observed. Further more, the ELISA results showed that CPZ (170, 85, and 42.5 mg/kg for rats, p.o.) could up-regulate the level of IL-1β in the edema paw tissue of rats significantly while down-regulate that of PGE₂, but no apparent effect on TNF-α or NO was observed in the test. Besides, CPZ had a certain degree of restraining effect on the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats and the highest dose of 170 mg/kg even showed a significant suppression on it.

Conclusion

The above results indicated that CPZ possessed a potent anti-inflammatory activity, which is indicated to be closely associated with its regulation on IL-1β and PGE₂ thereby mediating the inflammatory response acting at an appropriate level.     

Regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism of TZQ-F,a new kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Aim of the study

Based on the recipe of the traditional anti-diabetic formula TZQ, we developed TZQ-F, a new formula including 8 fractions isolated from Red Paeony root, Mulberry leaf, Lotus leaf, Danshen root and Hawthorn leaf with a good quality assurance. The study was aimed at fraction preparation and effects of the fractions on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.

Materials and methods

The active fractions were obtained by macroporous resin, ion-exchange resin and polyamide resin column chromatographies. HPLC analyses were used for quality control. In vitro mechanism study included DPPH radical scavenging, AGEs formation inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition and lipase inhibition, and rats on high-fat diet were used for in vivo study.

Results

In vitro mechanism study showed that among the 8 fractions, three of them had inhibition effects on intestinal disaccharase, three with inhibition effects on lipase, and five with effects of free radical scavenging. In vivo study showed that after 4 weeks of treatment, TZQ-F significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol, TG, glucose, LDL-C and HDL-C in rats on high-fat diet. Consistent with the in vitro and in vivo results, histology study demonstrated that TZQ-F alleviated hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet.

Conclusions

TZQ-F possesses the potential regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.     

Antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses

A survey of medicinal plants used to treat common mycoses was done in the Curituba district, Sergipe State, Brazil. One hundred inhabitants were interviewed by health agents and traditional healers. Four different plants were the most cited (more than 50% of the citations): Ziziphus joazeiro, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Bumelia sartorum and Hymenea courbaril. The aqueous extracts obtained following traditional methods and using different parts of these plants, were submitted to drop agar diffusion tests for primary antimicrobial screening. Only the water infusion extract of Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis presented a significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Candida guilliermondii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Fonsecaea pedrosoi, when compared to the antifungal agent amphotericin B. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. Best activity with a MIC of 6.5 microg/ml for both extracts was observed against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida guilliermondii. Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis extracts presented also low acute toxicity in murine models. The present study validates the folk use of these plant extracts and indicates that they can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat fungal infections.     

常用藏药“蒂达”(藏茵陈)基原物种药用合理性及资源利用价值评价

目的:对“蒂达”各品种不同基原植物药用合理性及其资源利用价值作出评价.方法:采用HPLC指纹图谱共有特征峰、结合SPSS聚类分析方法,评价“蒂达”不同品种基原植物的成分组成相似性.结果:“蒂达”不同品种涉及的来源有龙胆科獐牙菜属、花锚属、扁蕾属及肋柱花属共15种1变种33个样品,指纹图谱全谱相似度较差;以10个共有峰成分的相对面积聚类,其基原植物可分别聚为4个组;上述4个属的属间成分组成差异较大;其中獐牙菜属不同种间成分组成变化较大,而其他各属种间成分组成相似度较高.结论:上述龙胆科4属植物均含有具有保肝利胆生物活性的环烯醚萜类、(山)酮类及三萜类成分,藏医学将其归为“蒂达”一类药材使用具有一定的物质基础;鉴于“蒂达”类药材不同基原各品种间在成分组成上差异较大,分别制定各品种的HPLC指纹图谱,是鉴别和控制各品种质量的有效手段,可有效控制各基原品种质量.     

木蝴蝶种子化学成分研究

目的:研究紫葳科Bignoniaceae植物木蝴蝶Oroxylum indicum种子的化学成分.方法:采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等手段进行分离纯化,通过化合物的理化常数和波谱数据鉴定其结构.结果:从木蝴蝶种子的95％乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了20个化合物,分别为木蝴蝶苷A(1)、木蝴蝶苷B(2)、白杨黄素(3)、黄芩苷元(4)、槲皮素(5)、芹菜素(6)、山柰酚(7)、槲皮素-3-O-阿拉伯吡喃糖苷(8)、羽扇豆醇(9)、2α,3β-二羟基羽扇豆醇(10)、赤松素(11)、二氢赤松素(12)、胆甾-5-烯-3,7-二醇(13)、连翘环己醇(14)、异连翘环己醇(15)、zarzissine(16)、(E)-银松素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(17)、腺苷(18)、β-谷甾醇(19) 、β-胡萝卜苷(20).结论:化合物11-13,15～18为首次从木蝴蝶植物中分离得到,其中除化合物18外,其余6个化合物均为首次从紫葳科植物中获得.     

Evaluation of the wound healing effect of some Jordanian traditional medicinal plants formulated in Pluronic F127 using mice (Mus musculus)

The wound healing effect of the aqueous extracts of Inula viscosa, Ajuga chia, Rubia taenifolia and Parieteria diffusa, and the oil of Laurus nobilis, dispersed in water, were examined. The 10% (w/w) Pluronic F127 (PF127) was added to the applied preparations, in order to modify the aqueous extracts viscosity, and to stabilize the oil dispersion. A full thickness wound was made in the dorsal area of the mice. The wounds were treated with the different preparations with 12h intervals for four times in two successive days. For 16 days, the wounds were visually observed, photographically documented and the wound area was measured. After day 16, the animals were sacrificed and the histology of the wound area was examined. The best wound healing activity was observed with the extract of Inula viscosa, followed by Parieteria diffusa, Laurus nobilis, Ajuga chia and the least active extract was that of Rubia taenifolia.