Stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation and inhibition of interleukin‐6 and nitric oxide in MC3T3‐E1 cells by pomegranate ethanol extract

In this experiment, we studied the effects of pomegranate fruit extract (PE) on the function of osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells and the production of local factors in osteoblasts. PE (16～250 µg/ml) significantly increased the growth of MC3T3‐E1 cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, PE (50 µg/ml) caused a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and collagen content in the cells. We then examined the effect of PE on the TNF‐α‐induced production of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and nitric oxide (NO) in osteoblasts. Treatment with PE (10～50 µg/ml) decreased the TNF‐α (10^?10 M)‐induced production of IL‐6 and NO in osteoblasts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stimulatory effects of extract prepared from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia blume on the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

The ethanol extract from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (CCE) was tested for estrogenic activity. CCE (4-60 microg/mL) significantly induced the growth of MCF-7 cells, an ER-positive human breast cancer cell line, over that of untreated control cells (p < 0.05). In the ER competitive binding assay, CCE showed higher affinity with ERbeta compared with ERalpha. To investigate the bioactivities of CCE, which act on bone metabolism, the effects of CCE on the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and the production of local factors in osteoblasts were studied. CCE (4-60 microg/mL) dose-dependently increased the survival of MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, CCE (10 and 50 microg/mL) increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen synthesis and osteocalcin secretion in MC3T3-E1 cells. Treatment with CCE (10 and 50 microg/mL) prevented apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha (10(-10) m) in osteoblastic cells. In the presence of TNF-alpha, culture with CCE (10-100 microg/mL) for 48 h inhibited the production of IL-6 and nitric oxide in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. These results suggest that Cinnamomum cassia has a direct stimulatory effect on bone formation in vitro and may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis and inflammatory bone diseases.     

Stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells by yeast hydrolysate

In a previous study, it was reported that yeast hydrolysate (YH) was effective in promoting bone growth in Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats. To further clarify the mechanism of YH, the effects of YH on proliferation, differentiation and gene expression in vitro were investigated using osteoblastic cell lines (MC3T3‐E1). Cell proliferation increased significantly as much as 110% of the basal value when cells were treated with 100 µg/mL of YH. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity increased significantly with a YH concentration of 25–100 µg/mL, and the activity increased 152% that of the control at 100 µg/mL. The calcium content increased as much as 129% at 100 µg/mL YH. The gene expression levels of ALP and collagen type II (COL II) significantly increased approximately 1.3‐fold and 1.7‐fold of control, respectively, at 100 µg/mL. YH increased significantly the mRNA level of bone sialoprotein (BSP) but not in a dose‐dependent manner. The mRNA levels of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)‐2, BMP‐4, collagen type I (COL I) and osteonectin (ON) did not increase. In summary, YH increased the proliferation of osteoblasts and directly stimulated ALP and bone matrix proteins (e.g. BSP, COL II), and these increases trigger osteoblastic differentiation (e.g. mineralized nodule formation). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金叶子异槲皮苷对MC3T3-E1细胞成骨分化的影响

该研究对从金叶子中分离得到的异槲皮苷的成骨活性进行了系统评价。在1×10-4,1×10-5,1×10-6,1×10-7mol·L-1异槲皮苷浓度作用下检测了MC3T3-E1细胞增殖活力和碱性磷酸酶活性;在异槲皮苷作用的第3天对MC3T3-E1碱性磷酸酶、I型胶原以及转录因子Runx2和Osterix的基因表达水平进行了检测;并通过茜素红染色的方法在第21天对MC3T3-E1进行了胞外基质矿化能力的评价。结果显示,异槲皮苷在1×10-7~1×10-5mol·L-1能促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖、分化及矿化能力,上调成骨相关基因的表达,而且该作用呈现出一定的浓度依赖性,在浓度为1×10-6mol·L-1时促进作用最强。在1×10-4mol·L-1时表现出明显的细胞毒性。因此,从金叶子中分离得到的异槲皮苷有一定的成骨活性,这可能是传统中药金叶子治疗骨折的主要药效成分。     

Stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells by antler and fermented antler using Cordyceps militaris

Ethnopharmacological relevance

For thousands of years antlers have been used in Asian countries to promote rapid healing, treat weight loss, slow growth in children, strengthen weak bones, and alleviate cold hands and feet.

Aim of the study

The present study was performed to examine the effect of fermentation on the ability of antler to act as a stimulator of bone growth.

Materials and methods

This study used pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells to examine factors related to bone growth, such as cell proliferation, production of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., collagens, osteonectin, bone sialoprotein (BSP)), via the treatment of non-fermented and fermented antler.

Results

Antler fermentation using Cordyceps militaris was carried out at 25 °C for seven days. The total content of sugar, sialic acid, and protein increased with fermentation time. Cell proliferation was greater in the fermented antler- (FA-) treated groups than in the NFA- (non-fermented antler-) treated groups, in which proliferation increased significantly up to 137% of the basal value. Significant increases in mRNA expression and ALP activity were found at FA concentrations of 50-100 μg/ml; at 100 μg/ml the activity had increased 119% compared to the control activity. For NFA and FA the expression levels of type I collagen mRNA significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner at all treatment doses. However, significant differences between the antler groups were not observed. Mineralization significantly increased by NFA and FA treatment to 183% and 241%, respectively, when compared to colostrum, as a positive control (165%).

Conclusions

Antler treatment increased the proliferation of osteoblasts and bone matrix proteins, such as type I collagen and BSP. Antler fermented with Cordyceps militaris showed enhanced activity, and its stimulatory effects on cell proliferation and ALP production were greater than those of NFA. We surmise that these increases in activity were related to increased sialic acid content. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the physiological effects of antler, including bone growth, may be increased through the fermentation process.     

Cuscuta chinensis seeds water extraction protecting murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells against tertiary butyl hydroperoxide induced injury

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Cuscuta chinensis (C. chinensis) is a well-known traditional Chinese herb that has been used to treat heart disease, diabetes, liver injury, cancer, and aging.

Materials and methods

Murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with various concentrations of C. chinensis water extraction at different time intervals. The antioxidant effect of C. chinensis on MC3T3-E1 cells was evaluated using MTT and TUNEL assays. The effect of C. chinensis on cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide. Lipid peroxidation was measured by the HPLC method. The cellular redox status was determined from the reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) and the enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism, including glutathione reductase (GR), Glutathione S-transferase (GST), and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The changes in relative mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) in the MC3T3-E1 cells were analyzed with rhodamine 123 staining. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the levels of cytochrome c (cyto c), Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 3, Sirt3, and IDH2 expressions.

Results

The C. chinensis water extraction protects tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-treated MC3T3-E1 cells from death in a dose-dependent manner. C. chinensis treatment significantly inhibited the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), GR, GST, and G6PD. The release of cyto c from mitochondria was reduced by C. chinensis, which increased the expression of antiapoptotic IDH2, Sirt3, and Bcl-2 and decreased the expression of Bax, cyto c, and caspase 3.

Conclusions

C. chinensis modulated the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells, probably due to its antioxidant activity and functioning via mitochondria-dependent pathways.     

竹节参对MC3T3-E1成骨样细胞增殖与分化的影响

目的：研究竹节参不同提取物对体外培养成骨样细胞（MC3T3-E1）增殖、分化作用的影响。方法：采用MC3T3-E1细胞为体外药物筛选的细胞模型,用MTT法测定药物对成骨细胞的增殖作用,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）试剂盒测定ALP的活性,考察竹节参不同提取物对MC3T3-E1细胞增殖、分化作用的影响。结果：10^-1mg／mL的竹节参水提物和10^-4mg／mL的95％乙醇提取物能显著促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖和分化（P〈0．05）。结论：一定浓度的竹节参水提物和95％乙醇提取物能显著促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖和分化,该药物具有开发抗骨质疏松药物的潜力。     

Effect of safflower seeds supplementation on stimulation of the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

Anti-bone resorption properties of the Korean herbal formulation, Gami-Honghwain (HJ), which comprises Carthamus tinctorius L. seed and hominis placenta, were investigated. We demonstrate that the production of PGE2 is inhibited by 20-100 microg/ml HJ in nontransformed osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1 cells), indicating that HJ inhibits PGE2 production. The effect of HJ on the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 was also studied. HJ dose-dependently increased DNA synthesis (significant at 20-100 microg/ml), and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and prolyl hydroxylase activities of MC3T3-E1 cells (20-100 microg/ml), while anti-estrogen tamoxifen eliminated the stimulation of proliferation and ALP activity of MC3T3-E1 which was induced by HJ. These results indicate that HJ directly stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Also, when we assessed the effects of HJ on osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1, HJ enhanced ALP activity and mineralization in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. This stimulatory effect of the HJ was observed at relatively low doses (significant at 20-100 microg/ml and maximal at 100 microg/ml). Northern blot analysis showed that the HJ (60 microg/ml) increased in bone morphogenetic protein-2 as well as ALP mRNA concentrations in MC3T3-E1 cells. HJ (100 microg/ml) slightly increased in type I collagen mRNA abundance throughout the culture period, whereas it markedly inhibited the gene expression of collagenase-1 between days 15 and 20 of culture. These results indicate that HJ has anabolic effect on bone through the promotion of osteoblastic differentiation, suggesting that it could be used for the treatment of common metabolic bone diseases.     

左归丸含药血清通过JNK信号通路诱导MC3T3成骨细胞分化的研究

目的 探讨JNK信号通路对左归丸(熟地、菟丝子、川牛膝、龟甲胶、鹿甲胶、山药、山茱萸、枸杞子)含药血清干预MC3T3成骨细胞分化的影响.方法 选用JNK特异抑制剂SP600125,制备大鼠含药血清,实验分为空白对照组、SP600125组、左归丸组、左归丸加SP600125组、倍美力组、倍美力加SP600125组.孵育48 h后,采用PNPP法检测碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,采用Western blot法分析ALP蛋白表达水平;孵育7 d,采用改良钙钴染色法检测ALP活性;孵育14 d,采用茜素红染色法测定矿化沉积情况.结果 与空白对照组比较,左归丸组显著促进MC3T3成骨细胞分化,明显上调ALP蛋白表达水平(P＜0.01);与左归丸组比较,左归丸加 SP600125组孵育48 h对ALP活性及蛋白影响不显著,但显著对抗左归丸含药血清对孵育7 d的ALP活性和孵育14d的矿化结节的促进作用(P＜0.01).结论 左归丸含药血清可能部分通过JNK信号通路干预MC3T3成骨细胞分化,在分化末期尤其依赖JNK通路.     

基于分子对接的方法探讨桑根酮C对MC3T3-E1细胞的作用

目的:观察桑根酮C(SanC)对地塞米松(DEX)作用下小鼠MC3T3-E1成骨细胞增殖与分化的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法:将SanC与同源建模所得的Runt-相关转录因子2(Runx2)蛋白结构进行分子对接。不同浓度SanC(8,16,32μmol·L^-1)和1μmol·L^-1DEX共同作用MC3T3-E1细胞,而后采用细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒(CCK-8)法检测SanC对MC3T3-E1成骨细胞增殖影响。试剂盒测定MC3T3-E1成骨细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和茜素红染色检测骨矿化结节的形成。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)检测Runt-相关转录因子2(Runx2),ALP,和锌指结构转录因子(Osterix)mRNA的表达水平。蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测Runx2蛋白表达。结果:SanC与Runx2对接打分为-9.78。与正常组比较,DEX组显著降低细胞存活率(P<0.01),其中7 d存活率差异达到最大;与DEX组比较,SanC能显著促进MC3T3-E1的细胞增值(P<0.01),其中32μmol·L^-1SanC作用细胞7 d增殖率差异达到最大。与正常组比较,DEX组Runx2,ALP和Osterix mRNA的表达均有一定程度升高(P<0.05);与DEX组比较,不同浓度SanC组依赖性上调Runx2,ALP和Osterix mRNA的表达(P<0.01)。与正常组比较,DEX组Runx2蛋白表达明显下降(P<0.05);与DEX组比较,SanC干预下细胞Runx2蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01)。结论:桑根酮C能促进MC3T3-E1成骨细胞增殖、分化和矿化,其机制可能与上调Runx2表达有关。     

骨碎补提取物促小鼠成骨细胞株MC3T3-E1细胞增殖、分化和钙化作用的研究

目的 :探讨中药骨碎补有无促进成骨细胞增殖、分化和钙化的作用。方法 :制备骨碎补的水、醇提取液。小鼠成骨细胞株MC3T3 E1作为药物筛选的细胞模型 ;用MTT法和流式细胞术测定不同浓度的骨碎补水、醇提取液的促细胞增殖作用 ;采用ALP活性和骨钙素定量检测分别观察上述药物提取液的促细胞分化作用 ;以Vonkossa钙化染色法了解上述药物提取液的促细胞钙化作用。结果 :0.01,1mg·L^-1骨碎补水提液能促进MC3T3 E1细胞数量增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;0.01,1mg·L^-1骨碎补水提液和醇提液能使S期细胞百分率升高、G1期细胞百分率减少 ;1,10 0mg·L^-1骨碎补醇提液能使细胞ALP的活性升高 (P <0.05 ) ;100mg·L^-1骨碎补醇提液能明显促进细胞骨钙素合成和分泌 (P <0 .001) ;1mg·L^-1骨碎补水提液及 0.01mg·L^-1骨碎补醇提液均可促进细胞钙化 (P <0.05 )。结论 :骨碎补水相和醇相提取物中分别存在有较高活性的促成骨细胞增殖、分化和钙化的物质。     

新疆马鹿角提取物对MC3T3-E1成骨细胞RANKL/OPGmRNA表达的影响

目的 研究新疆马鹿角提取物对MC3T3-E1成骨细胞核因子-kβ受体活化因子配体(RANKL)/护骨素(OPG)mRNA表达的影响.方法 体外培养MC3T3-E1成骨细胞,分别加入含不同剂量新疆马鹿角提取物的培养液,72 h后分别提取细胞总RNA,用RT-PCR方法检测RANKL/OPG mRNA表达.结果 培养72 h后RANKL/OPG mRNA表达的灰度值(0.312±0.0710),与对照组(2.017±0.1320)比较,新疆马鹿角提取物呈浓度依赖性降低RANKL mRNA的表达,增加OPG mRNA的表达,各剂量组RANKL/OPG mRNA吸光度比值降低.结论 新疆马鹿角提取物可能通过调节成骨细胞RANKL/OPG的基因表达,而抑制破骨细胞介导的骨吸收.     

葛根素对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化及胰岛素抵抗模型糖代谢的影响

目的:研究葛根素(Pur)对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖、分化的影响,以及在胰岛素抵抗状态下对3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖代谢的影响。方法:不同浓度Pur干预3T3-L1细胞,MTT法检测其对细胞增殖的影响;油红O染色法检测其对前脂肪细胞分化过程及成脂的影响;地塞米松诱导3T3-L1细胞建立胰岛素抵抗模型,用不同浓度Pur进行干预,测定细胞的葡萄糖消耗量。结果:Pur(3～300μmol/L)对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖无明显影响;Pur(30～300μmol/L)促进3T3-L1细胞的分化成脂,增加胰岛素抵抗状态下3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖代谢,且具有量效关系。结论:Pur能够促进3T3-L1细胞的分化成脂,增加胰岛素抵抗状态下3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖代谢,改善胰岛素抵抗。     

Stimulative effects of Drynariae Rhizoma extracts on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

Pharmacological factors are needed to prevent bone loss that occurs with increasing age. The chemical compounds that act on bone metabolism in herbal medicines, however, are poorly understood. Effects of traditional Korean medicine, Drynariae Rhizoma [Drynaria fortunei (kunze) J. Sm] extract (DR), on the osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation were investigated. The effect of DR, a natural phyto herb, on the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in non-transformed osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) was studied. DR dose-dependently increased DNA synthesis (significant at 50-150 microg/ml). DR increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and prolyl hydroxylase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells (50-150 microg/ml). Antiestrogen tamoxifen eleminated the stimulation of proliferation and ALP activity of MC3T3-E1, which were induced by DR. DR at concentrations ranged from 30-100 microg/ml inhibited prostaglandin E2 production in MC3T3-E1. These results indicate that DR directly stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. These results also suggest and DR is effective for bone anti-resorptive action in bone cells.     

Up-regulation of VEGF by MC3T3-E1 cells treated with curculigoside

Empirical evidence has shown that curculigoside, the main active compound of the traditionally used Chinese herb, Curculigo orchioides (Amaryllidaceae, rhizome), affects bone formation and fracture healing. However, the mechanistic details of these processes remain unclear. Therefore, the effects of curculigoside on immortalized, pre-osteoblastic mouse MC3T3-E1 cells was investigated. Following treatment with curculigoside, MC3T3-E1 cells exhibited an increased rate of proliferation. Higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were also detected in cell supernatants and cell lysates by ELISA and western blot analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of curculigoside was observed at relatively low doses (i.e. 10-100 μg/mL). In combination, these responses to treatment with curculigoside elucidate mechanistic details underlying the therapeutic effects of Curculigo orchioides on bone, and identifies these molecules as potential targets for the treatment of common metabolic bone diseases.     

龙牡壮骨颗粒对小鼠成骨细胞MC3T3-E1增殖、分化及矿化的影响

目的:研究龙牡壮骨颗粒对小鼠成骨细胞株MC3T3-E1增殖、分化和矿化的影响。方法:以小鼠成骨细胞株MC3T3-E1作为药物筛选的体外模型;采用终浓度分别为1,5,10,25,50μg/ml的龙牡壮骨颗粒溶液干预,MTT法检测细胞增殖率;同时检测药物作用不同时间后的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性;茜素红染色和Von Kossa钙化染色检测不同浓度药物对细胞钙化的影响。结果:龙牡壮骨颗粒溶液在5⁵0μg/ml范围内培养24和48 h可显著促进小鼠成骨细胞增殖;龙牡壮骨颗粒溶液在550μg/ml范围内培养24和48 h可显著促进小鼠成骨细胞增殖;龙牡壮骨颗粒溶液在5⁵0μg/ml范围内培养48和72 h显著提高MC3T3-E1细胞ALP活性。龙牡壮骨颗粒浓度为10μg/ml和50μg/ml时,茜素红染色钙化结节显著增多,药物浓度在1050μg/ml范围内培养48和72 h显著提高MC3T3-E1细胞ALP活性。龙牡壮骨颗粒浓度为10μg/ml和50μg/ml时,茜素红染色钙化结节显著增多,药物浓度在10⁵0μg/ml范围内,Von Kossa染色钙化结节显著增多。结论:龙牡壮骨颗粒可提高MC3T3-E1增殖、分化及矿化的能力。     

柚皮苷对小鼠成骨细胞MC3T3 E1增殖、分化和矿化的影响

目的:检测骨碎补有效成分柚皮苷对成骨细胞株MC3T3-E1细胞增殖、分化和矿化的影响.方法:以成骨细胞株MC3T3-E1细胞为体外药效的试验模型(药物组和对照组),通过CCK-8法观察10,1,0.1,0.01,0.001,0.000 1μmol·L~(-1)的柚皮苷溶液对MC3T3-E1细胞增殖能力的影响;通过乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)细胞毒性试验观察以上浓度的柚皮苷溶液对细胞毒性能力的影响.通过骨形成蛋白-2(BMP-2),碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性测定和骨钙素(OC)含量测定观察柚皮苷对MC3T3-E1细胞分化能力的影响;通过Von kossa钙化染色法观察柚皮苷对MC3T3-E1细胞钙化能力的影响.结果:高浓度的柚皮苷溶液在12 h和24 h时能促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖作用.而低浓度的柚皮苷溶液则无此作用.所测的各个组别细胞毒性百分比都较小,且随着时间的推移(12,24,48 h)变化较小.光镜下观察各个时间点细胞的密度和形态也未发生明显的变化.BMP-2细胞免疫化学结果表明,24,48 h时柚皮苷浓度10,1,0.1μmol·L~(-1)包浆内棕色着色比对照组明显.ALP检测结果表明48 h时,1,0.1μmol·L~(-1)的柚皮苷溶液可提高MC3T3细胞的ALP活性(P<0.05).72 h时,0.1 μmol·L~(-1)的柚皮苷溶液可提高MC3T3细胞的ALP活性(P<0.05).OC检测结果表明12 d时,10,1μmol·L~(-1)柚皮苷溶液作用组与对照组相比OC活性明显提高(P<0.05).Vonkossa染色钙化面积百分比结果表明3组柚皮苷溶液作用组与对照组相比无明显区别.结论:柚皮苷溶液可以提高成骨细胞株MC3T3-E1增殖能力和分化能力.     

补骨脂提取物对体外培养小鼠成骨细胞株MC3T3-E1细胞分化的影响

目的:研究补骨脂提取物对体外培养新生小鼠颅骨Mc313.E1细胞分化的影响.方法:以小鼠成骨细胞株Mc3T3-E1作为药物筛选的细胞模型,将培养的Mc3T3-E1小鼠成骨细胞分为4组:空白组,补骨脂提取物(含生药)0.02,O.2,2 g·L~(-1)不同剂量组.检测细胞ALP,I型胶原蛋白的含量,采用real-time PCR测定补骨脂提取物对MC3r13.E1细胞AIJP,I型胶原蛋白及骨钙素mRNA表达的影响.结果:补骨脂提取物生药剂量O.2 g·L~(-1),能提高MX3T3-E1细胞ALP的活性,促进I型胶原蛋白分泌.同时分别在7～14 d对Mc3r13-E1细胞ALP,以及在14-21 d I型胶原蛋白、骨钙素mRNA表达有明显的促进作用.结论:中药补骨脂提取物能有效促进成骨细胞的分化,为研究中药补骨脂的作用机制提供参考.