2型糖尿病患者大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达的研究

目的研究2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA的表达水平及其与腰围（WC）、BMI、腰臀比（WHR）、FPG、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、BP、病程等相关指标的关系。方法用半定量RT-PCR法检测T2DM患者（DM组）和非糖尿病患者（non-DM组）大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA的表达水平。常规检测FPG、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、BP,计算BMI、WHR。结果与non-DM组相比,DM组大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达水平显著下降（P〈0.05）,并与WC、TG、FPG、WHR明显负相关,其中以WC的相关性最大;未发现与BMI、HDL-C、LDL-C、TC及BP相关。结论T2DM患者大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达显著降低;WC、TG、FPG、WHR、病程等临床指标可间接反映胰岛素抵抗程度,其中以WC的参考意义最大。     

腰围身高比值与2型糖尿病心血管病危险因素的关系

目的探讨腰围身高比值（WHtR）用于2型糖尿病（T2DM）评估腹型肥胖及其与心血管病危险因素的关系。方法新诊断T2DM患者4ll例，测血压、血糖、血脂、身高、体重、腰围（WC）、臀围，计算BMI、WHtR及腰臀比（WHR），分析WHtR、BMI、WC及WHR与身高的关系，各肥胖指数与血压、血脂的关系。结果（1）WHtR与血压、TG及HDL-C的相关程度均大于与BMI、WC、wHR的相关程度。WHtR与高血压、高TG及低HDL-C均显著相关。结论WHtR升高与血压、血脂关系密切，可作为评估腹型肥胖及预测T2DM心血管疾病危险因素指标之一。     

2型糖尿病患者的血糖及代谢异常控制现状及分析

目的分析T2DM患者血糖等指标控制状况及影响因素。方法 2014年12月—2015年3月对T2DM患者调查获取资料,按BMI、性别及病程分组分析。结果 (1)患者HbA1c(7.9±2.0)%,总体达标率42.5%;(2)BMI≥24 kg/m~2较BMI24 kg/m~2的患者TG、UA、SBP、DBP、WC、HC、WHR升高,HDL-C降低(P0.05),不同BMI患者HbA1c达标率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(3)男性BMI、TG、Cr、UA、DBP高于女性,HDL-C低于女性,女性中心性肥胖患病率高于男性(P0.05),男女HbA1c达标率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(4)病程≥15年较病程15年的患者HbA1c达标率低,胰岛素使用及低血糖发生率高(P0.05);Logistic分析显示腰围与血糖、血压、血脂有相关性。结论 T2DM患者血糖达标率低,合并肥胖者糖脂等代谢指标控制更差,病程长的患者低血糖风险增加。     

血清γ-谷氨酰胺转肽酶与初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗等相关分析

纳入对象为234例初诊2型糖尿病患者和102例健康体检者。测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围;检测肝酶、糖脂代谢指标;计算体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)以及改良的胰岛素C肽指数(HOMA-C肽)。结果初诊T2DM组腰围(WC)、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹C肽(FCP)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)明显高于健康对照组(P<0.01),γ-谷氨酰胺转肽酶(GGT)、HOMA-C肽亦明显高于健康对照组(P<0.05);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显低于健康对照组(P<0.01)。而两组的性别、年龄、身高、体重、BMI、臀围、WHR、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)比较均无统计学差异。Pearson相关分析显示,HOMA-C肽与WC、GGT、TG呈显著正相关,相关系数分别是0.278、0.397、0.343(P均<0.01)。多元逐步线性回归分析显示,WC、TG、GGT与HMOA-C肽密切相关。在初诊T2DM组,高GGT组(HGGT)的WC、TG、TC、HOMA-C肽较正常GGT组(NGGT)明显升高,Logistic回归分析显示,在校正年龄、性别、WC和血清TG、TC等影响因素后,HGGT组患糖尿病的风险是NGGT组的1.745倍(OR值=1.745,95%CI:1.071～3.710)。结论:GGT与IR密切相关,GGT可以作为IR及T2DM发生危险的预测指标。     

肥胖及2型糖尿病患者血清Vaspin水平的变化及临床意义

目的 探讨肥胖及2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清Vaspin水平的变化及临床意义.方法 45例初诊T2DM患者和42例正常糖耐量(NGT)者,按体质指数(BMI)又各自分为正常体重(NW)与肥胖(OB)亚组,用ELISA法测定空腹血清Vaspin水平.结果 血清Vaspin水平在T2DM-OB组和NGT-OB组显著高于NGT-NW组(P<0.01).Vaspin与性别、BMI、WC、WHR、Fins、HOMA-IR、TG、HDL-C有显著相关性(r分别为0.277、0.474、0.326、0.384、0.253、0.349、0.255、-0.224,P<0.05);性别、BMI和WHR是其独立相关因素.结论 Vaspin可能在肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和T2DM的发生发展中起一定的作用.     

玉门市2型糖尿病患者肥胖与肾病的相关性

目的探讨甘肃省玉门市2型糖尿病(T2DM)人群肥胖与糖尿病肾病(DN)的关系。方法将门诊规律就诊的160例T2DM患者按体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、腰臀比(WHR)分组,观察各组尿白蛋白排泄率(UEAR)的变化。对T2DM患者的如性别、年龄、病程、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)等指标进行比较,采用Logistic回归分析DN与各因素的相关性。结果 T2DM人群中超重和肥胖的患病率是45.6%和18.8%,中心性肥胖的患病率是70%;DN患病率为26.3%,DN患者中肥胖的患病率6.9%,中心性肥胖的患病率25%。DM病程和WC是DN的危险因素。结论 DN发生和发展与中心性肥胖及DM的病程独立相关;重视患者的体脂分布特点,达到预防和减轻T2DM合并肾病。     

2型糖尿病代谢综合征患者游离脂肪酸与胰岛素抵抗的关系

选择2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者81例、T2DM并代谢综合征(Ms)患者81例及正常对照者34例,测定空腹血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平及血糖、血脂等代谢参数.发现T2DM并MS组BMI、WHR、WC、SBP、DBP、TG、FFA水平明显高于对照组和T2DM组,HOMA-IR明显高于T2DM组;FFA与TG、HOMA-IR显著相关,HOMA-IR与FBG、TG、FFA显著相关.提示FFA在T2DM并MS患者中明显升高,其与胰岛素抵抗之间存在明显的正相关关系,降低FFA水平将有助于改善胰岛素抵抗.     

不同体质指数的2型糖尿病患者肝脏甘油三酯含量分析

目的 采用磁共振氢谱(~1H-MRS)比较不同体质指数(BMI)的T2DM患者间肝脏甘油三酯含量(HTC)的差异. 方法 超重/肥胖组32例,BMI正常组23例,进行常规体检,检测FPG、血脂、FIns、肝酶、HOMA-IR,肝脏HTC. 结果超重/肥胖组HTC、WC、WHR、血清TG、FIns、HOMA-IR较BMI正常组升高. 结论 超重/肥胖的T2DM患者HTC增加,IR严重.     

血糖控制达标患者胰岛素抵抗相关因素分析

分析102例早期T2DM血糖控制达标患者不同IR组临床特征以及血糖、血脂、CRP、TNFα等的组间差异，以稳态模式的胰岛素抵抗指数（IRI）评价IR。结果：胰岛素抵抗组BMI、腰围、腰臀比、SBP、MAP、FBG、TG、LDL-C、TNFα水平明显高于非胰岛素抵抗组，而HDL-C水平明显低于非胰岛素抵抗组（P〈0．05）。Pearson相关性分析显示，IRI与BMI、WC、WHR、MAP、TG呈正相关，与HDL-C呈负相关（P〈0．05），逐步线性回归结果显示，BMI、HDL-C、MAP是影响IRI的主要因素。结论：单纯血糖控制不能完全纠正IR，应当把控制体重、纠正脂代谢紊乱作为改善IR的重要策略。     

2型糖尿病患者合并非酒精性脂肪肝及脂肪肝纤维化的危险因素分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者合并非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）及脂肪肝纤维化的危险因素。方法采集2008年5月至2009年12月期间,上海交通大学附属第六人民医院内分泌科住院的1109例T2DM患者的病史资料、生化指标、肝脏超声检查结果,根据B超检查结果将患者分为T2DM组和T2DM合并NAFLD组,采用非酒精性脂肪肝纤维化评分（NAFLDFS）的高诊断阈值（＞0.676）、低诊断阈值（＜-1.455）将T2DM合并NAFLD组分为纤维化亚组、不确定亚组、无纤维化亚组进行分析。结果（1）T2DM合并NAFLD患者体质量指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、臀围（HC）、腰臀比（WHR）、舒张压（DBP）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）、总胆红素（TBIL）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、尿酸（UA）、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPBG）、空腹C肽（FCP）、FCP代替胰岛素改良稳态模型指数（HOMA-C肽）均更高（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）,而年龄、糖尿病病程、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）则显著低于T2DM患者（P＜0.01,表1）。（2）逐步logistic回归提示BMI[比值比（OR）＝1.325,95%CI 1.249～1.406]、ALT（OR＝1.025,95%CI 1.013～1.038）、TG（OR＝1.283,95%CI 1.105～1.490）是T2DM合并NAFLD的危险因素,HDL（OR＝0.532,95%CI 0.286～0.989）则是保护因素。（3） T2DM合并NAFLD患者中,纤维化亚组占13.4%。与无纤维化及不确定两亚组比较,年龄、病程、BMI、WC、HC、收缩压（SBP）、AST/ALT、GGT、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）显著增加（P＜0.01）,然而ALT、白蛋白（ALB）、TG、血小板（Plt）显著减少（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）,差异具有统计学意义。（4）有序多因素logistic回归提示,年龄、BMI、ALB、AST/ALT、Plt是T2DM合并NAFLD肝纤维化的危险因素。结论住院T2DM合并NAFLD患者比例较大,与BMI     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.