学龄前听障儿童和健听儿童逻辑类比能力的比较研究

目的考查学龄前听障儿童和健听儿童逻辑类比能力发展的差异。方法学龄前听障儿童和健听儿童各90 例,采用学龄前儿童逻辑类比测验系统(多媒体软件版)进行测试。结果不同性别健听儿童或听障儿童的逻辑类比能力均无显著性差异(P>0.05);随着年龄的提高,逻辑类比能力不断增强。各个年龄段健听儿童逻辑类比能力显著高于听障儿童(P<0.001)。结论掌握了学龄前听障儿童逻辑类比能力发展的基本规律和主要特点。     

3～6岁听力障碍儿童的嗓音特点

目的探讨3~6岁听力障碍儿童的嗓音声学特点。方法采自148名3~6岁听障儿童和122名3~6岁健听儿童的声样,检测声样的声学参数值:基频(F0)、基频标准差(F0SD)、基频微扰(jitter)、振幅微扰(shimmer)、声门噪声能量(NNE)、开商(OQ)、速度商(SQ)、幅度商(AQ)、声门频谱斜率(STF)。结果听障儿童F0、SQ、STF、F0SD、jitter高于健听儿童(P<0.05),shimmer、NNE、OQ、AQ与健听儿童无显著性差异(P>0.05)。除3~4岁健听儿童的NNE显著低于5~6岁儿童外(P<0.05),其余各项声学参数值在不同年龄儿童之间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);各项声学参数值在男童和女童间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论听障儿童发声时声带振动速度快、闭合快且激烈,声带振动的稳定性和规律性较差。声学参数F0、F0SD、jitter、shimmer、NNE、OQ、SQ、AQ、STF不受性别影响;除NNE外,也不受年龄影响。     

学龄听障儿童和健听儿童五项认知能力的比较研究

目的考查学龄听障儿童和健听儿童五项认知能力发展的差异.方法选取32名学龄听障儿童和32名健听儿童为研究对象,采用学龄儿童五项认知能力测验系统(多媒体软件版)对儿童数字推理、图形推理、异类鉴别、情景认知、记忆策略五项认知能力进行测试.结果听障儿童数字推理、图形推理和异类鉴别得分显著低于健听儿童(P<0.001),而情景认知和记忆策略得分两组无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论听障儿童在数字推理、图形推理和异类鉴别能力方面低于健听儿童,在情景认知和记忆策略方面无差异.     

3～5岁听障与健听儿童双字调发音的比较研究

目的比较3~5岁听障与健听儿童双字调发音的差异。方法以16种双字调组合设计32个词语,测试120名3~5岁听障儿童和36名健听儿童的发音情况。结果健听儿童双字调发音全部正确。听障儿童在3岁、4岁、5岁3个年龄段发音正确率均低于健听儿童;4岁听障儿童正确率较3岁听障儿童提高(P0.05),而5岁与4岁间无显著性差异(P0.05)。对4个声调发音进行分析,两组儿童阴平双字调发音无显著性差异(P=0.052),阳平、上声、去声的双字调发音有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 3~5岁听障儿童的双字调发音能力显著落后于同龄健听儿童,特别是包含阳平、上声、去声时。     

永康市学龄前儿童全血铁、钙参考范围调查

目的建立永康市学龄前儿童铁(Fe)、钙(Ca)的参考范围,并分析其与性别的相关性。方法采用火焰原子吸收分析法测定1 147名体检儿童(男618名、女529名)的全血Fe、Ca浓度,并对数据进行分析。结果永康市学龄前儿童Fe参考范围为6.99～9.14 mmol/L(男:6.97～9.04 mmol/L,女:7.04～9.21 mmol/L);Ca参考范围为1.43～1.99 mmol/L(男:1.42～2.02 mmol/L,女:1.43～1.94 mmol/L)。Fe、Ca参考范围无性别差异。结论 Fe、Ca参考范围在实际使用中不必按照性别划分参考范围。所建立的Fe、Ca参考值范围符合永康市学龄前儿童的人群特点,用于替代厂商提供的参考范围更有助于提高临床诊断的准确性。     

永康市学龄前儿童全血铁、钙参考范围调查

目的 建立永康市学龄前儿童铁(Fe)、钙(Ca)的参考范围,并分析其与性别的相关性.方法 采用火焰原子吸收分析法测定1 147名体检儿童(男618名、女529名)的全血Fe、Ca浓度,并对数据进行分析.结果 永康市学龄前儿童Fe参考范围为6.99～9.14 mmol/L(男:6.97～9.04 mmol/L,女:7.0...     

功能性构音障碍临床表现及语言训练疗效分析

背景：功能性构音障碍是在学龄前儿童和学龄期儿童中最常见的语言障碍．影响了患日常的交流能力、心理发育、学习，成年患甚至影响工作及社会交往。因此对功能性构音障碍患进行语言评价及语言训练具有重大意义。目的：探讨功能性构音障碍临床特点及康复治疗方法。设计：病例分析。单位：中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科。对象：中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科收治的25例功能性构音障碍患，其中15例为4～11岁学龄前期、学龄期儿童，10例为17～25岁成年人。方法：对15例功能性构音障碍儿童及10例功能性构音障碍成人进行语言评价及语言训练。主要观察指标：①功能性构音障碍临床特点。②儿童与成年患语言治疗的治愈率。③观察语言训练的次数。结果：构音检查方面，儿童与成人主要错误方式为歪曲、置换，主要错误音为舌尖前音、舌尖后音、舌根音、舌面音和舌尖音。平均错误音儿童与成人差别无显性意义(P=0．9100)。训练时，引出每个目标音正确发音平均需时儿童较成人长(P=0．003)，而每个目标音较熟练应用所需时间儿童较成人短(P=0．008)。经训练15例儿童患12例完全纠正，3例部分纠正；10例成人患9例完全纠正，1例部分纠正后失访。结论：功能性构音障碍临床特点儿童与成人差别不大，均以歪曲、置换的错误方式为主；语言训练效果好，但开始训练的时机应该适当，并非越早训练效果越好。     

临沂市区学龄前儿童血铅和血镉水平调查研究

目的了解临沂市区学龄前儿童血铅和血镉水平及铅、镉超标状况。方法在严格质量控制下,应用高灵敏度原子吸收光谱法对临沂市区1228名学龄前儿童进行血铅和血镉含量检测并统计分析。结果122名学龄前儿童血铅和血镉水平均值分别为75.8ug/L和2.33ug/L。其中,血铅含量≥100ug/L者210例,铅中毒率为17.10%;血镉>5ug/L者14例,超标率为1.14%。不同性别间学龄前儿童血铅水平均值和铅中毒率差异均无显著性(P>0.05);而血镉均值和超标率差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论临沂市区学龄前儿童血铅和血镉水平均较高,铅和镉超标状况不容乐观,应引起儿童家长乃至全社会的高度重视。     

功能性构音障碍临床表现及语言训练疗效分析

背景功能性构音障碍是在学龄前儿童和学龄期儿童中最常见的语言障碍,影响了患者日常的交流能力、心理发育、学习,成年患者甚至影响工作及社会交往.因此对功能性构音障碍患者进行语言评价及语言训练具有重大意义.目的探讨功能性构音障碍临床特点及康复治疗方法.设计病例分析.单位中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科.对象中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科收治的25例功能性构音障碍患者,其中15例为4～11岁学龄前期、学龄期儿童,10例为17～25岁成年人.方法对15例功能性构音障碍儿童及10例功能性构音障碍成人进行语言评价及语言训练.主要观察指标①功能性构音障碍临床特点.②儿童与成年患者语言治疗的治愈率.③观察语言训练的次数.结果构音检查方面,儿童与成人主要错误方式为歪曲、置换,主要错误音为舌尖前音、舌尖后音、舌根音、舌面音和舌尖音.平均错误音儿童与成人差别无显著性意义(P=O.910 0).训练时,引出每个目标音正确发音平均需时儿童较成人长(P=O.003),而每个目标音较熟练应用所需时间儿童较成人短(P=O.008).经训练15例儿童患者12例完全纠正,3例部分纠正;10例成人患者9例完全纠正,1例部分纠正后失访.结论功能性构音障碍临床特点儿童与成人差别不大,均以歪曲、置换的错误方式为主;语言训练效果好,但开始训练的时机应该适当,并非越早训练效果越好.     

巩义市学龄前儿童重症龋与父母吸烟状况的关系研究

目的分析巩义市学龄前儿童重症龋与父母吸烟状况之间的关系。方法 2014-03-24—2015-06-12从某院儿保门诊招募188名儿童,其中重症龋儿童106名,无龋齿儿童82名。由监护人完成一份问卷调查,同时对儿童进行口腔健康检查和实验室检查,对调查和检查结果进行统计学分析。结果 188名儿童中60名儿童父母不吸烟,58名儿童父亲吸烟,70名儿童母亲吸烟。106名重症龋儿童中80.19%(85/106)的父亲或者母亲存在吸烟习惯,显著高于82名无龋齿儿童的25.61%(21/82)(χ~2=56.003,P0.001)。多因素逻辑回归分析显示父母吸烟是学龄前儿童重症龋发生的独立危险因素[Odds Ratio(OR):1.98;95%confidential interval(95%CI):1.03~4.17;P=0.017]。结论巩义市学龄前儿童重症龋与父母吸烟显著相关,父母吸烟显著增加儿童重症龋的发生风险。     

The relationship between attendance at birth and maternal mortality rates: an exploration of United Nations' data sets including the ratios of physicians and nurses to population, GNP per capita and female literacy

The relationship between attendance at birth and maternal mortality rates: an exploration of United Nations' data sets including the ratios of physicians and nurses to population, GNP per capita and female literacy. BACKGROUND: This is the third and final paper drawing on data taken from United Nations (UN) data sets. The first paper examined the global distribution of health professionals (as measured by ratios of physicians and nurses to population), and its relationship to gross national product per capita (GNP) (Wharrad & Robinson 1999). The second paper explored the relationships between the global distribution of physicians and nurses, GNP, female literacy and the health outcome indicators of infant and under five mortality rates (IMR and u5MR) (Robinson & Wharrad 2000). In the present paper, the global distribution of health professionals is explored in relation to maternal mortality rates (MMRs). The proportion of births attended by medical and nonmedical staff defined as "attendance at birth by trained personnel" (physicians, nurses, midwives or primary health care workers trained in midwifery skills), is included as an additional independent variable in the regression analyses, together with the ratio of physicians and nurses to population, female literacy and GNP. AIM: To extend our earlier analyses by considering the relationships between the global distribution of health professionals (ratios of physicians and nurses to population, and the proportion of births attended by trained health personnel), GNP, female literacy and MMR. 相似文献   

Effective oligonucleotide-mediated gene disruption in ES cells lacking the mismatch repair protein MSH3

We have previously demonstrated that site-specific insertion, deletion or substitution of one or two nucleotides in mouse embryonic stem cells (ES cells) by single-stranded deoxyribo-oligonucleotides is several hundred-fold suppressed by DNA mismatch repair (MMR) activity. Here, we have investigated whether compound mismatches and larger insertions escape detection by the MMR machinery and can be effectively introduced in MMR-proficient cells. We identified several compound mismatches that escaped detection by the MMR machinery to some extent, but could not define general rules predicting the efficacy of complex base-pair substitutions. In contrast, we found that four-nucleotide insertions were largely subject to suppression by the MSH2/MSH3 branch of MMR and could be effectively introduced in Msh3-deficient cells. As these cells have no overt mutator phenotype and Msh3-deficient mice do not develop cancer, Msh3-deficient ES cells can be used for oligonucleotide-mediated gene disruption. As an example, we present disruption of the Fanconi anemia gene Fancf.     

Hippocampal event-related potentials to tone duration deviance in a passive oddball paradigm in humans

The mismatch negativity (MMN), a component of event-related potentials (ERPs), is assumed to reflect a preattentive auditory discrimination process. Although an involvement of hippocampal structures in deviance detection was shown in animal experiments, invasive recordings in humans have not been able to provide such an evidence so far. In the current study, ERPs were recorded from intrahippocampal and scalp electrodes in 16 epilepsy patients. Stimulation consisted of trains of six tones, with one tone deviating in duration (100 vs. 50 ms). In the rhinal cortex, ERPs elicited by deviants were larger in amplitude than those of standards (around 200 ms). The rhinal activation was succeeded by a long-lasting hippocampal ERP component (around 350 ms). However, in contrast to the rhinal activation, hippocampal activation was also elicited by the 1st stimuli of the train and might, therefore, be related more to salience detection than to deviance detection. The current study provides evidence that the MMN is part of a multistage comparison process and that the rhinal cortex is part of its underlying cortical network.     

Neural correlates of switching from auditory to speech perception

Many people exposed to sinewave analogues of speech first report hearing them as electronic glissando and, later, when they switch into a 'speech mode', hearing them as syllables. This perceptual switch modifies their discrimination abilities, enhancing perception of differences that cross phonemic boundaries while diminishing perception of differences within phonemic categories. Using high-density evoked potentials and fMRI in a discrimination paradigm, we studied the changes in brain activity that are related to this change in perception. With ERPs, we observed that phonemic coding is faster than acoustic coding: The electrophysiological mismatch response (MMR) occurred earlier for a phonemic change than for an equivalent acoustic change. The MMR topography was also more asymmetric for a phonemic change than for an acoustic change. In fMRI, activations were also significantly asymmetric, favoring the left hemisphere in both perception modes. Furthermore, switching to the speech mode significantly enhanced activation in the posterior parts of the left superior gyrus and sulcus relative to the non-speech mode. When responses to a change of stimulus were studied, a cluster of voxels in the supramarginal gyrus was activated significantly more by a phonemic change than by an acoustic change. These results demonstrate that phoneme perception in adults relies on a specific and highly efficient left-hemispheric network, which can be activated in top-down fashion when processing ambiguous speech/non-speech stimuli.     

Mismatch-mediated error prone repair at the immunoglobulin genes

The generation of effective antibodies depends upon somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) of antibody genes by activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and the subsequent recruitment of error prone base excision and mismatch repair. While AID initiates and is required for SHM, more than half of the base changes that accumulate in V regions are not due to the direct deamination of dC to dU by AID, but rather arise through the recruitment of the mismatch repair complex (MMR) to the U:G mismatch created by AID and the subsequent perversion of mismatch repair from a high fidelity process to one that is very error prone. In addition, the generation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential during CSR, and the resolution of AID-generated mismatches by MMR to promote such DSBs is critical for the efficiency of the process. While a great deal has been learned about how AID and MMR cause hypermutations and DSBs, it is still unclear how the error prone aspect of these processes is largely restricted to antibody genes. The use of knockout models and mice expressing mismatch repair proteins with separation-of-function point mutations have been decisive in gaining a better understanding of the roles of each of the major MMR proteins and providing further insight into how mutation and repair are coordinated. Here, we review the cascade of MMR factors and repair signals that are diverted from their canonical error free role and hijacked by B cells to promote genetic diversification of the Ig locus. This error prone process involves AID as the inducer of enzymatically-mediated DNA mismatches, and a plethora of downstream MMR factors acting as sensors, adaptors and effectors of a complex and tightly regulated process from much of which is not yet well understood.     

Three stages of facial expression processing: ERP study with rapid serial visual presentation

Electrophysiological correlates of the processing facial expressions were investigated in subjects performing the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. The peak latencies of the event-related potential (ERP) components P1, vertex positive potential (VPP), and N170 were 165, 240, and 240 ms, respectively. The early anterior N100 and posterior P1 amplitudes elicited by fearful faces were larger than those elicited by happy or neutral faces, a finding which is consistent with the presence of a ‘negativity bias.’ The amplitude of the anterior VPP was larger when subjects were processing fearful and happy faces than when they were processing neutral faces; it was similar in response to fearful and happy faces. The late N300 and P300 not only distinguished emotional faces from neutral faces but also differentiated between fearful and happy expressions in lag2. The amplitudes of the N100, VPP, N170, N300, and P300 components and the latency of the P1 component were modulated by attentional resources. Deficient attentional resources resulted in decreased amplitude and increased latency of ERP components. In light of these results, we present a hypothetical model involving three stages of facial expression processing.     

Microsatellite instability and DNA mismatch repair deficiency testing in hereditary and sporadic gastrointestinal cancers

The reference cancers associated with DNA mismatch repair (MMR)deficiency are the adenocarcinomas of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, also known as Lynch syndrome.Sporadic gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas, most commonly colorectal and gastric carcinomas, may also be associated with deficiencies of DNA mismatch repair. Deficiency in cellular MMR leads to wide-spread mutagenesis and neoplastic development and progression.An important diagnostic feature of MMR-deficient tumors is the high rate of mutations that accumulate in repetitive nucleotide regions, and these mutations are known as microsatellite instability(MSI). A standard panel of markers to test for MSI in tumors has been recommended and efficiently separates tumors into those with high, low, or no microsatellite instability (MSI-H, MSI-L, or MSS).Tumors characterized by MSI-H characteristically show loss of one of the main DNA MMR proteins, mLH1 or MSH2, and rarely MSH6 and PMS2, detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The combination of MSI testing and IHC for MMR proteins in tumors tissues is used to identify underlying DNA MMR deficiency andis clinically relevant screen patients who might have hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer for DNA repair gene germline testing.Increasing evidence demonstrates that tumors with a positive MSI status have lower lymph node metastases burden, and these patients have an overall improved survival, suggesting that the MSI and MMR status may contribute to decision making regarding treatment approaches. Updated guidelines for MSI and IHC for DNAMMR testing, and the biological and potential clinical implications of MMR deficiency and microsatellite instability in GI polyps and cancers are reviewed.     

阿尔茨海默病的非匹配负波的实验研究

目的非匹配负波可反映大脑皮层早期预处理的指标,探讨阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimerdisease,AD)患者非匹配负波(mismatchnegativity,MMN)的变异特征。方法应用美国NicoletSpirit脑诱发电位仪,对34例AD患者和36例健康老人的MMN作了检测。结果AD组波形不规则,MMN-Ⅰ型(延迟型)尤甚。与正常老人组相比,AD组MMN潜伏期延迟(P<0.05),本组患者P300潜伏期虽也有延长,但差异未达显著性(P>0.05)。与正常老人组比较,AD组MMN波幅以及P300波幅均同时降低,差异均有极显著性意义(均P<0.01)。结论初步认为MMN是反映AD患者认知功能的一种脑电生理检测工具。     

On the functional role of temporal and frontal cortex activation in passive detection of auditory deviance

The superior temporal cortex (STC) and inferior frontal cortex (IFC) are active during pre-attentive change detection. According to one influential model, the temporal cortex is responsible for memory trace comparison and the frontal cortex for attention switching. However, fMRI studies that used parametric designs revealed frontal cortex activity that is inconsistent with this model. In response, alternative accounts of frontal cortex activity, such as contrast enhancement and response inhibition, have been suggested. In this study, we measured the event related potential (ERP) and event related optical signal (EROS) responses elicited by pitch deviants in a parametric design. The ERP results revealed the typical modulation of mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitude by degree of deviance. The EROS results showed a similar modulation effect in the temporal cortex and a general temporal cortex followed by frontal cortex activation pattern. Interestingly, medium deviants elicited a greater frontal EROS response than did large or small deviants. Moreover, regression analyses showed that the EROS measures, specifically the linear trend in the temporal cortex and the inverse quadratic trend in the frontal cortex, correlated with the linear trend of the ERP MMN response. Taken together, these results indicate that 1) deviance magnitude modulates the brain activity elicited by pitch stimuli in the STC and IFC within the same time range as electrophysiological measures of passive deviance detection, 2) EROS measures of deviance detection are highly correlated with the ERP MMN, and 3) the functional relationship of STC and IFC is consistent with both the contrast enhancement and response inhibition accounts of IFC activity in passive deviance detection.