Tricuspid valve prolapse: A common occurrence in the click-murmur syndrome

Isolated mitral valve prolapse (MVP) may represent one end of a spectrum of disease involving dysfunction of multiple cardiac valves. Eighty-nine consecutive patients with MVP diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) were prospectively studied specifically to determine the incidence of tricuspid valve prolapse (TVP) and its clinical correlations. Criteria for prolapse of the atrioventricular (A-V) valves by 2-D echo included extension of the valve leaflets behind an imaginary line defining the valve annulus. Forty-one of 82 patients with MVP had associated TVP. No significant differences existed between patients with isolated MVP and combined A-V valve prolapse with regard to sex, clinical history, symptoms, or physical examination. The parasternal long axis view was more sensitive than the apical four chamber view in diagnosing prolapse of either mitral or tricuspid valves. Thus, TVP is a frequent concomitant of MVP and occurs with equal frequency in both young and old patients.     

心外膜彩色多普勒超声在三尖瓣成形术中的应用

目的　评价术中心外膜超声心动图 (IEE)在三尖瓣成形术 (TVP)中的作用。方法　对 17例风湿性心脏病 (RHD)换瓣术并 TVP患者在术中体外循环前后用 IEE对三尖瓣的形态和功能进行评价以指导 TVP。结果　体外循环前 IEE新发现 3例患者伴左房血栓 ,1例伴卵园孔未闭 ,1例伴动脉导管未闭 ,另 1例经 IEE提示作了补救性 TVP,避免了二次开胸。全组患者术后即刻在 1～ 2周后三尖瓣环直径、三尖瓣返流束长度 ,面积及其与右房长度面积比值均显著减少 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　 IEE在 TVP中具有重要应用价值。     

三尖瓣环部多普勒超声频谱图评估右心室收缩及舒张功能

目的：采用低频多普勒超声对70例右心室功能异常的心脏病患者进行三尖瓣环收缩期和舒张期低频多普勒运动频谱记录,并与40例正常人的低频多普勒运动频谱参数进行了比较。部分病人进行了三尖瓣环运动频谱测值与右心导管压力参数相关性的比较。结果：三尖瓣环运动频谱图参数能够反映不同病理状态下三尖瓣环运动的变化,其运动变化频谱参数收缩期峰值流速（C－V）和流速时间积分（C－VTI）、舒张早期与晚期的流速比值（A－V／E－V）、舒张晚期流速时间积分与舒张期总流速时间积分之比值（A－VTI／VTIt)与右心室的收缩、舒张功能指标显著相关。结论：三尖瓣环运动频谱能够反映右心室收缩与舒张功能的改变。     

三尖瓣返流与冠状动脉狭窄关系的彩色多普勒研究

目的　探讨三尖瓣返流与冠状动脉狭窄的关系。方法　应用彩色多普勒血流显像 (CDFI)与冠状动脉造影 ,对照分析 98例冠心病患者三尖瓣返流情况以及与冠状动脉狭窄的关系。结果　右冠状动脉狭窄者多伴有不同程度的三尖瓣返流 ,均为异常返流 ;左冠状动脉狭窄者三尖瓣返流符合生理性返流 ,二者差异显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　三尖瓣病理性返流可以作为诊断右冠状动脉狭窄 ,提示右室心肌缺血的指标之一。     

Tricuspid regurgitation: when is it time for surgery?

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The interest in tricuspid regurgitation (TR) surgical treatment has grown in the last years, mostly motivated by the trend for early intervention and the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Despite this, there is still a lack of evidence regarding when to intervene in functional tricuspid regurgitation outside the context of left-sided valve surgery and when is the best time to approach primary tricuspid regurgitation.

Areas covered: Herein, we present the state-of-the-art in tricuspid regurgitation surgical intervention, covering indications, optimum time, surgical options, and outcomes, as well as the role of transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention in the current era.

Expert opinion: Current evidence support that the indications and timing of tricuspid valve invasive management should be centered on a range of factors, including patients’ characteristics, disease stage, and anatomical considerations. Early intervention, before severe right ventricle dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, seems to results in better postoperative outcomes. Transcatheter techniques are arising as potential alternatives for inoperable and high-risk patients.     

超声心动图对经导管三尖瓣置换的效果评价

目的 应用超声心动图评价经导管三尖瓣置换术(TTVI)的效果.方法 选择行TTVI的三尖瓣膜病变患者,记录患者的一般资料、术前合并症、操作成功率、临床总成功率及随访结果.比较分析患者的术前及术后的三尖瓣反流缩流颈、有效反流口半径、有效反流口面积、脉冲多普勒瓣环收缩期峰值速度、三尖瓣环平面收缩位移、左心室射血分数等超声心...     

二维及彩色多普勒对房室瓣脱垂的分级及临床意义

目的 二维超声及彩色多普勒对房室室瓣脱垂的分级,并评价其临床意义。方法 利用二维及彩色多普勒技术８８０例有心脏杂音患者的二、三尖瓣的形态、大小、活动及血流动力学变化。结果 二、三尖瓣脱垂颁为三组。Ｉ组级脱垂,不需临床治疗,Ⅱ级为中度脱垂,可考虑做或替换术;Ⅲ级为重度脱垂,必须施行瓣膜替换术。结论 二维及ＣＤＦＩ对房室瓣脱垂的判断准确,为临床修复、瓣膜替换术提供可靠依据。     

实时三维超声心动图对右心室功能及三尖瓣环运动的评价

目的：应用实时三维超声心动图检查分析三尖瓣环运动和右室收缩功能的关系。方法：２７例包括健康志愿者１４例,接受心脏移植术后患者７例,扩张型心肌病３例,冠心病２例,先天性心脏病１例,所有实验对象均接受三维超声检查。将采集的实时三维图像转移至计算机图像分析仪上,从心尖将右心室三维图像沿右室长轴分布９个切面（每个切面间隔２０度）。在舒张末期及收缩人末期分别标定出三尖瓣环三维空间位置。计算机描绘并测量出不同     

Endocardial Pacing Through a Prosthetic Tricuspid Valve

We describe a patient in whom permanent endocurdial pacing was accomplished by passage of the electrode through a porcine bioprosthetic tricuspid valve, thereby obviating the need for a second thoroctomy. After 8 years of follow-up, the patient continues to do well with satisfactory pacing and bioprosthetic valve function at the first change of pulse generator.     

室间隔缺损封堵术中对膜周部室缺合并三尖瓣反流的观察

目的通过超声心动图探讨膜周部室缺合并三尖瓣反流的机制以及室缺封堵术对于治疗合并三尖瓣反流的膜周部室缺的意义。 方法应用超声心动图观察43例膜周部室缺合并三尖瓣反流病例，测量三尖瓣反流量在室间隔缺损封堵术前后的长度、面积、容积的变化。 结果膜周部室缺合并的三尖瓣反流具有4种不同的机制，三尖瓣反流量各指标在封堵术后显著性减少。 结论室间隔缺损封堵术可显著减少膜周部室缺合并的三尖瓣反流量，超声心动图是观测这一变化的理想方法。     

Tricuspid valve endocarditis: Cardiovascular imaging evaluation and management

Right-sided infective endocarditis is an increasingly recognized disease entity, with tricuspid valve being most frequently involved. Risk factors for tricuspid valve endocarditis (TVIE) include intravenous drug use, cardiac implantable electronic devices and indwelling catheters. Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant causative organism in TVIE. The diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) is based on clinical manifestations, blood cultures, and the presence of valvular vegetations detected by echocardiography. Complementary imaging is helpful when there is ongoing clinical suspicion for IE following initially negative echocardiography. Multislice computed tomography allows for assessment of extra-cardiac complications in TVIE, including pulmonary septic emboli. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and radiolabelled white blood cell, single-photon emission computed tomography provide important clinical information concerning the presence of IE in right-sided prosthetic valves or cardiac implantable electronic devices. The aim of this review is to provide an update on TVIE, discussing the role of multimodality imaging in TVIE and the management of these patients.     

三尖瓣闭锁的影象诊断

总结１０例三尖瓣闭锁，分析Ｘ线平片，超声心动图及心血管造影表现。着重对三尖瓣闭锁理分型，各种影像学检查的诊断价值进行讨论。提出一些较有特异性的征象。认为平片结合临床可对少血型三在瓣闭锁作出初步诊断；二维超声可提供较多诊断信息；ＭＲＩ尚待开发应用；最后确诊有赖心血管造影，强调右房及左室造影的重要性。     

斑点追踪法三尖瓣环位移评估肺高血压患者的右心室功能

目的：探讨二维斑点追踪技术测定肺高血压（简称肺高压）患者的三尖瓣环位移（tricuspidannulardisplacement,TAD）在评估右心室收缩功能方面的临床应用价值。方法：将经胸超声诊断为肺高压的患者共61例分为3个亚纽：I组（可疑肺高压,n=21）,II组（肯定肺高压,n=20）,Ⅲ组（重度肺高压,n=20）。另选35例年龄相匹配的健康志愿者作对照组。用PhillipSonosiE33超声仪,取心尖四腔观先后采集二维（2D）及实时三维（real—timethree—dimension,RT3D）图像,然后将2D图像输入QLAB6．2工作站获取三尖瓣环中点收缩期位移等参数;将RT3D图像输入TomTec工作站,用四维右心室功能分析（4DRVF）软件计算右心室射血分数（RVEF）。结果：TAD各测值与肺动脉收缩压（PASP）中度相关,与3D-RVEF高度相关。肺高压患者TAD各测值均显著低于对照组,各个亚组间TAD各测值比较差异也有统计学意义。TAD在观察者间及观察者内的差异范围分别为（0．05±1．75）mm及（-0．15±1．09）mm。结论：用二维斑点追踪显像技术测定TAD具有快速、准确及重复性好等特点,TAD能客观反映肺高压患者的右心室收缩功能。     

室间隔缺损封堵术并发三尖瓣反流的原因分析

目的探讨经导管膜部室间隔缺损（membranous ventricular septal defect，mVSD）封堵术并发三尖瓣反流的可能原因及注意问题。方法对542例成功行mVSD封堵术患者术前、术后即刻行超声心动图检测，术后5d，1、3、6、12个月随访。结果术后14例出现三尖瓣反流，其中11例术后即刻及3d出现少量反流。22例术前超声心动图显示三尖瓣前叶腱索附着异常中3例最短术后4d、最长1个月发现三尖瓣前叶腱索断裂，出现中量反流。三尖瓣隔叶、腱索和（或）缺损周缘增生的组织粘连融合，形成缺损口右室侧多孔及不同形态，其中7例呈较大的囊袋样不规则形或瘤形，缺损口周缘部分由三尖瓣隔叶和（或）腱索构成。结论mVSD封堵并发三尖瓣反流的原因可能为导管损伤腱索、输送杆损伤腱索和封堵器磨损腱索。术前选择适应证时，除常规观察项目外，还应注意观察三尖瓣前叶腱索位置、缺损周缘构成的组织结构及缺损口右室侧形态，以减少并发症。