正常青年人脑电图光驱动反应性别差异的初步研究

目的 :研究正常青年脑电图光驱动反应的性别差异 ,探讨光刺激对视觉系统的影响。方法 :对年龄为 2 1～ 2 5岁的正常健康者男 35例 ,女 33例 ,记录安静状态下脑电图 ,并进行闪光刺激。闪光刺激的频率为 5、10和 15Hz。将安静状态和闪光刺激中的脑电图功率值变为波幅 ,对男女两组进行比较。结果 :安静状态下 ,在 β1和 β2 波带女性比男性有较高的波幅 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而在δ、θ、α1、α2 波带的差异无显著意义。闪光刺激中 ,15Hz光刺激相对应的β带域 (14 5～ 15 5Hz)的波幅差异更显著 ,在所有部位都有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :视觉系统存在性别差异 ,女性对光刺激比男性有更高的敏感性     

阿尔茨海默病患者定量脑电图特点

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者定量脑电图（QEEG）的特点,慢波与快波比例与阿尔茨海默病认知能力的关系.方法 将30例AD患者与30例正常老人行QEEG功率谱分析及视觉脑电图（EEG）评分.功率谱按频率分：δ（0.8 ～4.0Hz）、θ（4.0～7.8Hz）、α（7.8～ 12.8Hz）、β（13.0～20.0Hz）,以δ＋θ/α＋β值作为观察评估指标进行比较.对两组全脑、额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶δ＋θ/α＋β值及视觉EEG评分进行比较.将30例AD患者的简易智力状态评定量表（MMSE）评分和δ＋θ/α＋β值行Spearman相关分析.结果 AD组在全脑、额叶、颞叶、顶叶及枕叶的δ＋θ/α＋β值显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t=3.11δ,2.694,3.051,3.657,4.167;P均＜0.01）.AD组的视觉EEG评分显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t=4.052,P＜0.01）.30例AD患者的MMSE评分和全脑、额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶δ＋θ/α＋β值呈负相关（r=-0.646-0.728,P均＜0.01）.结论 定量脑电图作为一种客观、量化的脑功能检测手段,有助于AD诊断,对AD患者认知能力评估有重要的价值.     

老年人脑电图与认知功能的关系研究

目的:探讨老年人脑电图(EEG)与认知功能的关系。方法:对569名老年人进行EEG 检查及认知功能测验,用选自韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-R)的算术、数字广度、填图、木块图以及简易智能状态检查表(MMSE)等五项测验逐个测量老年人的认知水平。在第一次测查一年后,对其中373 名老年人重复进行认知功能测查。结果:MMSE及数字广度测验的得分变化与各位点EEG θ、δ波功率值有关,MMSE:得分下降组基线θ、δ波功率值高于MMSE得分不变组,差异有统计学意义,主要以头后部各区(T3、T5,P3、O1,O2,T4、T6)为明显。T6处θ波功率为9．25μV2,对MMSE得分下降诊断的灵敏度为0．73,特异度为0．64。T3处θ波功率的增加为8．75μV2,对数字广度得分下降诊断的灵敏度为 0．75,特异度为0．56。结论:EEG θ波功率的增加对了解认知功能下降有重要的参考价值。     

脑电图反应性定量分析对重症脑血管病预后评估的研究

目的:对急性脑血管病昏迷病人脑电图(EEG)反应性进行目测和定量分析,探讨定量分析是否较目测分析能更准确地评估预后。方法:56例急性脑血管病昏迷病人在入院、入院1周、出院时分别作EEG检查。采用目测和定量分析EEG反应性,观察EEG的变化及外源性刺激引起的绝对功率变化百分比。结果:EEG反应性目测分析:EEG反应性阳性病例组格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分增加病例的比例高于反应性阴性病例组。EEG反应性定量分析:EEG各频段绝对功率变化百分比在GCS评分增加的病例组显著高于GCS评分减少的病例组;EEG各频段绝对功率变化百分比与GCS评分呈显著正相关。绝对功率变化百分比及EEG反应性目测结果与GCS评分都有线形回归关系,绝对功率变化的百分比对GCS评分的回归作用较目测反应性大。结论:EEG反应性目测分析和定量分析都能评估脑血管病昏迷病人的预后;EEG反应性定量分析较目测分析与预后关系更密切,能更准确评估预后。     

动态脑电图加刺激对昏迷病人预后的临床观察

目的：探讨脑电图(EEG)及其反应性对昏迷病人预后评估的应用价值。方法：利用EEG加刺激(疼痛、呼唤)对58例昏迷病人进行24h连续监测，观察脑波的动态变化。结果：纺锤波昏迷和可变化的慢波(0、8)昏迷对刺激反应相对敏感，预后较好。无反应的慢波型(θ、δ或单一慢波)昏迷和8波昏迷，预后较差；α波、平坦波、暴发-抑制波型昏迷，对刺激无反应，死亡率为100％。周期性放电型昏迷，即使能存活下来，也留有严重的后遗症。24hEEG监测加上对刺激反应的观察对脑死亡的诊断价值明显优于常规EEG检查。结论：利用EEG加刺激的方法，对昏迷的病人进行监测，可提高对预后及脑死亡的正确判断率。     

五音乐曲对精神分裂症脑电活动率的影响

目的 :观察五音乐曲刺激对精神分裂症患者脑电活动产生的影响。方法 :选取 2 0例精神分裂症患者和 10名正常对照 ,分别记录安静时段及聆听五音乐曲时段的脑电图 ,将脑电信号转化为功率数值 ,将 β/α定义为脑电活动率。 结果 :1、正常人与精神分裂症患者的脑电活动率在安静状态差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。在听乐曲时患者的脑电活动率在C3、T3、T4、T5导联中 ,明显高于正常人 (P <0 0 5 )。 2、正常人在安静状态和听乐曲时其左右脑脑电活动率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。精神分裂症患者在安静状态左右脑脑电活动率在O1、O2及T5、T6导联间差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并且听乐曲时在P3、P4和C3、C4以及F7、F8导联间差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :在五音乐曲的刺激下 ,精神分裂症患者的脑电反应与正常人不同。     

妥泰对癫痫患者动态脑电图的影响

目的：研究癫痫患者使用妥泰单药治疗后，脑电图背景活动及发作间歇期、发作期痫样放电的变化。方法：分析用动态脑电图观察的30例癫痫患者治疗前后脑电图背景活动及发作间歇期、发作期痫样放电的变化。结果：用药后α波频段相对功率显著减少，θ波频段相对功率显著增加（P〈0．05）。而δ、β波频段相对功率变化不太显著（P〉0．05）。治疗后痫样放电消失8例（26．7％），减少50％以上者10例（33．3％），改善不明显或无改变者12例（40．0％）。治疗后无临床发作者3例（25．0％），发作次数减少4例（33．3％），无变化5例（41．7％），治疗前AEEG无临床发作者，治疗后出现临床发作1例。结论：妥泰在控制癫痫临床发作的同时，对大部分EEG有改善作用，特别是癫痫波放电的频率减少或消失，但对EEG背景活动也有一定的影响。可使脑电图背景活动中的α波频段相对功率显著减少，θ波频段相对功率显著增加。     

2例月经期癫的临床与脑电图分析

1　病例报告例 1,江某某 ,2 2岁 ,在校大学生 ,于 2 0 0 2年 2月 1日就诊。自诉于 14岁月经初潮开始后往往月经来潮 2～ 3天后就常有发作性头痛伴短时失神及右侧肢体无力发作。发作过程约 1min左右 ,对发作无记忆 ,每次月经期发作 1～ 2次。其它时间无类似发作。无家族史 ,身体健康 ,智力佳。神经系统检查阴性 ,头颅CT检查无异常。EEG所见 :检查时正值月经期过后 3天 ,EEG背景节律为 2 0～ 5 0 μV ,9～ 12Hz的α波 ,两侧对称同步 ,调节调幅差 ,稍多低幅 14～ 2 4Hz的 β波 ,多见 30～ 80 μV ,4～ 7Hz的θ波散在出现。过度换气试验 2…     

脑电图监测对小儿意识障碍的诊断价值

目的：探讨脑电图（EEG）对意识障碍患儿临床诊断及预后的价值。方法：对52例意识障碍患儿进行EEG描记,同时进行感觉刺激观察EEG的反应并与临床转归进行比较。结果：52例患儿EEG全部异常。其中α-昏迷型1例,呈弥漫性8～11Hz中高波幅α频率波;β-昏迷型1例,呈弥漫性13～20Hz低中波幅β波,外界刺激无反应;θ-昏迷型18例,呈弥漫性20～280μV的θ波;争昏迷型16例,呈弥漫性高波幅δ波;伴有癎样放电者6例,在慢波背景上不同区域出现癎样发作波;纺锤波昏迷2例,为20～150μV的纺锤波,以中央、顶区为主;低电压倾向8例,呈低波幅慢活动。临床结局：临床痊愈38例,遗留后遗症11例,死亡3例。结论：EEG描记可以了解昏迷病人脑功能受损情况,为诊断和评估预后提供参考依据。     

脑干听觉反应（ABR）在青少年精神分裂症和孤独症中的应用

目的：探讨青少年精神分裂症（AS）和孤独症儿童（AC）在脑干听觉反应（ABR）检测中的特点。方法：应用美国Nicolet Bravo脑电生理仪及Click短声刺激,测查32例AS和30例孤独症（AC）和40名健康儿童（NC）的ABR。结果：AS组、AC组及NC组在绝对潜伏期波Ⅲ（Oz脑区）,绝对波幅波Ⅲ（Oz脑区）,波V（Oz脑区）上有差异极显著性（P〈0．01）。与NC组和AS组相比,绝对潜伏期波Ⅲ（Oz脑区）上,AC组延迟于NC组和AS组（P〈0．01）。波幅分析所见,绝对波幅Ⅲ（Oz脑区）AC组低于NC组和AS组（P〈0．01）;绝对波幅波V（Oz脑区）AC组也低于NC组和AS组。AS组与NC组比较,差异未达显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：ABR对临床辅助诊断AC和AS有初步参考价值。     

A computer-based, quantitative technique for assessing degree of regulation of EEG rhythms

A quantitative method of assessing the degree of regulation of EEG rhythms is described. The method requires the measurement of the durations of a large number of waves in a person's EEG; these measures are then cast into a frequency distribution. Analysis involves the computation of the first four central moments of the frequency distributions. The procedure normally is carried out on a computer, but alternatively it can be done manually as well. Data reported on 126 children, aged 4-17 years, suggested that the method provides a quick and easy way of measuring regulation of the EEG rhythms. Substantial, statistically significant correlations between age and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th central moments revealed that regulation is relatively poor in young children but improves progressively over the age span investigated. In a group of 12 adults that were also studied, the magnitudes of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th central moments were significantly associated with a clinical electroencephalographer's judgment of the degree of dysrhythmia shown in their EEG tracings. Findings suggest that the method may provide an objective, quantitative means of assessing EEG dysrhythmia.     

脑电的非线性动力学高维特性及研究现状与展望

80年代以来 ,脑电 (EEG)一直被视为低维混沌信号 ,关于脑电混沌性的检验及对其低维混沌性的质疑 ,是近年来国际学术界的研究热点。目前的研究基本上认证了 EEG的非线性和混沌性 ,却否定了它是源于低维的混沌系统。因此 ,用经典的低维混沌理论和算法去分析研究高维 EEG的适用性和适用条件 ,必须进行探讨和论证。本文简要介绍了近年来的研究现状 ,其中着重介绍了EEG低维简化模型法 ,最后展望了研究的发展前景。     

Machine‐learning‐derived sleep–wake staging from around‐the‐ear electroencephalogram outperforms manual scoring and actigraphy

Quantification of sleep is important for the diagnosis of sleep disorders and sleep research. However, the only widely accepted method to obtain sleep staging is by visual analysis of polysomnography (PSG), which is expensive and time consuming. Here, we investigate automated sleep scoring based on a low‐cost, mobile electroencephalogram (EEG) platform consisting of a lightweight EEG amplifier combined with flex‐printed cEEGrid electrodes placed around the ear, which can be implemented as a fully self‐applicable sleep system. However, cEEGrid signals have different amplitude characteristics to normal scalp PSG signals, which might be challenging for visual scoring. Therefore, this study evaluates the potential of automatic scoring of cEEGrid signals using a machine learning classifier (“random forests”) and compares its performance with manual scoring of standard PSG. In addition, the automatic scoring of cEEGrid signals is compared with manual annotation of the cEEGrid recording and with simultaneous actigraphy. Acceptable recordings were obtained in 15 healthy volunteers (aged 35 ± 14.3 years) during an extended nocturnal sleep opportunity, which induced disrupted sleep with a large inter‐individual variation in sleep parameters. The results demonstrate that machine‐learning‐based scoring of around‐the‐ear EEG outperforms actigraphy with respect to sleep onset and total sleep time assessments. The automated scoring outperforms human scoring of cEEGrid by standard criteria. The accuracy of machine‐learning‐based automated scoring of cEEGrid sleep recordings compared with manual scoring of standard PSG was satisfactory. The findings show that cEEGrid recordings combined with machine‐learning‐based scoring holds promise for large‐scale sleep studies.     

Feline spontaneous cerebellar rhythmic activity: Topographical,behavioral and spectral analyses

The only rhythmic ECoG activity recorded from the surface of cat cerebellum has been cerebellar rhythmic activity (CRA), a 20–40 c/sec rhythm associated with drug- or stimulation-induced arousal. The present study provides data on the spontaneous occurrence of CRA, including topographical evidence for its distribution over medial-posterior cerebellum. Behavioural data during waking and sleep suggest that it is associated with arousal, and perhaps more specifically with tonic muscle activity in the head and neck. Sleep data demonstrate its marked attenuation during all stages. Power spectral analyses of CRA exhibit a very stable rhythm between 22 and 32 c/sec, unassociated with feline sensorimotor rhythm (SMR). The medial-posterior dominance of CRA, its frequency, and its association with arousal suggest that CRA reflects mossy fiber input to cerebellum, possibly via the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN).     

EEG assessment of brain activity: Spatial aspects,segmentation and imaging

High temporal resolution and sensitivity to index different functional brain states makes the EEG a powerful tool in psychophysiology. Its full potential can now be utilized since recording technology and computational power for the large data masses has become affordable. However, basic traditional strategies in EEG need reviewing.Conventional, spontaneous or evoked EEG traces which are used for various complex analyses give ambiguous information on EEG power (amplitude) and phase for a given point on the scalp. Principally, analysis should first be done over space, then over time, to avoid ambiguities or pre-selections. First or second spatial derivative computations can provide “reference-free” data for analyses over time. We propose to use direct, spatial approaches for the analysis of the scalp EEG field distributions when simultaneous recording in several EEG channels can be examined.The ambiguity of the conventional EEG waveshapes results in different, equally “correct” scalp maps of EEG power of the same multichannel data for different reference electrodes. An exeption are scalp maps of EEG power computed against the common, average reference, as they are related to the reference-free spatial distribution (maps) of the maximal and minimal (extreme) field values over time, and thus are directly interpretable in terms of net orientation of the generator process.A proposed, reference-free EEG segmentation into epochs of periodically stationary spatial distributions of the mapped scalp EEG fields uses the locations of maximal and minimal (extreme) field values at each moment in time as classifiers, and thus avoids the priviledging of two arbitrarily chosen recording points in the field.     

EEG dipole modeling in complex partial epilepsy

Summary Visual inspection and qualitative impressions of clinical EEG abnormalities are being replaced by quantitative characterization of scalp voltage fields and dipole modeling of underlying cerebral sources. Three approaches have been used in the analysis of focal spikes of complex partial epilepsy. 1) Instantaneous, single dipole, inverse solutions for the voltage topography of the spike peak have revealed two distinct equivalent dipole configurations in the brain lobe beneath the negative extreme - radial and oblique (mixed radial and tangential). Only radial dipoles have been found for frontal and fronto-central spikes, while either type have been found for temporal and occipital spike foci. 2) Dipole stability can be assessed by an inspection of sequential instantaneous solutions encompassing the spike complex or by calculating the standard deviation of dipole location (x,y,z) and orientation (elevation, azimuth) parameters during this period. Two-thirds of spike dipoles of the radial type and essentially all of the oblique equivalent dipoles were found to be stable, whereas one-third of the radial dipoles were unstable in position or orientation. 3) Spatio-temporal analysis can identify multiple underlying sources and their potentials. Modeling separate radial and tangential dipoles over the course of the spike has revealed a composite character for spike fields with oblique dipoles and often has defined leads or lags in activity that suggested propagation between infero-mesial and lateral temporal cortex. Correlations with clinical and intracranial EEG data suggest that patients with mesial temporal sclerosis have spikes with oblique and stable equivalent dipoles; patients with discrete cortical lesions have spikes with radial and stable dipoles; patients with extensive or multi-focal cortical insults have spikes with radial and unstable dipoles.     

151例儿童发作性疾病的24h动态脑电图监测

目的对儿童发作性疾病的脑电活动进行分析。方法对１５１例发作性疾病儿童应用２４ｈ便携式磁带记录脑电图（ＡＥＥＧ）进行监测。结果总异常率８０８％，痫样放电出现率７９５％。癫痫组痫样放电出现率７８８％，可疑癫痫组痫样放电出现率４５５％，两组之间有非常显著差异（Ｐ＜０００５）。ＡＥＥＧ痫样放电出现率明显高于常规脑电图（ＥＥＧ）；癫痫组与可疑癫痫组之间临床发作中所描记到的痫样放电出现率也有非常显著差异（Ｐ＜００１）。本组病人的痫样放电部位以全脑或一侧，或限局性一侧偏胜者多见，痫样放电时间以睡眠时期为主占７４２％，其中６７７％见于浅睡期。结论２４ｈ动态脑电图监测对于儿童发作性疾病的诊断有着非常重要的意义。     

电刺足三里穴脑电信号的非线性动力学方法初探

为探讨电刺足三里穴位引起的大脑活动的变化，本文以脑电为手段，用非线性动力学方法对电刺前后的两种脑电的非线性特征进行分析。实验结果显示，非线性特征指数，如关联维数、Lyapunov指数和测度熵，在电刺前后均能很好的区分（P〈0．05）。结果表明，电刺后大脑的随机性和无序度降低，大脑相应脑区的活动更趋于有序，且这种有序性将随着电刺次数的增加而渐趋于稳定。     

局灶性缺血脑损伤EEG信号的时频分析

本文提出了一个局灶性缺血脑损伤实验模型,以此动物模型,我们记录缺血前到缺血３０分钟缺血区域与正常区域的ＥＥＧ,分析了复杂度。我们发现,缺血引起ＥＥＧ复杂度明显的变化,在整个缺血实验过程中,缺血区域的ＥＥＧ复杂度小于正常区域,两个区域ＥＥＧ复杂度之间呈增大速率渐低的增长趋势;损伤发生时,损伤区域的ＥＥＧ复杂度小于正常值。用复杂度分析的结果与我们对同一实验的离散Ｇａｂｏｒ谱分析结果以及ＨＥ染色分析的热